MICRO CONTROOLER BASED

AUTOMATED DRIVER LESS

TRAIN
ABSTRAC
In the project realistic operation of the with out driver.

The circuit provide in fully automation other crossing

entries station operate the IR sensor in in frared light
and photo train sister circuit used . the circuit is desined
to be easy build and install used widely available and
inexpensive com po nent.the micro controller
programmed to make follwing motor driver ic
SOFT WARE REQURE MENT
ATMEL -LADDER PROGRAMING
HARD WARE REQUREMENT
 ATMEL
 IR SENSOR
 ULN DRIVER
 RELAY
 BUZZER
 HT & HD
 SWITCH
 BATTERY
 LCD DISPLAY
 POWER SUPPLY
 ADVANTAGE AND APPLICATION
 BIBILOGRPHY
 BLOCK DIAGRAM
WAY TO STATION NEAR STATION
STATION AREA

TRAIN
IR IR START
TRANSMITTER-1 TRANSMITTER-2 COMMAND

RAILWAY TRACK

RF
TRANSMITTER-3 TRAIN ENGINE AREA

BREAK UNIT

IR IR
RECEIVER-1 RECEIVER-2 HIGH SPEED
SELECTOR
ATMEL 89C51
RF RECEIVER CONTROLLER
RF RF
TRANSMITTER-1 TRANSMITTER-2 SLOW SPEED
SELECTOR
AT89C51 PIN CONFIGURATIONS
 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION
MICRO CONTROLLER UNIT:
 Microcontroller used here is an ATMEL 89C51.

 The AT89C51 is a low power high performance CMOS 8 bit

microcomputer of flash programmable and erasable read only memory.

 The on-chip flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in

system or by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer.

 The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of
Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, five
vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, and on-
chip oscillator and clock circuitry.
 FEATURES
 Compatible with MCS-51™ Products

 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory

 Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles

 Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz

 Three-Level Program Memory Lock

 128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM

 32 Programmable I/O Lines

 Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters

 Six Interrupt Sources

 Programmable Serial Channel

 Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes

 DESCRIPTION
 VCC
Supply voltage.
 GND
Ground.
 PORT 0:
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port each pin
can sink eight TTL inputs.
 PORT 1:
Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.
PORT 2:
Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. Port 2 emits the high-order
address byte during fetches from external program memory and during
accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @
DPTR).
 PORT 3:
Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. Port 3 also receives some
control signals for Flash programming and verification.
 PORT PIN ALTERNATE FUNCTIONS
 P3.0 RXD (serial input port)
 P3.1 TXD (serial output port)
 P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0)
 P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1)
 P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input)
 P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input)
 P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe)
 P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe)
 RST:
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator
is running resets the device.
 XTAL1:

Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit.
 XTAL2:

Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic
resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source,
XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven.
 PSEN:

Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the
AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated
twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during
each access to external data memory.
 EA/VPP:

External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the

device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H
up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be
internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program
executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP)
during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.
 IR SENSOR

 The IR Sensor Module or infrared (IR) sensor is a basic and most popular

sensor in electronics.

 It is used in wireless technology like remote controlling functions and detection

of surrounding objects/ obstacles.

 IR sensors mainly consist of an Infrared (IR) LED and a Photodiode, this pair

is generally called IR pair.

 An IR LED is a special purpose LED, it is can emitting infrared rays ranging

from 700 nm to 1 mm wavelength.

 These types of rays are invisible to our eyes. In contrast, a photodiode or IR

Receiver LED detects the infrared rays.

IR SENSOR MODULE
IR TRANSMITTER RECEIVER
 ULN2003
 ULN2003 comes with multiple functions. It has seven Darlington

transistors installed which could help to control 7-Loads at the same

time.
 It comes with 16 pins and multiple packing like SOP, PDIP, TSSOP or

SOIC .
 This could help the user to install the IC with any circuit without taking

too much space as a transistors circuit.

 output power source could apply separately to all the outputs but the

input will be the same as all microcontrollers and microprocessors.

 The voltage range for any load is 50V but the current range is 500mA

which could be increased by combining the multiple output pins.

ULN 2003 IC
ULN 2003 IC PIN DETAILS
ULN 2003 IC CRICUIT DIAGRAM
ULN2003 FEATURES
 Contains 7 high-voltage and high current Darlington pairs
 Each pair is rated for 50V and 500mA
 Input pins can be triggered by +5V
 All seven Output pins can be connected to gather to drive loads up to
(7×500mA) ~3.5A.
 Can be directly controlled by logic devices like Digital Gates, Arduino, PIC
etc
 Available in 16-pin DIP, TSSOP, SOIC packages
 RELAY

 Relays are switching devices. Switching devices are the heart of

industrial electronic systems.

 When a relay is energized or activated, contacts are made or broken.
 They are used to control ac or dc power.
 Electromagnetic relays are forms of electromagnets in which the coil

current produces a magnetic effect.

 It pulls or pushes flat soft iron armatures or strips carrying relay

contacts.
 Several relay contact can be operated to get several possible ON/OFF

combinations.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
+12V
LOAD
RLY

N /O
C
OUTPUT FROM N /C
DRIVER
CIRCUIT

The relay's switch connections are usually labeled COM, NC and NO:
•COM = Common, always connect to this, it is the moving part of the switch.
•NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off.
•NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on.
 DESCRIPTION
 Relay consists of coil and switch contacts.
 You can see a lever on the left being attracted by magnetism when the coil is
switched on.
 This lever moves the switch contacts. There is one set of contacts (SPDT) in the
foreground and another behind them, making the relay DPDT.
 The relay ON and OFF is controlled by the driver circuit.
 A Relay is nothing but electromagnetic switching device which consists of three
pins. They are Common, Normally close (NC) and Normally open (NO).
 The relay common pin is connected to supply voltage. The normally open (NO)
pin connected to load. When this coil gets enough supply then it becomes
electromagnet and attracts the strip of pole towards itself and changes the
position of switch (like common connected to NO) . So the load will be turned
ON.
 When supply cuts off then coil demagnetizes and thus switch comes in its
normal position (like common connected to NC). So the load will be turned
OFF.
BUZZER
 Refer the figure; the output from a ULN driver is connected to the

base of transistor bc547 through a resistor 4.7k .

 The transistor collector point connected to the buzzer.

 When there is a positive bias from the port.

 The buzzer will energize. if there is logic ‘o’ level output from port,

the buzzer will de – energize.

BUZZER
+5V

BUZZER

4K 7
P ORT BC 547
FEATURES
 These high reliability piezo buzzers are applicable to general

electronics equipment.
 Compact, pin terminal type Piezo buzzer with 4 KHz output.

 Pin type terminal construction enables direct mounting onto printed

circuit boards.
 RF TRANSMITTER
 A radio frequency transmitter is a device that transmits information by
means of radio waves.
 The signal intelligence is translated in terms of high frequency wave

commonly termed as carrier wave. The process of intelligence translation

into high frequency is termed as modulation.
 encoder and ISM band transmitter board. ISM BAND consists of 433.92

MHz based transmitter module to transmit the data.

 ISM band transmitter is used here to send digital data. It is capable to

send data of the rate of 2400 bits per second.

 It SMD package and also way compact in size. It handles the serial data

and transmits through with (or) without aerial.

 HT12E CIRCUIT

O/P
TRANSMITTER MODULE ANT
VC C

DATA IN
VCC
GND

1
18
LE D 17 16
470E
4 1 1M
LE D 470E 2 15
6
4050 3 HT12E
LE D 470E D AV
10 4 14
470E
470E 2 5 13 D3
12
6 12 D2
LE D D1
7 11
LE D D0
8 8 9 10
 DESCRIPTION
 They are capable of encoding information which consists of address bits and data

bits.
 Each address/data input can be set to one of the two logic states.

 The programmed addresses/data are transmitted together with the header bits via an

RF transmission medium upon receipt of a trigger signal.

 The capability to select a TE trigger on the HT12E or a DATA trigger on the

HT12E.
 Then the data send it through ISM band transmitter.

 The ISM band module generate carrier wave at the frequency of 433.92 MHz., the

data format differ for the type of operation it consists 8 bits of data first four bits for
ID operation and second for bits for device operation selection.
 This modulated data will be transmit to the air through antenna.
 RF RECEIVER
 This circuit consist RF digital receiver and decoder circuit.
 Four ports are used to give data out.

 The receiver is ISM band carrier wave receiving module.

 ISM BAND consists of 433.92 MHz based receiver module to receiver

the data from dedicated receiver module.

 It has capable to receive digital dates at the rate of 2400pbs.

 The operating range is up to 100ft the module is designed using SMD so

it is very small in size.

 HT12D CIRCUIT

O/P
RECEIVER MODULE
ANT

LINEAR O/P
DIG O/P
GND
GND
GND
VCC

VCC
VC C

1
470E 18 820E
LE D 14 16
470E
4 4K 7 33K
LE D 17 47K
LE D 470E 15
3

6 1
4050 2 HT12D
LE D 470E 2 D AV
10 BC 547 14
3
1

470E 13 D3
12 4
12 D2
LE D 5
11 D1
6
8 9 10 D0
7
8
 DESCRIPTION
 For proper operation, a pair of encoder/decoder with the same number of addresses

and data format should be chosen.

 The decoders receive serial addresses and data from a transmitter.

 It will compare the serial input data three times continuously with their local

addresses.
 If no error or matched codes are found, the input data codes are decoded and then

transferred to the output pins and the VT pin also goes high to indicate a valid
transmission. Otherwise VT pin goes to low state.
 If the received data is not match, the receiver not accepted that data.

 By this method of operation we can avoid to receive the incorrect or unwanted

data’s.
SWITCH
 A switch is a component which controls the open-ness or closed-ness

of an electric circuit.
 They allow control over current flow in a circuit (without having to

actually get in there and manually cut or splice the wires).

 Switches are critical components in any circuit which requires user

interaction or control.
 BATTERY
 A rechargeable battery (also known as a storage battery) is a group of one or more
secondary cells .
 Rechargeable batteries use electrochemical reactions that are electrically reversible.
 Rechargeable batteries come in many different sizes and use different combinations
of chemicals.
 Commonly used secondary cell ("rechargeable battery") chemistries are lead acid,
nickel cadmium (NiCd), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium ion (Li-ion), and
lithiUM polymer (Li-ion polymer).
LCD DISPLAY 16\2 MATRIX
 LCD is the declining prices of LCDs. The ability to display numbers,
characters, and graphics.
 This is in contrast to LEDs, which are limited to numbers and
characters. The LCDs are light weight with only a few millimeters
thickness.
 Since the LCDs consume less power, they are compatible with low
power electronic circuits, and can be powered for long durations.
 The LCDs don’t generate light and so light is needed to read the display.
 The LCDs have long life and a wide operating temperature range.
 LCD DISPLAY
BLOCK DIAGRAM

16
E
LCD
CONTROLLER

R/W
RS 40 40
TO
D7
4 DRIVER
VDD
VL
VSS

Fig: 5.6.1 Schematic of LCD

 PIN DETAILS
 Pin 1 :VSS Ground Terminal, 0V
 Pin 2 :VDD Supply Terminal, +5V
 Pin 3 :VL Liquid Crystal Drive Voltage
 Pin 4 :RS Register Select RS = 0 - Instruction , Register RS = 1 – Data
Register
 Pin 5 :R/W Read / Write R/W =1 – Read , R/W = 0 – Write
 Pin 6:EEnable : Enables Read / Write
 Pin 7 to Pin 14 :DBO to DB7 Bi-directional data-bus When interface data
length is 8-bits, data transfer is done once through DB0- DB7, When the
interface data length is 4-bits, data transfer is done twice through DB4 –
DB7
 Pin 15 TO Pin 16 :BACKLIGHT In case of 15 Pin Modules, Pin 15 Is the
Supply Voltage (+5V) for the LED. In case of 16 pin Modules, Pin 15 is the
Ground (0V) and Pin 16 is the Supply voltage (+5V) for the LED.
 Crystal Oscillator: We are using 4Hz Crystal Oscillator which is
connected to the pins 11 and 12. Two 22pf capacitors are used across the
Crystal Oscillator and are grounded.
 POWER SUPPLY
 This power supply circuit is designed to get regulated output DC voltage.

 The 0-9 volt centre tape transformer is used to step down the main voltage

(230v) into 9 volts.

 The secondary voltage of transformer is rectified using bridge rectifier.

 The rectified unidirectional DC is smoothed by 1000mf filter capacitor.

 The smooth DC is then fed to the three terminal +ve regulator called 7805

to get +5v DC supply. It is used for entire circuit.

 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

7805
1 3 +5V

2
IN4007 IN4007 470E
STEP DOWN
TRANSFORMER
1000MF/25V 100MF/25V +
0.1MF
0-230V 0-9V

IN4007
IN4007
RED
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

7812
1 3 +12V

2
IN4007 IN4007 2K2
STEP DOWN
TRANSFORMER
1000MF/25V 100MF/25V +
0.1MF
0-230V 0-15V

IN4007
IN4007
RED
GND
 DESCRIPTION
 The mains voltage ac 230v is step down to 9 volt, using 0-9v centre tape

transformer.
 The low value secondary voltage is fed to the rectifier is formed using four no. of IN

4007.
 For first half cycle, Diodes D1 & D2 come to action and next half cycle diode D3 &

D4 come to action, finally unidirectional dc supply is fed to the filter capacitor.

 The charging & discharging property of capacitor provide pure smooth dc is nearly

peak value of the secondary voltage.

 The pure DC supply is fed to +ve (7805) regulator IC’s input terminal.

 Due to the regulator action, finally, regulated +5volts is available at output

terminals.
ADVANTAGES
AVIOD THE ACCIDENT
IR SENSOR SENS A TRAIN IN OR OUT
TRAIN FRONT SIDE ANY OBJECT CROSS IN
SLOW /STOP
START BUTTON PRESS THE STATION
MASTER MOVE A TRAIN

APPLICATION
• REAL TIME PROJECT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 REFERRED WEB PAGES
 “EMBEDDED SYSTEMS” BY JANICE GILLISPIE MAZIDI ,
PEARSON EDUCATION.
 WWW.BOLTONWEBOX.COM
 WWW.BEYONDLOGIC.ORG
 WWW.WIKIPEDIA.ORG
 WWW.HOWSTUFFWORKS.COM
 WWW.ALLDATASHEETS.COM
THANK YOU