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Basic Principles of Electricity

The document provides an overview of basic electricity principles. It defines electricity as a form of energy from charged particles that can flow as current. The structure of matter and atoms is described, including protons, electrons, neutrons, and atomic structure. Principles such as electric charge, potential difference, electric current, resistance, conductance, and their units are defined. Temperature effects on resistance and materials' specific resistance values are also summarized.

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John Jacob Tandang
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124 views18 pages

Basic Principles of Electricity

The document provides an overview of basic electricity principles. It defines electricity as a form of energy from charged particles that can flow as current. The structure of matter and atoms is described, including protons, electrons, neutrons, and atomic structure. Principles such as electric charge, potential difference, electric current, resistance, conductance, and their units are defined. Temperature effects on resistance and materials' specific resistance values are also summarized.

Uploaded by

John Jacob Tandang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELECTRICITY : BASIC

PRINCIPLES
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

When you have completed the Learning Tasks in this Competency, you
will be able to:

• describe the composition of matter and the structure of the atom


• describe the principles of electricity
What is Electricity?

• a form of energy resulting from the existence of charged particles


(such as electrons or protons), either statically as an accumulation of
charge or dynamically as a current.

• the flow of electrical power or charge. Electricity is both a basic part


of nature and one of the most widely used forms of energy.

• defined as the effects of an electric charge

It can be in the form of a force that powers a light bulb, a lightning,


static electricity (the buildup of electric charges on an object's surface).
Over the centuries scientists have discovered that electricity is predictable
and measurable. Being familiar with the fundamentals of electricity will
help you to understand how and why electrical circuits work.

• You will use electricity daily.


• Vehicles and machinery are started and often operated by electricity.
• Electric tools make the performance of your job easier and more
efficient.

However, to use electricity safely and effectively, it is important to


understand electricity’s terminology and principles.
STRUCTURE OF MATTER

Matter – anything that occupies space and has weight

Element – a substance that cannot be decomposed any further by chemical


action

Compound – a combination of two or more elements

Molecule - smallest particle that a compound can be reduced to and still


keeping the properties of element

Atom – smallest part that an element can be reduced to and still keeping the
properties of the element.
ATOMIC THEORY

ATOMS are the most basic part of matter and differ in atomic structure from
each other.

PARTS OF AN ATOM

NAME CHARGE MASS (KG)


Proton Positive Charge 1.672 X 10-27
Electron Negative Charge 9.107 X 10-31
Neutron No Charge 1.672 X 10-27
THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM

Center of the atom where


protons and neutrons are
located
Revolves around in orbits or
shells around the nucleus

N = 2n2

Where: N = total number of electrons on given shell


n = nth shell of the atom
• Valence electrons – electrons found in the outermost shell or orbit of an
atom
• Atomic Number – represents the number of electrons or protons of an
atom

• Atomic Mass - represents the sum of protons and neutrons of an atom


ELEMENT NUMBER OF NUMBER OF NUMBER OF VALENCE
ELECTRONS PROTONS NEUTRONS ELECTRON(S)
Copper 29 29 34 1
Aluminum 13 13 14 3
Germanium 32 32 41 4
ELECTRIC CHARGE

A body is said to be charge, if it has either an excess or deficit of electrons


from its normal values due to sharing.

Coulomb (C) – unit of electric charge, which is equivalent to 6.25 x 10 18


electrons or protons. Named after the French physicist, Charles A. Coulomb
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

Potential - the capability of doing work

Any charge has the capability of doing work of moving another charge
either by attraction or repulsion

The net number of electrons moved in the direction of positive charge


plate depends upon the potential difference between two charges.

VOLT (V) – unit of potential difference, which is equal to one joule of work
done per one coulomb of charge. Named after the physicist, Alessandro C.
Volta who invented the first electric battery.
ELECTRIC CURRENT

When a potential difference between two charges forces a third charge to


move the charge in motion is called the electric current.

AMPERE (A) – unit of charge flow equal to one coulomb of charge past
a given point in one second. Name after the French physicist and
mathematician, Andre M. Ampere.
RESISTANCE

The fact that a wire carrying a current can become hot, it is evident that
the work done by the applied force is producing the current must be
accomplished against some opposition or resistance.

OHM (Ω) – practical unit of resistance. Name after the German physicist,
George S. Ohm
R = pL R = pV R = pA2
A A2 V
where: R = resistance (ohm)
A = cross-sectional area (square meter)
p = resitivity (ohm-meter)
L = length (meter)
V = volume (cubic meter)

• Specific resistance (resistivity) –resistance offered by a unit cube of


the material.
• Circular Mil (CM) – area of a circle having a diameter (d) of one mil.

CM = d2 1,000 mil = 1 inch


1 MCM = 1,000 CM
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE IN RESITANCE

Experiments have shown that the resistance of all wires generally used in
practice in electrical systems, increases as the temperature increases.
R 1 = T + t1 R2 =1 + αt1 t α t1 = _______
1 t = t2 - t1
R 2 T + t2 R T + t1

Where: R1 = initial resistance (ohm)


R2 = final resistance (ohm)
T = inferred absolute temperature
= temperature when resistance of a given material is zero
t1 = initial temperature
t2 = final temperature
t = change in temperature
α = temperature coefficient of resistance
MATERIAL P ( Ω - CM/ft ) T (ºC) α at 20ºC
Silver 9.9 243 0.0038
Copper 10.37 234.5 0.00393
Aluminum 17 236 0.0039
Tungsten 33 202 0.0045
Zinc 36 250 0.0037

TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF RESISTANCE (α) = ohmic change


per degree per ohm at some specific temperature
INSULATION RESITANCE OF CABLES

r2

r1
where: P = resistivity of the insulating material (ohm-meter)
Ɩ = length of cable (meter)
r 1 = radius of the cable
r 2= radius to the outer surface of the insulation
CONDUCTANCE

Is a measure of the material’s ability to conduct electric current. It is


equal to the reciprocal of resistance.

SIEMENS (formerly mho) – unit of conductance. Name after the


German engineer, Ernest Werner von Siemens.

G=1 G = ꞩA ꞩ= 1
R L p
where: ꞩ = conductivity (siemens per meter)
L = length (meter)
A = cross-sectional area (square meter)
P = specific resistance (ohm-meter)
G = conductance (siemens)
R = resistance (ohm)
THANK YOU 

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