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3 Measures of Central Tendency

The document outlines measures of central tendency, including mean, median, and mode, as well as measures of dispersion such as range, mean deviation, standard deviation, and standard error. It emphasizes the significance of these statistical concepts in analyzing data variability and their practical applications in healthcare. The document also provides exercises for calculating these measures and discusses the impact of data distribution on their effectiveness.

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Awais Irshad
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11 views30 pages

3 Measures of Central Tendency

The document outlines measures of central tendency, including mean, median, and mode, as well as measures of dispersion such as range, mean deviation, standard deviation, and standard error. It emphasizes the significance of these statistical concepts in analyzing data variability and their practical applications in healthcare. The document also provides exercises for calculating these measures and discusses the impact of data distribution on their effectiveness.

Uploaded by

Awais Irshad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion

BY
Dr. Faryal Shaikh
MBBS,MPH
Senior Lecturer, FRPMC
Learning Objectives

After the session,students will be able to:


 Define and compute measures of central tendency
i.e mean,median and mode
 Delineate the application of measures of central
tendency and dispersion
 Describe and compute measures of dispersion i.e
range, mean deviation, standard deviation,variance
and standard error and discuss its significance
Measures of Central
Tendency

The tendency of a set of data to center around certain


numerical values.
These include :
 Mean
 Median
 Mode
MEAN

Arithmetic Average
Mean
 It is computed by summing all the observations in
the sample and dividing the sum by the number of
observations
 Sample mean of a numerical data set is denoted by
x̄
 Population mean is denoted by µ
 For the data set x1,x2,………….xn the mean is

x̄=
x̄=
 The mean is affected by the value of each
Median

Middle of an ordered data set


Median
 Median is a very useful measure of central tendency
in skewed distribution
 It is that value above which there are the same
number of observations as below
 It is the middle-most value

 Median is the observations that divides the


distribution into equal parts
 If the data set has an even number of values, the
median is the average of the two middle –most
values
 The median is not affected by extreme values
Exercise:

 In a distribution consisting of the elements


6,9,15,17,24 the median would be ???
 If the distribution were 6,9,15,17,24,29 the median
would be ???
 If the above distribution were 6,9,15,17,24,500
(rather than 29),the median would still be???
Mode

Refers to the data value that is most frequently


observed
MODE

 The mode is the observation that occurs most


frequently

 If all the values are different, there is no mode

 In a data set there could be one mode, bimodal, no


mode or multiple modes
Normal Distribution
Skewed Distribution
Practical Application of Measures of
Central Tendency in Health Care?
Measures of
Dispersion
A measures of dispersion describes the variability or
spread of data
• Range
• Variance and Mean Deviation
• Standard Deviation
 It reflects the degree of spread in the data set.
Range

 The range of a numerical set of data is the


difference in value between the highest and lowest
observations

Range = xmax - xmin


Mean Deviation
 Sum of all the absolute values of the deviations
divided by the number of observations
 Mean deviation =

Where
x = denotes each value in data set
= denotes the mean value of data set
N = Total number of data values
I I = represents absolute value
 It indicates how much the observations deviate from
the arithmetic mean
Steps to calculate Mean deviation:

 Step 1 : Calculate the mean value of a given data


set
 Step 2 : Find the absolute difference between each
value in the data set with the mean, ignoring the -
ve sign
 Step 3 : Sum up all the deviations
 Step 4 : Find the mean or average of those values
calculated in Step 3, the result will be mean
deviation
Exercise
 Compute the mean deviation of a following data set
[2,4,8,10]
 Step 1: Calculate the mean value of a given data set :
=6
 Step 2: Find the absolute difference between each value
in the data set with the mean, ignoring the - ve sign.

 Step 3: Sum up all the deviations


4+2+2+4
 Step 4 : Find the average of those values calculated in
Step 3. Mean deviation will be :
=3
Standard Deviation (SD) and Variance
 It is the square root of the variance of the observations
 Sample standard deviation is represented by s. Population
standard deviation is denoted by σ or SD

 Sample variance is the mean squared deviation from the mean. It


is denoted by s²

 Greater the deviation, greater the variance, more spread out data

 Higher standard deviation → greater spread out (variation) →



More heterogenous distribution
H

 Hig
Sample Standard deviation

Where
s = sample standard deviation
x̄ = sample mean
x = value of each observation
n= population size
Population Standard Deviation

Where
µ = Population mean
σ or SD = Population standard
deviation
xi = value of each observation
n or N = Population size
Empirical Rule
Variance :

 Sample variance is the mean squared deviation


from the mean. It is denoted by s²

 Greater the deviation, greater the variance, more


spread out data
Population and Sample
Variance
Standard error (SE)

 Standard error is the standard deviation of the


sampling distribution of means
 Standard error uses sample data
 High SE ➞ More spread out data
 SE tells you that how far your sample data ( e.g
sample mean) deviates from the actual population
mean
 It measures how precisely a sampling distribution
represents a population
Standard Error (SE)

Where
s= sample standard deviation
n= sample size
Example (SE)
 Consider the marks of 50 students in a class in a Biostatistics
test. Two samples A and B of 10 and 40 observations,
respectively, are extracted from the population.It is logical to
assert that the average marks in sample B will be closer to the
average marks of the whole class than the average marks in
sample A.

 Thus, the standard error of the mean in sample B will be smaller


than that in sample A. The standard error of the mean will
approach zero with the increasing number of observations in the
sample, as the sample becomes more and more representative of
the population, and the sample mean approaches the actual
population mean.
To Summarize :
 Mean is affected by the value of each observation of
the distribution
 Median is best measure of central tendency in
skewed data
 Median is insensitive to extreme values
 Mode is the most repeated observation
 Measures of dispersion describes the variability of
data set
 Greater the deviation, greater the variance, greater
spread out,data will be farther from the mean
References
 Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social medicine
25th edition
 Basic Statistics for Health Sciences by Stephan
E.Bohnenblust
THANKS

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