Have you ever wondered

how your phone charges

when you plug it into a
socket?
 electrons

e e e
e e e

wire
electric current

When a charger is plugged in,

This flow of electrons is what we call
negatively charged particles called
electric current. The voltage, or
electrons, which are already
electrical pressure pushes these
present inside the wires, start
electrons along the wires.
moving in the same net direction.
 electrons

wire
electric current

Free electrons move along a

This resistance makes the wire
zigzag path, colliding with each
and any connected devices, like
other and with fixed atoms within
your phone charger, heat up.
the material, creating
resistance.
Electricity
?
 why do we
need
electricity?
Electricity is essential for
lighting, powering appliances,
transport and communication
systems. Without electricity,
life would be very different.
 What is
ElectriC The SI unit of electric current
is the “’ampere’’ in honor of
CURRENT?
Electricity is the flow of electric
the French physicist Andre-
charge from one region to another Marie Ampere who studied
region in a conductor. selectromagnetism
• If the electric charges do not flow,
One ampere is one coulomb of
then no electric current is
charge flowing per second. This
established.
means that there are 6.25 x 10^18
• Electric current in a conductor or
electrons (1 C=6.25x10^18)
a wire is somewhat analogous to
flowing in a conduct per second
water current in a pipe
 electrical
conductors
 electrical
conductors
Materials that allow the easy flow of electric current due to the
movement of electrons. In a conductor, electrons can move freely
between atoms, making it easier for electrical energy to pass through.
 electrical insulators
Most non-metal materials can’t conduct electricity. This is because their
electrons are not free to move, so they are unable to carry electrical
charge. This makes them electrical insulators.
 Conductors vs Insulators
Conductors Insulators

These materials allow These materials resist the

charges to flow freely. free movement of
charges.
diamon
rubber d
balloon
copper wire

rubber
silver tire
spoon
 What is
ElectriC The SI unit of electric current
is the “’ampere’’ in honor of
CURRENT?
Electricity is the flow of electric charge the French physicist Andre-
from one region to another region in a Marie Ampere who studied
conductor. selectromagnetism
• If the electric charges do not flow,
then no electric current is One ampere is one coulomb of
established. charge flowing per second. This
• Electric current in a conductor or a means that there are 6.25 x 10^18
wire is somewhat analogous to electrons (1 C=6.25x10^18)
water current in a pipe flowing in a conduct per second
How to measure
Electric current?
• Measuring electric current
requires a device called an
ammeter or a multimeter
set to the current (amperes,
A) mode.
 How can electric charge flow
through a conductor?

Just like any object, a charge is put into

motion by an unbalanced forced. This
unbalanced force is created by a
voltage.
 How can electric charge flow
through a conductor?

• Electric charge must be pushed or

driven by the set up of voltage
•source
Voltage is also known as electric potential
difference.
⚬ How much energy is available to move electric
charges between those two points.
 VOLTAGE SOURCE

• Typical voltage sources are batteries and

generators.
• The voltage source gives
voltage to the circuit.
• Without voltage , electric
charge will not flow.
 VOLTAGE SOURCE

• The SI unit of Voltage is volt (V).

• This unit is named after an Italian physicits,
Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio
Volta, who invented the battery in 1800.
• A typical battery (AAA, AA, and D sizes) has
1.5-V voltage
 How to measure
Voltage?
• Voltage, or electrical potential difference, is
measured using an instrument called a
voltmeter. It is a key quantity in electrical
systems and is measured in volts (V).
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE
• Electrical current also depends on the
electrical resistance of a conductor.
• The opposition to the flow of electric charge
is called resistance.
⚬ Resistance is expressed in ohm
⚬ Named after German physicist, George Simon
Ohm, who discovered the relationship between
current, voltage and resistance in 1862.
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE

The property of a material allows more or less

electric charges to flow in the circuit,
• The magnitude of the resistance depends
on depends on:
⚬ nature of material
⚬ temperature
⚬ length
⚬ diameter of a wire
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE

The resistance of the material affects the

electric charge the electric current. How?
• A longer wire has more resistance than a
shorter wire.
• A thicker wire has less resistance than a
smaller diameter wire
OHM’S LAW
 Current,
Resistance
and Voltage
 Ohm’s Law
Ohm's Law states that electric current
is directly proportional to the
voltage and inversely proportional
to the electrical resistance
This means that
• if the resistance is constant, an increase in
voltage will produce an increase in current
• at constant voltage, an increase in
resistance will causea decrease in current.

Voltage ( V ) VOLTAGE (V)

=
current current ( I ) X Resistance (
(I)= Resistance ( Ω Ω)
EXAMPLE

Ohm’s Law
Calculate the voltage, or potential difference,
through a resistor with a resistance of 40 Ω with
a current of 0.6 A flowing through it.
S T E P 1 : W H AT A R E T H E STEP 2: WHICH FORMULA
G I V E N A N D M I SS I N G WILL WE BE USING?
VA LU E S ?
i Current (A) = 0.6 A Voltage ( Q )
current ( i )
= Resistance ( Ω )
Ω Resistance (Ω) = 40 Ω

V Voltage (V) = ? Voltage ( V ) Current ( i ) × Resistance

= (Ω)
EXAMPLE

Ohm’s Law
Calculate the voltage, or potential difference,
through a resistor with a resistance of 40 Ω
with a current of 0.6 A flowing through it.

STEP 3: SUBSTITUTE THE S T E P 4 : S O LV E .

VA LU E S .
V = 0.6 A × 40 Ω
= 24 V
V=i×Ω
V = 0.6 A × 40 Ω Answer:
The voltage through a resistor that
has a resistance of 40 Ω with a
current of 0.6 A flowing through it is
24 V.
 Try this!
If the current is increased from 0.6 A to 2.2 A
while maintaining the same voltage of 24 V,
what will be the new resistance required?
Try this! ANSWER:

Step 1:
If the current is What are the given
i Current (A) =
and missing values?
increased from 0.6 V
2.2 A
Voltage (V) = 24
A to 2.2 A while V
Ω Resistance (Ω)
maintaining the
=?
same voltage of 24
Step 2:
V, what will be the Which formula will V V
new resistance we be using? i Ω
Ω = i
required? =

V 24 V
Steps 3 & 4:
Ω = 10.9
= i = 2.2 A Ω.
Substitute the values,
then solve.
The new resistance required will be
10.9 Ω.
 Try this!
If the resistance in a wire is 200 and the
voltage is 110-V, how much current is
flowing in the wire?
 Try this!
If the resistance in a wire is 200 Ω and the
voltage is 110-V, how much current is
Given
flowing in the wire?
Formula: I
V
Resistance (Ω) =
Ω
: 200Ω = Ω
V Voltage (V) =
110-V Solution 110V
I
Find: 200 Ω
=
i Current (I) = ?

Final answer: I = 0.55 A

Assignment 2 :
1 Whole
 Written Work no. 2: Assignment
Copy and Answer the following question in one
(1) whole
1.What is electric current? How is it measured?
2.How would you distinguish a conductor from an
insulator?
Assignment
3.What is voltage? How is it measured?
4.What is resistance?
5.How is current related to resistance and voltage?
6.What happens to the current if:
a. the resistance is doubled?
b.the voltage is reduced?
7.A current of 0.31 flows in a wire. How much is the
 Quiz no. 1,
Tomorrow
Coverage: Sound
and Electricity