SIMPLE STRAIN

E N G R . F R I T Z E G R A C E T . N U I Q U E
Simple
Strain
Also known as a unit deformation, strain is the ratio of the change in
length caused by an applied force, to the original length

Where is the elongation and L is the original length, thus is

𝛿
P
Stress-Strain Diagram
Stress-Strain Diagram

Materials that exhibit little or no yielding Any material that can be subjected to large
before failure are referred to as brittle strains before it fractures is called a ductile
materials. material.
 Proportional Limit
Stress-Strain Diagram From the origin, O to a point
called proportional limit, the
stress-strain curve is a straight
line. This linear relation between
U
Rapture
strength
elongation and the axial force
R causing it was first noticed by Sir
P
E
Y Robert Hook in 1678 and is called
Hooke’s law that within the
proportional limit, the stress is
O
directly proportional to strain or
Stress-Strain Diagram
Proportional Limit The constant of proportionality K
From the origin, O to a point is called the Modulus of Elasticity
called proportional limit, the E or Young’s Modulus and is
stress-strain curve is a straight equal to the slope of the stress-
line. This linear relation between strain diagram from O to P. Then
elongation and the axial force
causing it was first noticed by Sir
Robert Hook in 1678 and is called
Hooke’s law that within the
proportional limit, the stress is
directly proportional to strain or 𝝈=𝑬 𝜺
Stress-Strain Diagram
Elastic limit
The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will no longer go back
to its original shape when the load is removed, or it is the maximum stress
that may be developed such that there is no permanent or residual
deformation when the load is entirely removed.

Elastic and Plastic Ranges

Yield point
The point at which the material will have an appreciable elongation or
yielding without any increase of load.
Stress-Strain Diagram
Ultimate Strength
The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram is the ultimate strength
or tensile strength

Rapture Strength
The strength of the material at rapture. This is also known as the breaking
strength.
Stress-Strain Diagram
Modulus of Resilience
Modulus of resilience is the work done on a unit volume of material as the
force is gradually increased from O to P, in N-m/m^3. This may be
calculated as the area under stress-strain curve from the origin O up to the
elastic limit E. The resilience of a material is its ability to absorb energy
without creating a permanent distortion.

Modulus of toughness
Modulus of toughness is the work done on a unit volume of material as the
force is gradually increased from O to R, in N-m/m^3. This may be
calculated as the area under the entire stress-strain curve (from O to R). The
toughness of a material is its ability to absorb energy without causing it to
break.
Working Stress, Allowable Stress, and Factor of Safety
Working stress is defined as the actual stress of a material under a given
loading. The maximum safe stress that a material can carry is termed as the
allowable stress. The allowable stress should be limited to values not
exceeding the proportional limit. However, since proportional limit is difficult
to determine accurately, the allowable stress is taken as either the yield
point or ultimate strength divided by a factor of safety. The ratio of this
strength (ultimate or yield strength) to the allowable strength is called factor
of safety.
Axial Deformation
In the linear portion of the stress-strain diagram, the stress is proportional to
strain and is given by Since and then

𝑃𝐿 𝜎 𝐿
𝛿= =
𝐴𝐸 𝐸

To us this formula, the load must be axial, the bar must have a uniform
cross-sectional area, and the stress must not exceed the proportional limit
Stiffness, k
Stiffness is the ratio of the steady force acting on an elastic body to the
resulting displacement. It has the unit of N/mm.

𝑃
𝑘=
𝛿
Example
The rigid bar ABC shown in Fig. P-212 is hinged at A and supported by a steel rod at B.
Determine the largest load P that can be applied at C if the stress in the steel rod is
limited to 30 ksi and the vertical movement of end C must not exceed 0.10 in.
Example
The rigid bar AB, attached to two vertical rods as shown in Fig. P-213, is horizontal
before the load P is applied. Determine the vertical movement of P if its magnitude is
50 kN.
Example
A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300 mm2 and a length of 150 m is
suspended vertically from one end. It supports a tensile load of 20 kN at the lower end.
If the unit mass of steel is 7850 kg/m3 and E = 200 × 103 MN/m2 , find the total
elongation of the rod.
Example
A steel wire 30 ft long, hanging vertically, supports a load of 500 lb. Neglecting the
weight of the wire, determine the required diameter if the stress is not to exceed 20 ksi
and the total elongation is not to exceed 0.20 in. Assume E = 29 × 106 psi.
Shearing Deformation
Shearing forces cause shearing deformation. An element subject to
shear does not change is length but undergoes a change in shape.

The change in angle at the corner of an original

𝜏 𝛿𝑆 rectangular element is called the shear strain and is

𝛿𝑆
𝐿 𝛾=
𝛾 𝐿
The ratio of the shear stress and the shear strain is
𝜏
called the modulus of elasticity in shear or modulus of
rigidity and is denoted as G, in Mpa.
 Shearing Deformation
The ratio of the shear stress and the shear strain is The relationship between the shearing deformation
called the modulus of elasticity in shear or modulus of and the applied shearing force is
rigidity and is denoted as G, in Mpa.
𝑉𝐿 𝜏 𝐿
𝜏 𝛿𝑆= =
𝐺= 𝐴𝑠 𝐺 𝐺
𝛾
Where V is the shearing force acting over an area
Statically Indeterminate Members
When the reactive forces or the internal resisting forces over a cross
section exceed the number of independent equations of equilibrium,
the structure is called statically indeterminate. These cases require
the use of additional relations that depend on the elastic deformations
in the members.
Example
A steel bar 50 mm in diameter and 2 m long is surrounded by a shell of a cast iron 5
mm thick. Compute the load that will compress the combined bar a total of 0.8 mm in
the length of 2 m. For steel, E = 200 GPa, and for cast iron, E = 100 GPa.
Example
A reinforced concrete column 200 mm in diameter is designed to carry an axial
compressive load of 300 kN. Determine the required area of the reinforcing steel if the
allowable stresses are 6 MPa and 120 MPa for the concrete and steel, respectively. Use
Eco = 14 GPa and Est = 200 GPa.
Example
The lower ends of the three bars in Fig. P-238 are at the same level before the uniform rigid block weighing 40
kips is attached. Each steel bar has a length of 3 ft, and area of 1.0 in.2 , and E = 29 × 106 psi. For the bronze bar,
the area is 1.5 in.2 and E = 12 × 106 psi. Determine (a) the length of the bronze bar so that the load on each steel
bar is twice the load on the bronze bar, and (b) the length of the bronze that will make the steel stress twice the
bronze stress.