Internet-of-Things – Principle and Applications

Lê Thế Dũng, Ph.D.

Dep. of Computing Fundamentals, FPT University, Viet Nam

January 2024

Le The Dung, Ph.D. IoT – Principles and Applications January 2024

Outlines

• Introduction to IoT
• How Does IoT Work?
• IoT Achitectures
• IoT Applications
– IoT in Smart Healthcare
– IoT in Smart Transportation
– IoT in Smart Energy

• Market Opportunity of IoT

• Challenges of IoT
• Advantages of IoT
• Disadvantages of IoT

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Introduction

Internet of Things
(IoT)
• What is Internet?
Internet
– The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use
the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide.
– It is a network of networks that consists of private, public, academic, business,
and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of
electronics, wireless, and optical networking technologies.
– The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services,
such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World
Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail, telephony, and peer-to-peer networks for
file sharing.
• What is things?
things
– Objects link sensor, computer, mobile phone, user.

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What is Internet-of-Things (IoT)?
• Internet of Things (IoT)
IoT) is a network of physical objects or people called
“things” that are embedded with software, electronics, network, and
sensors that allows these objects to collect and exchange data.

• The goal of IoT is to extend to internet connectivity from standard devices

like computer, mobile, tablet to relatively dumb devices like a toaster. IoT
makes virtually everything “smart,” by improving aspects of our life with
the power of data collection, AI algorithm, and networks.

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Evolution of the Internet
• In the late 1960s, communication between two computers was made possible through a
computer network.
network In the early 1980s, the TCP/IP stack was introduced and then the commercial
use of the Internet started in the late 1980s.
• In 1991 the World Wide Web (WWW) became available which made the Internet more popular.
Then, mobile devices connected to the Internet shaped up the mobile Internet.
Internet With the
emergence of social networking, users started to become connected together over the Internet.
Internet

• The next step in the IoTs is where objects around us will be able to connect to each other (e.g.
machine to machine) and communicate via the Internet. IoT promises to create a world where
smart objects around us are connected to the Internet and communicate with each other with
minimum human intervention.

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History of IoT
• 1970 – The actual idea of connected devices • 2004 – The term was mentioned in famous
was proposed. publications like the Guardian, Boston Globe,
and Scientific American.
• 1990 – John Romkey created a toaster which
could be turned on/off over the Internet. • 2005 – UN’s International Telecommunications
Union (ITU) published its first report on this
• 1995 – Siemens introduced the first cellular
topic.
module built for M2M.
• 2008 – The Internet of Things was born.
• 1999 – The term “Internet of Things” was
• 2011 – Gartner, the market research company,
used by Kevin Ashton during his work at P&G include “The Internet of Things” technology in
which became widely accepted. their research.

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How Does IoT Work?
• IoT is a system of Internet-connected devices. These devices are essentially
mini-computer processors that use machine learning to act on data
collected by sensors.
• A complete IoT system integrates four parts:
– Sensors/Devices
– Data Collection and Connectivity
– Data Processing and/or Machine Learning
– User Interface

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Sensors/Devices
• Sensors or devices are a key component that helps you to collect live data
from the surrounding environment. All this data may have various levels of
complexities. It could be a simple temperature monitoring sensor, or it
may be in the form of the video feed.

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Sensors and Actuators

Sensor Actuator

It is a device that senses and measures It is a device that converts an electrical signal
changes in physical quantities. into mechanical movement.
Its input is a physical quantity. Its input is an electrical signal.

Its output is an electrical signal. Its output is mechanical work.

It takes input from the system or signal
It takes input from the environment.
conditioning unit.
It provides output to a system. It provides output to the environment.

It is connected at the input of a system. It is connected at the output of a system.

A sensor may or may not require extra power Actuator require extra power source to
source to operate. operate.

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Data Collection and Connectivity
• Data are passed from a device or sensor to the cloud via some types of
connection. How these devices connect varies and depends on the
purpose of the device.
• The common methods today include: HTTP/S, Bluetooth, RFID, FTP.

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Data Processing
• Once that data is collected, and it gets to the cloud, the software performs
processing on the gathered data.
• This process can be just checking the temperature, reading on devices like air
conditioners or heaters. However, it can sometimes also be very complex like
identifying objects, using computer vision on video.

• The data processing cycle consists of three stages: Input (Data), Processing
(+Storage), and Output (information).

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User Interface
• The information needs to be available to the end-user in some way which
can be achieved by triggering alarms on their phones or sending them
notification through email or text message.
• The user sometimes might need an interface which actively checks their
IoT system.
– For example, the user has a camera installed in his home. He wants to access video
recording and all the feeds with the help of a web server.

• However, it’s not always one-way communication. Depending on the IoT

application and complexity of the system, the user may also be able to
perform an action which may create cascading effects.
– For example, if a user detects any changes in the temperature of the refrigerator, with the
help of IoT technology the user should able to adjust the temperature with the help of
their mobile phone.

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How IoT Works – A Summary

https://youtu.be/LlhmzVL5bm8

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IoT Architecture
• The IoT should be capable of interconnecting billions or trillions of
heterogeneous objects through the Internet, so there is a critical need for
a flexible layered architecture.

The IoT architecture. (a) Three-layer. (b) Middle-ware based. (c) SOA based. (d) Five-layer.

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IoT Architecture (cont.)
Layer Name Description

The objects (devices) or perception layer, represents the physical

sensors of the IoT that aim to collect and process information.
Standardized plug-and-play mechanisms need to be used by the
Objects Layer
perception layer to configure heterogeneous objects. The
perception layer digitizes and transfers data to the Object
Abstraction layer through secure channels.
Object Abstraction transfers data produced by the Objects Layer
to the ServiceManagement layer through secure channels. Data
can be transferred through various technologies such as RFID, 3G,
Object Abstraction Layer
GSM, UMTS, WiFi, Bluetooth Low Energy, infrared, ZigBee, etc.
Furthermore, other functions like cloud computing and data
management processes are handled at this layer.
Service Management or Middleware (pairing) layer pairs a service
with its requester based on addresses and names. This layer
enables the IoT application programmers to work with
Service Management
heterogeneous objects without consideration to a specific
Layer
hardware platform. Also, this layer processes received data,
makes decisions, and delivers the required services over the
network wire protocols.

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IoT Architecture (cont.)
Layer Name Description

The application layer provides the services requested by

customers. The application layer covers numerous vertical
Application Layer
markets such as smart home, smart building, transportation,
industrial automation and smart healthcare.
The business (management) layer manages the overall IoT system
activities and services. The responsibilities of this layer are to
build a business model, graphs, flowcharts, etc. based on the
Business Layer
received data from the Application layer. The Business Layer
makes it possible to support decision-making processes based on
Big Data analysis.

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IoT Applications
• IoT solutions are widely used in numerous companies across industries.
Some most common IoT applications are given below:

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IoT Applications (cont.)

Application type Description

Helps you to save resource on heating bills by knowing your

Smart Thermostats
usage patterns.
IoT helps automobile companies handle billing, parking,
Connected Cars
insurance, and other related stuff automatically.
Helps you to capture heart rate pattern, calorie expenditure,
Activity Trackers
activity levels, and skin temperature on your wrist.
Remotely turn any device on or off. It also allows you to track a
Smart Outlets device’s energy level and get custom notifications directly into
your smartphone.
IoT technology helps users to identify the real-time availability of
Parking Sensors
parking spaces on their phone.
The concept of a connected health care system facilitates real-
Connect Health time health monitoring and patient care. It helps in improved
medical decision-making based on patient data.

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IoT Applications (cont.)

Application type Description

Smart city offers all types of use cases which include traffic
Smart City
management to water distribution, waste management, etc.
Smart home encapsulates the connectivity inside your homes. It
Smart Home includes smoke detectors, home appliances, light bulbs, windows,
door locks, etc.
Helps you in real time tracking of goods while they are on the
Smart Supply Chain
road, or getting suppliers to exchange inventory information.

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IoT in Smart Healthcare

• IoT Role Includes:

Functional framework for healthcare system. – Real-time monitoring
– Better emergency response
Source: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819664-9.00007-7
– Easy access of patient data
– Connectivity among stake holders
– Remote access to healthcare

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IoT in Smart Transportation

• The global connected

car market will recover
from the impact of the
global coronavirus
pandemic and grow
to around 121 billion
U.S. dollars by 2025.

Source:
https://www.statista.com/statistics/
725025/connected-cars-global-
market-size-projection

• IoT Role Includes:

– Traffic management
– Real-time vehicle tracking
– Vehicle-to-Vehicle communication
– Scheduling of train, aircraft
– Automatic payment/ticket system
– Automatic toll collection

Ecosystem and infrastructure of the next-generation car.

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IoT in Smart Energy

• IoT Role Includes:

– Management of energy usage
– Power generation dispatch for
solar, wind, etc.
– Better fault-tolerance of the grid
– Services for plug-in electric
vehicles (PEV)
Illustration of a smart energy system.
– Enhancing consumer
Source: https://doi.org/10.1109/MCE.2016.2556879 relationships

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Market Opportunity of IoT (cont.)
• According to a study carried out by Global Data, the IoT market is
projected to reach $318bn new worth by 2023 (in constantly rise
compared to the previous years).

IoT market projections [R2].

[R2] Global IoT market to reach $318 billion by
2023, says GlobalData. Michelle Froese,
Windpower Engineering & Development.
Accessed at:

https://www.windpowerengineering.com/busines
s-news-projects/global-iot-market-to-reach-318-
billion-by-2023-says-globaldata/

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Market Opportunity of IoT
• The IoT offers a great market opportunity for equipment manufacturers,
Internet service providers and application developers.

[R1] J. Manyika et al., Disruptive Technologies:

Advances that Will Transform Life, Business, and
the Global Economy. San Francisco, CA, USA:
McKinsey Global Instit., 2013.

Projected market share of dominant IoT applications by 2025 [R1].

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Challenges of IoT
• Some sectors in which IoT has the highest impact are illustrated below. It is
worth noting that these sectors partly overlap (e.g., Smart City and Smart
Living).

Source:
Estimated global market potential (by 2030) for each IoT sector. https://centriabulletin.fi/iot-next-
phase

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Challenges of IoT

• At present, IoT is faced with many challenges,

such as:
– Insufficient testing and updating
– Concern regarding data security and privacy
– Software complexity
– Data volumes and interpretation
– Integration with AI and automation
– Devices require a constant power supply which is difficult
– Interaction and short-range communication

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Advantages of IoT
• Key benefits of IoT technology are as follows:
– Technical Optimization:
Optimization: IoT technology helps a lot in
improving technologies and making them better.
Example, with IoT, a manufacturer is able to collect
data from various car sensors. The manufacturer
analyzes them to improve its design and make them
more efficient.
– Improved Data Collection:
Collection: Traditional data collection
has its limitations and its design for passive use. IoT
facilitates immediate action on data.
– Reduced Waste:
Waste: IoT offers real-time information
leading to effective decision making & management of
resources. For example, if a manufacturer finds an
issue in multiple car engines, he can track the
manufacturing plan of those engines and solves this
issue with the manufacturing belt.
– Improved Customer Engagement:
Engagement: IoT allows you to
improve customer experience by detecting problems
and improving the process.

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Disadvantages of IoT
• Some disadvantages of IoT are as follows:
– Security:
Security: IoT technology creates an ecosystem of
connected devices. However, during this process, the
system may offer little authentication control despite
sufficient security measures.
– Privacy:
Privacy: The use of IoT, exposes a substantial amount
of personal data, in extreme detail, without the user’s
active participation. This creates lots of privacy issues.
– Flexibility:
Flexibility: There is a huge concern regarding the
flexibility of an IoT system. It is mainly regarding
integrating with another system as there are many
diverse systems involved in the process.
– Complexity:
Complexity: The design of the IoT system is also quite
complicated. Moreover, it’s deployment and
maintenance also not very easy.
– Compliance:
Compliance: IoT has its own set of rules and
regulations. However, because of its complexity, the
task of compliance is quite challenging.

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IoTs Companies

Source: https://history-computer.com/largest-internet-of-things-iot-companies-in-the-world

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Summary
• Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT): The Internet of Things (IoT) is a
network of physical objects or people called “things” that are
embedded with software, electronics, network, and sensors which allows
these objects to collect and exchange data.
• The actual idea of connected devices was proposed in 1970.
• Four Key components of IoT framework are 1) Sensors/Devices, 2)
Connectivity, 3) Data Processing, 4) User Interface.
• Various applications of IoT are Smart Thermostats, Connected Cars,
Activity Trackers, Smart Outlets, Connect Health, etc.
• Technical Optimization, Improve Data Collection, Reduced Waste,
Improved Customer Engagement are key benefits of IoT.
• Security, Privacy, Complexity, Compliance, are key challenges of IoT.

Video: Internet Of Things (IoT) In 10 Minutes

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IoT – Principles and Applications