Module 3

Data Organization and Presentation through Tables

 Table 3.1: Ages of 44
Students (Unranked)
15 30 27 21 27 17 22 18 20

21 19 24 21 16 27 22 19 18
23 19 16 21 20 17 20 19 20
21 24 23 25 16 17 19 23 22
03/27/2025 Prepared by: Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 2
 Table 3.2: Ages of 44
Students (Ranked)
15 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 18

18 18 19 19 19 19 19 20 20
20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21

22 22 a22
Construct 22 table
frequency 22 for
23each23age (15-30).
23 23
24 24 24 25 27 27 27 30
03/27/2025 Prepared by: Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 3
 Age f
Table 3.3: 15 1
Frequency Distribution 16 3
17 4
of Ages of 44 Students 18 3
(grouped data, without 19 5
20 6
classes) 21 5
22 5
Sample Interpretations: 23 4
24 3
Four students are 17 years old. 25 1
26 0
There are no students whose 27 3
ages are 28 and 29 years. 28 0
29 0
30 1
03/27/2025 Prepared by: Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 4
 Table 3.4:
Frequency Distribution of Ages of 44
15 Students (grouped data, with classes)
Age f
1
16
17
3
4 11 Age f
18 3
19 5 Sample Interpretation:
20 6
21
15-18 11
21 5 Eleven students fall
22
23
5
4 19-22 21 in the age range of
24 3
23-26 15 to 18 years old.
25
26
1
0
8 8
27
28
3
0 27-30 4 There are four class
29 0 4 intervals.
30 1
03/27/2025
Total 44
Prepared by: Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 5
 Table 3.4:
Frequency Distribution of Ages of 44
Students (grouped data, with classes)
Age f Class Frequency

1st Class Interval 15-18 11

2nd Class Interval 19-22 21
3rd Class Interval 23-26 8
4th Class Interval 27-30 4
Lower Class Limit Upper Class Limit
03/27/2025 Prepared by: Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 6
A Class Boundary is
Class Boundaries
always carried out to Class Class
half the place number Limits Boundaries f
of the last digit of the
upper class limit 15-18 11
(minus that for the 14.5-18.5
lower class limit). 19-22 21
18.5-22.5
The class limits are 23-26 8
rounded to the ones 22.5-26.5
place. So, 1/2 = 0.5 27-30 4
26.5-30.5
15 – 0.5 = 14.5
and Lower Class Boundary Upper Class Boundary
18 + 0.5 = 18.5
03/27/2025 Prepared by: Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 7
Class Boundaries: (more examples)
Class Class The class limits are
rounded to the tenths
Limits Boundaries place. So, 0.1/2 = 0.05
11.4-16.4
11.35-16.45 11.4 – 0.05 = 11.35
16.4 + 0.05 = 16.45

Class Class The class limits are

rounded to the hundredths
Limits Boundaries place. So, 0.01/2 = 0.005

4.98-9.31 4.975-9.315 4.98 – 0.005 = 4.975

9.31 + 0.005 = 9.315
03/27/2025 Prepared by: Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 8
Class Width (c) is the
difference between the
Class Width
upper class boundary and Class Class
the lower class boundary Limits Boundaries f
of any class interval.
15-18 11
Ex. c = 18.5 – 14.5 = 4 14.5-18.5
19-22 21
The class width (c) may
also be obtained by getting
18.5-22.5
23-26 8
the difference between any 22.5-26.5
consecutive lower limits 27-30 4
(or upper class limits). 26.5-30.5
Ex. c = 19 – 15 = 4
c = 30 – 26 = 4
03/27/2025 Prepared by: Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 9
Class Mark Class
Limits
Class
Boundaries
Class
Mark f
Class Mark is the
15-18 14.5-18.5 11
midpoint of the class 16.5
limits of a class interval. 19-22 18.5-22.5 20.5 21
Class Mark
= (15 + 18)/2 = 16.5 23-26 22.5-26.5 8
24.5
The class mark may 27-30 26.5-30.5 4
also be obtained by 28.5
getting the average of
Sample Interpretation:
the class boundaries of
a class interval. The average age of the students whose
Class Mark ages fall within the 1st class interval is 16.5.
= (26.5 + 30.5)/2 = 28.5 Take a photo of this.
03/27/2025 Prepared by: Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 10
 Steps in Constructing a
Frequency Distribution
Example 1:
A class of 44 students were given a test made up
of 100 questions which resulted to the scores
shown in the table in the next slide.
Construct a frequency distribution table of scores.

03/27/2025 Prepared by: Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 11

 Given Data
66 80 57 94 76 48 48 61 69

86 65 64 60 63 68 41 46 76
84 68 67 68 27 59 78 59 72

90 67 68 54 62 64 72 61 67
39
03/27/2025
57 57 75 69 61
Prepared by: Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales
44 65 12
 STEP 1: Use Sturges’ formula to compute
for the ideal number of class intervals i.
(round i the usual way)

log n log 44
i 1  i 1 
log 2 log2
6.459431619
6
The ideal number of class intervals is 6.
03/27/2025 Prepared by: Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 13
 STEP 2: Determine the RANGE.
(highest raw data minus lowest raw data)

Range = 94 – 27 = 67

66 80 57 94 76 48 48 61 69
86 65 64 60 63 68 41 46 76
84 68 67 68 27 59 78 59 72
90 67 68 54 62 64 72 61 67
39 57 57 75 69 61 44 65
03/27/2025 Prepared by: Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 14
 STEP 3: Divide the range by the number of
class intervals to obtain the class width c.
(round c upward)

Range 67
c c
i 6
11.16
12
The class width is 12.
03/27/2025 Prepared by: Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 15
 STEP 4: List the lower class limit of the lowest class interval
(usually the lowest raw data) and then add the class width to it to
obtain the succeeding lower class limit and so on.

Lowest Raw Data 27 + 12

39 + 12
51 + 12
63 + 12
75 + 12
Lower Class Limits 87
03/27/2025 Prepared by: Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 16
STEP 5: List the upper class limit of each class interval.
Note: The highest raw data need not be equal to the highest upper limit
but it must be within the highest class interval.

27- 38
Highest Raw Data
39- 50
94
51- 62
63- 74
75- 86
87- 98 Upper Class Limits
03/27/2025 Prepared by: Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 17
STEP 6: Tally the frequencies for each class interval
and sum them up.
66 80 57 94 76 Class Interval f
27-38 1
48 48 61 69 86
39-50 6
65 64 60 63 68 51-62 11
63-74 44
17
41 46 76 84 68 75-86 7
67 68 27 59 78 87-98 2
03/27/2025 Prepared by: Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 18
 Score f
27-38 1
39-50 6
51-62 11
63-74 17
75-86 7
87-98 2
Total 44
Frequency Distribution of Test Scores of 44 Students
Take a photo of this.
03/27/2025 Prepared by: Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 19
 Generating a Frequency Distribution
(with class intervals) in Excel

1) Enter the raw data in one column.

2) Construct the class limits and type them in ascending order (from top to
bottom) in another column and name it “Limits”.
3) Type the upper class boundaries in another column and name it “Boundaries”.
4) In the column beside the “Limits”, create a column frequency and name it “ f ”.
5) Highlight the cells that should contain the frequencies.
6) Type =frequency(data_array, bins_array) and then press CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER.
Note: data_array is the highlighted Raw Data (except the column name)
Note: bins_array is the highlighted Upper Class Boundary (except the column name)
03/27/2025 Prepared by: Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 20
Class Class Class Relative Less-than Greater-than
Limits f Boundaries Mark Frequency Cumulative Cumulative
Frequency Frequency
27-38 1 2.27% 1
26.5-38.5 32.5 44
39-50 6 38.5-50.5 44.5 13.64% 7 43
51-62 11
50.5-62.5 56.5 25.00% 18 37
63-74 17 38.64%
62.5-74.5 68.5 35 26
75-86 7
74.5-86.5 80.5 15.91% 42 9
87-98 2 86.5-98.5 92.5 4.54% 44 2
Total 44 100%
Expanded Frequency Distribution of Test Scores

03/27/2025 Prepared by: Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 21

 LCL-UCL f LCB-UCB CM rf <F >F
27-38 1 26.5-38.5 32.5 2.27% 1 44
39-50 6 38.5-50.5 44.5 13.64% 7 43
51-62 11 50.5-62.5 56.5 25.00% 18 37
63-74 17 62.5-74.5 68.5 38.64% 35 26
75-86 7 74.5-86.5 80.5 15.91% 42 9
87-98 2 86.5-98.5 92.5 4.54% 44 2
Total 44 100%
Sample Interpretations:
 11 students got scores from 51 to 62.
 The average score of the students in the 3rd class interval is 56.5.
 25% of the students got scores between 51 and 62 (inclusive).
03/27/2025 Prepared by: Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 22
LCL-UCL f LCB-UCB CM rf <F >F
27-38 1 26.5-38.5 32.5 2.27% 1 44
39-50 6 38.5-50.5 44.5 13.64% 7 43
51-62 11 50.5-62.5 56.5 25.00% 18 37
63-74 17 62.5-74.5 68.5 38.64% 35 26
75-86 7 74.5-86.5 80.5 15.91% 42 9
87-98 2 86.5-98.5 92.5 4.54% 44 2
Total 44 100%
Sample Interpretations:
 18 students got a score of 62 and below.
 37 students got a score of 51 and above.

03/27/2025 Prepared by: Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 23

 Class widths may not always be equal esp.,
if extreme values are present in a distribution.
Family Income f
Below 500,000 8
500,000 but less than 1,500,000 11
1,500,000 but less than 2,000,000 20
2,000,000 and above 5
Annual Family Income (in pesos)

 The first class interval does not have a lower limit.

 The last class interval does not have an upper limit.
03/27/2025 Prepared by: Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 24
 Qualitative variables or data are easier to put in
tabular form since there is no need to create classes.
A frequency distribution table for data measured in
the nominal or ordinal scale, simply lists all
categories with their corresponding frequencies.

JBC Stores (as of 2019) f Degree of Agreement f

Strongly Disagree 13
Philippines 1,150
Moderately Disagree 31
Abroad 234 Moderately Agree 40
Strongly Agree 7
03/27/2025 Prepared by: Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 25
 F M M F M F F M F F F
M F M F M F M M M F
M F M M M M F M M M F
F M F F M F F M F F M
M
Gender of 44 Students

Gender f
Female 21
Male 23
03/27/2025 Prepared by: Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 26
Abroad Government Private Company Abroad
Self-Employed Private Company Abroad
Private Company Abroad Private Company
Government Abroad Abroad Government
Private Company Private Company Government
Workplace f
Abroad Abroad Abroad Private Company Abroad 18
Abroad Government Self-Employed
Abroad Government Abroad Abroad Government 7
Government Private Company 15
Private Company Self-Employed Private Company
Abroad Abroad Private Company Self-employed 4
Abroad
Private Company Self-Employed Private Company
Private Company Abroad Private Company
Desired
Abroad Workplace
Private Company after Graduation

03/27/2025 Prepared by: Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 27

 Generating a Frequency Distribution
with Nominal Data in Excel

1) Enter the raw data in one column and name it “Raw Data”.
2) Name a second column “Gender” and under it type “Male” and “Female”.
3) Name a third column “ f ” for frequency.
4) Under the frequency column in the row of the “Female”,
type =COUNTIF(data_array,“F”) and then press ENTER.
Note: data_array is the highlighted Raw Data (except the column name)
5) Under the frequency column in the row of the “Male”,
type =COUNTIF(data_array,“M”) and then press ENTER.
Note: data_array is the highlighted Raw Data (except the column name)
03/27/2025 Prepared by: Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 28
 Other Kinds of Tables

03/27/2025 Prepared by: Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 29

 Gas Company Price (in peso)
Flying V 74.19
Cross-sectional Data Table
Petro Gazz 74.25
- consists of information
Petron 74.40
about different elements of
Phoenix 73.25
a population or sample for
Seaoil 73.65
the same period of time.
Unioil 72.80
Caltex 76.95
PTT 75.25
Shell 76.52
Gasoline Price per Liter as of January 2024
03/27/2025 Prepared by: Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 30
Time Series Data Table Year Price (in peso)
- contains information on the same 2018 45.54
variable for the same element at 2019 50.40
different periods of time. 2020 58.20
2021 60.69
2022 73.97
2023 69.13
Average Gasoline Price per Liter

03/27/2025 Prepared by: Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 31

 Contingency Table
- a type of table in a matrix format that
displays the multivariate frequency
distribution of several variables.
Handedness
Right Left TOTAL
Gender
Female 43 9 52
Male 44 4 48
TOTAL 87 13 100
Handedness by Gender

03/27/2025 Prepared by: Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 32

 Mean
Crime Prevention Measures 5 4 3 2 1
Response

1. Barangay patrols are regularly made. 59 77 28 30 5 4.09

2. Curfew regulations are strictly enforced. 48 74 39 29 9 3.62

3. CCTV cameras are vigilantly monitored. 19 40 58 46 36 2.80

4. Apprehended petty thieves are required

to render community service.
35 74 46 33 10 3.46
5. Reminders or warnings to residents
against thieves are provided.
51 62 45 31 9 3.58

Contingency Table for Likert Scale

03/27/2025 Prepared by: Dr. Jacobo O. Gonzales 33