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TRANSPOENG Module 4.1 - Greenberg's Model

The document discusses macroscopic models of traffic flow, specifically Greenberg’s and Underwood’s models. Greenberg’s model uses a fluid-flow analogy to describe the speed-density relationship in traffic, showing better fit than Greenshield’s model despite some limitations. Underwood’s model aims to address these limitations with an exponential approach but also has drawbacks regarding speed predictions at high densities.

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9 views20 pages

TRANSPOENG Module 4.1 - Greenberg's Model

The document discusses macroscopic models of traffic flow, specifically Greenberg’s and Underwood’s models. Greenberg’s model uses a fluid-flow analogy to describe the speed-density relationship in traffic, showing better fit than Greenshield’s model despite some limitations. Underwood’s model aims to address these limitations with an exponential approach but also has drawbacks regarding speed predictions at high densities.

Uploaded by

jdenadaoag
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TRANSPOENG

Principles of Transportation Engineering

Module 4.0
Macroscopic Models of Traffic Flow
Greenberg’s & Underwood’s Model
Greenberg’s Model
 Greenberg’s Model
 Uses a fluid-flow analogy concept, using the form

where:
us = space-mean speed
C = constant = speed at maximum flow
kj = jam density
k = corresponding density
Greenberg’s Model
 Greenberg’s model shows better goodness-of-fit compared to
Greenshield’s model, although it violates boundary conditions in that zero
density can be attained at an infinitely high speed.
Sample Problem
The speed-density relationship of traffic on a section of a freeway lane was
estimated to be

where:
ux = space-mean speed (mph)
k = density (vpm)
a. What is the maximum flow, speed, and density at this flow?
b. What is the jam density?
Solution
a. Determine the maximum flow, and the corresponding densities and speed.
Based on the speed-density equation (Greenberg’s model), the speed at
maximum flow, u0 = C = 18.2 mph. Hence, the density at maximum flow
(k0) is

Thus, the maximum flow (qmax) is

b. The (jam density kj) is equal to 200 veh/mi.


Sample Problem
 Given:
kj = 130 veh/mi; and k = 30 veh/mi when us = 30 mph, find qmax.
 Solution:
Using Greenberg’s equation, we compute first for the coefficient (C):

Determine the density at max. flow (k0):


Sample Problem
Using regression analysis, fit the data shown into the Greenberg model.
Solution
Use linear regression analysis for the speed-density data as shown in the table
below:
Obse (mi/h);
rvati ki (vpm); ln (ki); xi ui x ln (ki) ui2 (ln ki)2
yi
on
1 14.2 85
2 24.1 70
3 30.3 55
4 40.1 41
5 50.6 20
6 55.0 15
Sum 214.30
Mean 35.72
Solution
Use linear regression analysis for the speed-density data as shown in the table
below:
Obse (mi/h);
rvati ki (vpm); ln (ki); xi ui x ln (ki) ui2 (ln ki)2
yi
on
1 14.2 85 4.443
2 24.1 70 4.248
3 30.3 55 4.007
4 40.1 41 3.714
5 50.6 20 2.996
6 55.0 15 2.708
Sum 214.30 22.116
Mean 35.72 3.686
Solution
Use linear regression analysis for the speed-density data as shown in the table
below:
Obse (mi/h);
rvati ki (vpm); ln (ki); xi ui x ln (ki) ui2 (ln ki)2
yi
on
1 14.2 85 4.443 63.086
2 24.1 70 4.248 102.389
3 30.3 55 4.007 121.422
4 40.1 41 3.714 148.914
5 50.6 20 2.996 151.584
6 55.0 15 2.708 148.943
Sum 214.30 22.116 736.338
Mean 35.72 3.686
Solution
Use linear regression analysis for the speed-density data as shown in the table
below:
Obse (mi/h);
rvati ki (vpm); ln (ki); xi ui x ln (ki) ui2 (ln ki)2
yi
on
1 14.2 85 4.443 63.086 201.64
2 24.1 70 4.248 102.389 580.81
3 30.3 55 4.007 121.422 918.09
4 40.1 41 3.714 148.914 1,608.01
5 50.6 20 2.996 151.584 2,560.36
6 55.0 15 2.708 148.943 3,025.00
Sum 214.30 22.116 736.338 8,893.91
Mean 35.72 3.686
Solution
Use linear regression analysis for the speed-density data as shown in the table
below:
Obse (mi/h);
rvati ki (vpm); ln (ki); xi ui x ln (ki) ui2 (ln ki)2
yi
on
1 14.2 85 4.443 63.086 201.64 19.737
2 24.1 70 4.248 102.389 580.81 18.050
3 30.3 55 4.007 121.422 918.09 16.059
4 40.1 41 3.714 148.914 1,608.01 13.791
5 50.6 20 2.996 151.584 2,560.36 8.974
6 55.0 15 2.708 148.943 3,025.00 7.334
Sum 214.30 22.116 736.338 8,893.91 83.944
Mean 35.72 3.686
Solution
Use linear regression analysis for the speed-density data as shown in the table
below:
Obser xi - ẋ yi - ẏ (xi - ẋ)(yi - ẏ) (xi - ẋ)2 (yi - ẏ)2
vation
1 0.757 -21.52 -16.281 0.573 462.967
2 0.563 -11.62 -6.535 0.316 134.947
3 0.321 -5.42 -1.741 0.103 29.340
4 0.028 4.38 0.121 0.001 19.214
5 -0.690 14.88 -10.273 0.476 221.514
6 -0.978 19.28 -18.858 0.956 371.847
Sum -53.566 2.426 1,239.828
Solution
Greenberg’s speed-density equation can be expressed in the form
where:
y = us
a = C ln kj
𝐮 𝐬 =𝐂 𝐥𝐧 ( ) 𝐤𝐣
𝐤
=𝐂 𝐥𝐧 𝐤 𝐣 − 𝐂 𝐥𝐧 𝐤

b = -C 𝐲 =𝐚 + 𝐛𝐱
x = ln k
Solving for the constants,
𝐧 ∑ 𝐱 𝐢 𝐲 𝐢 − ( ∑ 𝐱 𝐢 )( ∑ 𝐲 𝐢 ) ∑ ( 𝐱 𝐢 − 𝐱 ) ( 𝐲 𝐢 − 𝐲 )
𝐛= =
𝐧 ∑ 𝐱𝐢 −( 𝐱𝐢)
𝟐 𝟐
∑ ( 𝐱𝐢 − 𝐱 )𝟐
𝟔 ( 𝟕𝟑𝟔. 𝟑𝟑𝟖 ) − (𝟐𝟐 .𝟏𝟏𝟔 )( 𝟐𝟏𝟒 .𝟑𝟎 )
𝐛= 𝟐
=−𝟐𝟐 .𝟎𝟗𝟕
𝟔 ( 𝟖𝟑 .𝟗𝟒𝟒 ) − ( 𝟐𝟐 . 𝟏𝟏𝟔 )
𝐚=
∑ 𝐲𝐢 − 𝐛 ∑ 𝐱 𝐢
=𝐲 − 𝐛 𝐱 𝐮 𝐬 =𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟏𝟔𝟓−𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟗𝟕 𝐥𝐧 𝐤
𝐧
𝟐𝟏𝟒 .𝟑𝟎 − ( −𝟐𝟐 . 𝟎𝟗𝟕 )( 𝟐𝟐 . 𝟏𝟏𝟔 )
𝐚= =𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟏𝟔𝟓
𝟔
Solution 𝐮 𝐬 =𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟏𝟔𝟓−𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟗𝟕 𝐥𝐧 𝐤
For the correlation coefficient R2:

Thus, the Greenberg’s model can be written as

𝐂=− 𝐛 =𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟗𝟕 𝐦𝐩𝐡 ;∧¿


𝐚 𝟏𝟏𝟕 . 𝟏𝟔𝟓
𝐜 𝟐𝟐 .𝟎𝟗𝟕
𝐤 𝐣 =𝐞 = 𝐞 =𝟐𝟎𝟎 .𝟖𝟎 𝐯𝐩𝐦 ≈ 𝟐𝟎𝟏 𝐯𝐩𝐦
If we are interested in the capacity of the highway using Greenberg’s model,
then

𝐮 𝟎=𝐬𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐭 𝐦𝐚𝐱 . 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰 =𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟗𝟕 𝐦𝐩𝐡

𝟏=𝐥𝐧
(
𝟐𝟎𝟎 .𝟖𝟎
𝐤𝟎
; 𝐤𝟎 =
)
𝟐𝟎𝟎 .𝟖𝟎
𝐞
=𝟕𝟑 . 𝟖𝟕 𝐯𝐩𝐦 𝐮 𝐬 =𝟐𝟐 . 𝟎𝟗𝟕 𝐥𝐧 (𝐤)
𝟐𝟎𝟏

𝐪 𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝐮𝟎 𝐤 𝟎=𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟗𝟕× 𝟕𝟑.𝟖𝟕=𝟏, 𝟔𝟑𝟐. 𝟑𝟏 𝐯𝐩𝐡 ≈ 𝟏, 𝟔𝟑𝟐 𝐯𝐩𝐡


Solution 𝐮 𝐬 =𝟐𝟐 . 𝟎𝟗𝟕 𝐥𝐧 (𝐤)
𝟐𝟎𝟏
Learning Exercise
1. Estimate the capacity of a road with the given speed-density relation:

where: u is in kph and k in veh/km


2. A one-way road is found to have a capacity of 2,000 veh/hr. If a traffic
enforcer says that the traffic volume there is only 150 veh/hr, can you
conclude that the traffic condition is not congested? Why or why not?
Illustrate using a diagram.
Underwood’s Model
 The Underwood’s model tries to overcome the limitation of Greenberg’s
model using an exponential model as shown

where:
us = space-mean speed
uf = mean-free speed
k = corresponding density
ko = density at maximum flow
 Drawback: It cannot predict the speeds at high densities (density
approaches infinity as speed approaches zero).
Questions?
References
 Technical Committee on Geometric Design. (2011). A Policy on Geometric
Design of Highways and Streets, 6th Edition. American Association of State
Highway and Transportation Officials. USA
 Garber, N.J., & Hoel, L.A. (2009). Traffic and Highway Engineering, Fourth
Edition. Cengage Learning. Canada
 Mannering, F.L., Washburn, S.S., & Kilareski, W.P. (2009). Principles of
Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis. John Wiley & Sons. USA
 Roess, R.P., Prassas, E.S., McShane, W.R. (2011). Traffic Engineering.
Pearson Higher Education, Inc. USA

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