PRINCIPLES OF INTERNET OF THINGS

(ACIC10)
TOPIC: IOT LEVELS & TEMPLETS,CLOUD
COMPUTING AND BIGDATA ANALYTICS
Dr. Sajja Suneel
Assistant Professor Don’t write
Computer Science and Engineering anything here
(Data Science)
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MODULE - I
INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
Introduction to Internet of Things, definition and characteristics of IoT, physical
design of IoT, IoT protocols, IoT communication models, IoT communication APIs,
IoT enabled technologies, wireless sensor networks, cloud computing, big data
analytics, communication protocols, embedded systems, iot levels and templates;

Domain Specific IoTs: Home, city, environment, energy, retail,

logistics, agriculture, industry, health and lifestyle.

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MODULE - I
Objectives:
Understand the concept and characteristics of the Internet of Things
(IoT).
Familiarize with IoT protocols, communication models, and APIs.
Explore various IoT-enabled technologies and their applications in
different domains.
Outcomes:
Students will be able to define IoT and explain its characteristics.
Students will understand different IoT communication protocols and
models.
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Students will identify and analyze domain-specific IoT applications. anything here
 PRINCIPLES OF INTERNET OF THINGS

CLOUD COMPUTING
• Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computer
system resources, especially data storage (cloud storage) and
computing power, without direct interaction by the cloud
service provider.
• The computing and storage resources provided by cloud services
are pooled to multiple users using multi tenancy, which allows
multiple users to be serviced by the same physical hardware.
• Users are assigned virtual resources that run to top of the
physical layer.
• Cloud Computing is both a combination of software and Don’t write
hardware based computing resources delivered as a network anything here
service.
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Service models of Cloud

Computing
• Cloud Services are offered to users in different forms.
• Service models are the reference models on which the Cloud Computing
is based. These can be categorized into three basic service models as
listed below:
1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)

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3. Software as a Service (SaaS)
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Infrastructure as a Service
(IaaS)
• IaaS is the delivery of technology infrastructure as an on
demand scalable service.
• IaaS provides users the ability to provision computing and
storage resources. These resources are provided to the users
as a virtual machine instances and virtual storage.
• Users can start, stop, configure and manage the virtual
machines & virtual storage.
• Users can deploy operating systems and applications of
their choice on the virtual resources provisioned in the cloud. Don’t write
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• Virtual resources provisioned by the users are billed based
on pay-per-use paradigm.
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Advantages:
• Enhanced Scalability.
• Flexibility.
Disadvantages:
• Security issues
• Service delays
• Network delays
Used by: System administrators
Example: AWS EC2 (Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud )
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) is a web service that
provides resizable computing capacity—literally, servers in Amazon's Don’t write
data anything here
centers—that you use to build and host your software systems.
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Platform-as-a-Service(PaaS)
• PaaS provides users the ability to develop and deploy application in cloud
using the development tools, APIs, software libraries and services.
• Provides OS +Programming language + API + Server + database
• No choice of OS, NO virtual machines/storage.
• Users can build, compile & run programs to develop Applications.
• Typically applications must be developed with a particular
platform in mind
• Users are responsible for data manage & application
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• Multi tenant environments.
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Advantages:
• Scalable & Cost effective
• Faster market for developers
• Easy deployment of web applications
Disadvantages:
• Must use language provided
• No virtual machines/storage.
• Vendor lock-in
Used by: Software Developers Don’t write
Example: Google App Engine, AWS Elastic Bean Stack anything here
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Software-as-a-Service(SaaS)
• SaaS provides the user a complete software application or
the user interface to the application itself
• The Cloud Service provider(vendor) manages the
underlying cloud infrastructure including servers, network,
operating system, storage and Application software.
• User is unaware of underlying architecture since managed
by vendor.
• NO need to install software on PC
• Applications are provided through client Don’t write
interface(browser) anything here
• Platform independent(mac, windows, linux)
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Advantages:
• Universally accessible from any platform
• Excellent for collaborative work
• Vendors provides modest software tools
• Allows for multi tenancy
Disadvantages:
• Less flexibility
• Browser issues
• Vendor lock-in
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Used by: End Consumers anything here
Example: Gmail, online office 365, Google Docs, online
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Big Data Analytics

• Big data is a collection of data sets whose volume,
velocity ,variety is so large to that is difficult to store, manage,
process and analyze the data using traditional databases and
data processing tools.
• Big data analytics involves several steps starting from data
cleansing, data munging(or wrangling),data processing
and visualization.
• Big Data analytics is used to extract meaningful insights, such
as hidden patterns, unknown correlations, market trends, and
customer preferences. Don’t write
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Characteristics of Big data

Volume: There is no limit for the
volume of data, Big data analytics used
for massive scaling of data which is
difficult to store, manage and process
using traditional databases & data
processing architectures.
Velocity: velocity of data refers to how
fast is generated & how frequently it
varies.
Variety: Variety refers to the forms of Don’t write
the data such as text data, anything here
image ,audio, video and Sensor data
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Big Data Analytics….

Advantages Continued:
• better decision making.
• Cost reduction
• New products & services.
Some examples of big data generated by IoT are
• Sensor data generated by IoT systems.
• Machine sensor data collected from sensors established in
industrial and energy systems.
• Health and fitness data generated IoT devices.
• Data generated by IoT systems for location and tracking Don’t write
vehicles. anything here
• Data generated by retail inventory monitoring systems.
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Communication Protocols:
• Communication Protocols form the back-bone of IoT systems
and enable network connectivity and coupling to applications.
Allow devices to exchange data over network.
Define the exchange formats, data encoding addressing
schemes for device and routing of packets from source to
destination.
It includes sequence control, flow control and retransmission
of lost packets
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Note: Communication Protocols already discussed in IOT anything here
Protocols
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Embedded Systems

• Embedded Systems is a computer system that has computer hardware

and software embedded to perform specific tasks.
• Key components of an embedded systems include micro
processor/micro controller, memory( RAM, ROM, Cache), networking
units(ethernet, wifi adapters),input/output devices(keyboard, monitor
display) and storage device like flash memory.
• Some embedded systems have specialized processors such as
DSPs(Digital Signal processors),Graphics processors, Asps(Application
specific processors)
• Embedded System range from low cost miniaturized devices such as Don’t write
digital watches to devices such as digital cameras, POS terminals, anything here
vending machines, appliances etc.
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IoT Levels & Deployment Templates

An IoT system comprises of the following components:
Device: An IoT device allows identification, remote sensing,
actuating and remote monitoring capabilities.
Resource: Resources are software components on the IoT
device for accessing, processing, and storing sensor information,
or controlling actuators connected to the device.
Resources also include the software components that enable
network access for the device.
Controller Service: Controller service is a native service that
runs on the device and interacts with the web services.
Controller service sends data from the device to the web service Don’t write
and receives commands from the application (via web services) anything here
for controlling the device.
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IoT Levels & Deployment Templates…

• Database: Database can be either local or in the cloud and stores the data
generated by the IoT device.
• Web Service:Web services serve as a link between the IoT device, application,
database and analysis components.Web service can be either implemented
using HTTP and REST principles (REST service) or using WebSocket protocol
(WebSocket service).
Note: Comparison of REST & WEB SOCKET already discussed
Analysis Component: The Analysis Component is responsible for
analyzing the IoT data and generate results in a form which are easy for
the user to understand. Don’t write
Application: IoT applications provide an interface that the users can anything here
use to control and monitor various aspects of the IoT system.
Applications also allow users to view the system status and view the
processed data.
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IoT Level-1
• A level-1 IoT system has a single
node/device that performs sensing and/or
actuation, stores data, performs analysis
and hosts the application locally
• Level-1 IoT systems are suitable for
modeling low- cost and low-complexity
solutions where the data involved is not big
and the analysis requirements are not
computationally intensive.
• Example: Home automation using REST
API deployed locally has a user interface
for controlling lights & appliances, since the
device is connected to the internet, the Don’t write
application can be accessed remotely. anything here
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IoT – Level 1 Example : Home Automation System

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IoT
Level-2
• A level-2 IoT system has a single node that performs
sensing and/or actuation and local analysis.
• Data is stored in the cloud and application is
usually cloud- based.
• Level-2 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where
the data involved is big, however, the primary
analysis requirement is not computationally
intensive and can be done locally itself.
• Example: Smart irrigation
• Here IoT system consists of single node that monitors
the soil moisture level and controls irrigation systems
using sensor(moisture sensor) & actuator(solenoid
value) Don’t write
• A cloud based REST web service is used to storing & anything here
retrieving moisture data which is stored in the cloud
database.
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IoT – Level 2 Example: Smart Irrigation

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IoT Level-3
• A level-3 IoT system has a single node. Data is stored and
analyzed in the cloud and application is cloud- based.
• Level-3 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where the
data involved is big and the analysis requirements are
computationally intensive & real time.
• Example: IoT system for tracking package handling
which monitors the vibration levels of for a package being
shipped.
• This system uses accelerometer & gyroscope sensors for
monitoring vibration levels. The controller sends the
sensor data to the cloud in real-time using a webSocket
service.
• The data is stored in the cloud and also visualized using a Don’t write
cloud based application. anything here
• The analysis components in the cloud can trigger alerts if
vibration levels are above threshold.
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IoT – Level 3 Example: Tracking Package Handling

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IoT Level-
4
• A level-4 IoT system has multiple nodes that perform local
analysis. Data is stored in the cloud and application is cloud-
based.
• Level-4 contains local and cloud- based observer nodes which
can subscribe to and receive information collected in the cloud
from IoT devices.
• Level-4 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where multiple
nodes are required, the data involved is big and the analysis
requirements are computationally intensive.
• Example: IoT system for noise monitoring
• The system consists of multiple nodes equipped with sound sensors
placed in different locations for monitoring noise levels in an area.
• Nodes are independent of each other, runs on own controller service
that sends the data to the cloud, will be stored & analyzed in a cloud Don’t write
database. anything here
• A cloud based application is used for visualizing the aggregated data
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IoT – Level 4 Example: Noise Monitoring

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IoT Level-5
• A level-5 IoT system has multiple end nodes and one
coordinator node.
• The end nodes that perform sensing and/or actuation.
• Coordinator node collects data from the end nodes and sends
to the cloud.
• Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud and application is
cloud-based.
• Level-5 IoT systems are suitable for solutions based on wireless
sensor networks, in which the data involved is big and the
analysis requirements are computationally intensive.
Example: IoT system for forest fire detection
• The system consists of multiple nodes placed in different locations
for monitoring temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide(CO2)
levels in a forest.
• End nodes are equipped with various sensors.
• The coordinator node collects data from the end nodes Don’t write
and acts as a gateway that provides internet connectivity anything here
to the IoT system.
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IoT – Level 5 Example: Forest Fire Detection
The controller service on the coordinator device
sends the collected data to the cloud, stored and
analyzed in cloud base
A cloud based application is used for visualizing
the data
• Detect forest fire in early stages to take
action while the fire is still controllable.
• Sensors measure the temperature, smoke,
weather, wind speed, speed of fire
spread ,flame length
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IoT Level-6
• A level-6 IoT system has multiple independent end nodes that
perform sensing and/or actuation and send data to the cloud.
• Data is stored in the cloud and application is cloud-based.
• The analytics component analyzes the data and stores the
results in the cloud database.
• The results are visualized with the cloud-based application.
• The centralized controller is aware of the status of all the end
nodes and sends control commands to the nodes.
Example: IoT system for weather monitoring
• The system consists of multiple nodes placed in different locations
for monitoring temperature, humidity and pressure in an area.
• End nodes are equipped with various sensors, sends the data to the
cloud in real- time using a webSocket service.
• Data will be stored & analyzed in a cloud database.
• A cloud based application is used for visualizing the data Don’t write
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IoT–Level 6 Example: Weather Monitoring System

Parameters measured
• Wind speed and direction
• Solar radiation
• Temperature (air, water, soil)
• Relative humidity
• pressure
• Soil moisture

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