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21ECC302T - Unit 3 - Part 2

The document discusses various digital communication techniques, focusing on Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential PCM (DPCM), and Delta Modulation (DM). PCM is widely used in applications like telephone systems and digital audio, where analog signals are converted into binary digits, while DPCM and DM improve efficiency by reducing the number of bits transmitted per sample. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages, including issues like bandwidth requirements and distortion.

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35 views21 pages

21ECC302T - Unit 3 - Part 2

The document discusses various digital communication techniques, focusing on Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential PCM (DPCM), and Delta Modulation (DM). PCM is widely used in applications like telephone systems and digital audio, where analog signals are converted into binary digits, while DPCM and DM improve efficiency by reducing the number of bits transmitted per sample. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages, including issues like bandwidth requirements and distortion.

Uploaded by

praneetmahindrakar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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21ECC302T- ANALOG AND DIGITAL

COMMUNICATION

1
Unit 3-BASEBAND AND DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
SYSTEMS

▪Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) systems


▪Differential PCM
▪Delta modulation (DM).

2
Pulse Code Modulation

PCM is the most commonly used technique in digital communications


used in many applications

⮚ Telephone systems

⮚ Digital audio recording

⮚ CD laser disks

⮚ Voice mail

⮚ Digital video etc.,


Pulse Code Modulation

⮚ Analog voice data must be translated into a series of binary digits before
they can be transmitted

⮚ The amplitude of the sound wave is sampled at regular intervals and


translated into a binary number

⮚ The difference between the original analog signal and the translated digital
signal is called quantization error
Block diagram of Pulse code Modulation
Pulse code Modulation

PCM Processes
⮚ Filtering
⮚ Sampling
⮚ Quantization
⮚ Encoding

PCM Standards

⮚ European Standard
⮚ American Standard
✔ European PCM = 30 channels
✔ North American PCM = 24 Channels
✔ Japanese PCM = 24 Channels
✔ In India we follow the European PCM of 30 channels system working
Pulse code Modulation

Advantages

⮚ Uniform Transmission Quality


⮚ Compatibility of different classes of Traffic in the Network
⮚ Integrated Digital Network
⮚ Increased Utilization of Existing circuit
⮚ Low Manufacturing cost
⮚ Good Performance over very poor transmission paths

Disadvantages
⮚ Large Bandwidth required for Transmission
⮚ Noise and crosstalk leaves low but rises attenuation
⮚ An integrated Digital network can only be realized be a gradual extension of Noise
Pulse code Modulation

Application

⮚ In Compact Disk

⮚ Digital Telephony

⮚ Digital audio applications


Differential Pulse Code Modulation

DPCM Transmitter

✔ It works on the principle of prediction.

✔ The value of present sample is predicted from the past sample.

✔ The prediction may not be exact but it is very close to the sample value
Differential Pulse Code Modulation

DPCM Transmitter

✔ The Comparator finds out the difference between the actual sample value and
predicted sample value

✔ The quantizer output signal and previous prediction is added and given as input to
the prediction filter.

✔ We can see that the quantized error signal is very small and can be encoded by using
small number of bits.

✔ Thus the number of bits per sample are reduced in DPCM.


Differential Pulse Code Modulation
Differential Pulse Code Modulation

DPCM Receiver

✔ The decoder first reconstructs the quantized error signal from incoming binary signal.
✔ The prediction filter output and quantized error signals are summed up to give the
quantized version of the original signal.
✔ Thus the signal at the receiver differs from actual signal by quantization error.
✔ That is introduced in the reconstructed signal
Delta Modulation

DM Principal

✔ It transmits only one bit per sample.

✔ The present sample is compared with the previous sample value.

✔ It indicates whether the amplitude is decreased or increased.

✔ Input signal is approximated to step signal by delta modulator.

✔ The difference between the input signal and staircase signal is confined to two
levels.
DELTA MODULATION
• It transmit only one bit per sample.

Delta modulation waveform


• The present sample value is compared with the previous sample value
and the indication, whether the amplitude is increased or decreased is
sent.
• This step size δ is fixed
• The difference between the input signal x(t) and staircase approximated
signal confirmed in the two level. i.e. +δ and -δ .
• If the difference is positive - increased by one step i.e‘ δ’ (‘1’ is
transmitted)
• If the difference is negative -reduced by δ. (‘0’ is transmitted )
• When the step is reduced ‘0’ is transmitted and if the step is increased ‘1’
is transmitted.
• Thus for each sample one binary bit is transmitted .
DM TRANSMITTER
DM RECEIVER

U(nTs) = U (nTs – Ts) + (+ δ) or


= U [(n – 1)Ts] + b(nTs)
ADVANTAGES

• Signaling Rate and Transmission Channel Bandwidth is small.

• Transmitter & Receiver implementation is very much simple.

• No Analog & Digital Converter involved in DM


DISADVANTAGES OF DM

1.Slope overload distortion

2.Granular noise
1.Slope overload distortion

•The rate of rise of input signal x(t) is also high that the staircase signal
cannot approximate it.

•There is a large error between the staircase approximately signal and


the original input signal x(t).

•This error is called slope overload distortion.

•Solution - Step Size should be increased.


2.Granular noise
• Granular noise occurs when the step size is too large compared to
small variation in the input signal .

• When the input is almost flat the staircase u(t) keeps on oscillating by
+δ’ around the signal the error between input & approximated signal
is called granular noise

• Solution – To make the step size small.

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