PATTERNS OF WRITTEN

TEXTS
SHARMAINE R. DE LUNA

Reading and Writing Skills

December 9, 2024
Objective
s
 Compare and contrast pattern of written
texts across disciplines.
 Identify the features of each pattern of
development and recognize their transitional
signals.
 Write paragraphs using different patterns of
development.
Pattern of Development
The logical arrangement of ideas
is known as the pattern of development.
The pattern helps you follow ideas easily
and understand a text better. Having the
ability to recognize it will help you
distinguish major details from minor ones
and predict ideas.
COMPARISON
AND
CONTRAST

Patterns of Written Texts

 Comparison and Contrast
COMPARISON
• It tells how two or more things are similar.

CONTRAST
• It tells how they are different.
A comparison and contrast paragraph must be balanced in
such a way that there is an equal amount of information for
each subject to avoid bias.
Comparisons influence important decisions

What will be
your major?
 2 ways in writing a
comparison and contrast
paragraph
1. SUBJECT-BY-SUBJECT METHOD: You present all of the
facts and supporting details about one topic, and then
you give all the facts and supporting about the other
topic.
2. POINT-BY-POINT ARRANGEMENT: You discuss each point
for both subjects before giving on the next topic.
 The Comparison/Contrast
Although Macs and PCs perform many of the same functions,
Thesis
the Mac is a superior machine because it’s not vulnerable to
viruses, is easier to operate, and offers more sophisticated
graphics applications.

SUBJECTS: – Mac and PC

BASIS FOR – Both are computers

COMPARISONS:

– Mac is superior
FOCUS:

REASONS: – No viruses, ease of use, better graphics

 Some Comparison and Contrast
Essay Examples Point By Point
Organic and Non-Organic Foods
– Over the last two decades, the demand from consumers for organic foods has increased tremendously.
– In fact, the popularity of organic foods has exploded significantly with consumers, spending a considerably
higher amount of money on them as compared to the amount spent on inorganic foods.
– The US market noted an increase in sales of more than 10% between 2014 and 2015 (Brown, n.p). The
increase is in line with the views of many consumers that organic foods are safer, tastier, and healthier
compared to inorganic foods.
– Furthermore, considering the environmental effects of foods, organic foods present less risk of environmental
pollution — compared to inorganic foods.
– By definition, organic foods are those that are grown without any artificial chemical treatment, or treatment by
use of other substances that have been modified genetically, such as hormones and/or antibiotics (Brown,
n.p).
 Subject by Subject
Arrangement
Traveling is a hobby which many people now enjoy. It is a hobby which is becoming more
and more popular as opportunities for travel become greater. These days there are several ways to
travel around the world; two of the most common are backpacking and staying in hotels. There are
two main differences between backpacking and staying in hotels; cost and safety.
First, backpacking is quite different from staying in hotels regarding costs and safety. To
begin with, backpacking has been popular for many years with young people who do not have a lot
of money to spend on traveling. By backpacking people can save a lot of money and see many more
places than if they spent the same money staying in a hotel. Furthermore, as backpackers will need
to sleep in a hostel or outside in a tent while backpacking, there will always be an issue of safety
and security because backpackers sleep in the same area as other people, many of whom they do
not know.
Cont. . .

Subject by Subject
Arrangement
Second, staying in hotels, on the other hand, differs from backpacking in terms of cost
and safety. Unlike backpacking, staying in hotels requires a lot more money. Hotels are one of
the most comfortable ways of traveling, but only if you have enough money. By staying at a
hotel people will spend much more money than they would spend in a hostel. In addition, a
hotel provides a higher level of security to the traveler. Hotels require specific security details
such as flight, credit cards or passport numbers to ensure the correct identification of their
customers.
In brief, there are differences in cost and safety between backpacking and staying in
hotels. The world is a much smaller place than it used to be, many people have the opportunity
to travel and they have many ways in which to travel. People should consider their budget and
take responsibility for their own safety and go out and see the world.
 SUBJECT-BY-SUBJECT OR POINT-BY-POINT?

There are several characteristics which distinguish plants from animals.

Green plants are able to manufacture their own food from substances in the
environment. This process is known as photosynthesis. In contrast, animals,
including man, get their food either directly from plants or indirectly by
eating animals which have eaten plants. Plants are generally stationary.
Animals, on the other hand, can usually move about. In external appearance,
plants are usually green. They grow in a branching fashion at their
extremities, and their growth continues throughout their lives. Animals,
however, are very diverse in their external appearance. Their growth pattern
is not limited to their extremities. It is evenly distributed and only occurs in a
definite time period. Therefore, the differences between plants and animals
are quite significant.
 SUBJECT-BY-SUBJECT OR POINT-BY-POINT?

Both Washington, DC, and London offer a wide array of museums

that harbor many of the world’s most prized treasures. While Washington,
DC, has the National Gallery of Art and several other Smithsonian
galleries, London’s art scene and galleries have a definite edge in this
category. From the Tate Modern to the British National Gallery, London’s
art ranks among the world’s best. This difference and advantage have
much to do with London and Britain’s historical depth compared to that of
the United States. London has a much richer past than Washington, DC,
and consequently has a lot more material to pull from when arranging its
collections. Both cities have thriving theater districts, but again, London
wins this comparison, too, both in quantity and quality of theater choices.
 SUBJECT-BY-SUBJECT OR POINT-BY-POINT?

One challenge teachers face is identifying and assisting students who

are struggling without disrupting the rest of the class. In a traditional
classroom environment, the teacher can easily identify when a student is
struggling based on their demeanor in class or simply by regularly checking
on students during exercises. They can then offer assistance quietly during
the exercise or discuss it further after class. Meanwhile, in a Zoom-based
class, the lack of physical presence makes it more difficult to pay attention
to individual students’ responses and notice frustrations, and there is less
flexibility to speak with students privately to offer assistance. In this case,
therefore, the traditional classroom environment holds the advantage,
although it appears likely that aiding students in a virtual classroom
environment will become easier as the technology, and teachers’ familiarity
Problem-Solution

Patterns of Written Texts

 4 Parts of Problem-Solution

1. Situation
• Background information to the problem

2. Problem
• Explicit identification of the problem and explanation
of why the problem should be solved.
 4 Parts of Problem-Solution

3. Solutions
• Proposed solution(s) to the problem

4. Evaluation
• Assessment of the merits of proposed solution(s)
Problem/Solution

Problem Steps Solution

The beach Jeff organized a 30 people came

was littered beach clean-up to pick up trash
with trash. party and soon the
beach was clean.
Problem-Solution Key Words

– Problem is - This led to

– Dilemma is -The main difficulty
– If-then -One possible solution
is
– Because -Therefore,
– So that -If. . . Then, thus. . .
– Question-answer
– Problem is solved
– Reason why
 Problem/Solution Text
Structure-Summary Questions
1. What is the problem(s)?
2. Who had the problem?
3. What is causing the problem?
4. Why is this a problem?
5. What is wrong, and how can it be taken care of?
6. What solutions are recommended or attempted?
7. What can be improved, changed, fixed, or
remedied?
 Problem-Solution Paragraph

One thing I found out in the midst of the Asian financial crisis
is that the way we manage our respective organizations will never
be the same again. Even if we pray hard that the situation will
revert to what has been, it will not happen. We can never feel
stable in out jobs from hereon. Our professional careers have
become uncertain. There is no more security, no matter how big,
successful or admired our companies have been in the past or
even how competent we may be in our professions. The job-in-life
theme is now passế. It is now the time for real change, reinvention
or renewal—even perpetual revolution.
 Problem-Solution Paragraph

Today, all around the world, deforestation continues, the world´s

climate may change, floods may become more common, and animals will die.
One solution to the problem of deforestation is to use less paper. If you use less
paper, fewer trees will be cut for paper making. How can you use less paper?
One answer is to reduce your paper use by using both sides of the paper when
you photocopy, write a letter, or write an essay. A second answer is to reuse old
paper when you can, rather than using a new sheet of paper. The backs of old
envelopes are perfect for shopping list or phone messages, and when you write a
rough draft of an essay, write it on the back of something else. A final answer is
to recycle used paper products instead of throwing them away. Most schools,
offices, and districts have some kind of recycling center. If you follow "the three
Rs"- reduce, reuse, and recycle-you can help save the world´s forest.
 Problem-Solution Paragraph

The lack of proper monitoring of the incremental

housing modifications could compromise housing safety. Unreliable
structural quality could leave some residents vulnerable to
earthquakes or typhoons. Unregulated construction using makeshift
materials also creates fire risks. Our findings suggest these concerns
should be at the center of discussions on strategies that enable
residents to incrementally expand their houses based on their needs
and capacity at the time. Evaluation and supervision of incremental
housing projects should be an integral aspect of humanitarian
housing programs. These processes are as important as the project
delivery itself.
 Problem-Solution Paragraph

In most parts of the world, there are not as many

crocodiles as there used to be. This is a problem because
crocodiles are becoming endangered and also crocodiles are
necessary to the balance of nature. Many crocodiles have died
because people dried up the swamps and marshes where the
crocodiles live. Poachers have also contributed to the dilemma
as crocodiles have been desired for their strong, smooth,
leathery skins. In order to preserve these mighty creatures,
people must take care of the crocodiles’ environment and help
put a stop to the needless shooting of these animals.