BANGALORE

BANGALORE INSTITUTE
INSTITUTEOF OF
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
Department of Mechanical
Department Engineering
of Mechanical Engineering

Technical Seminar Presentation on

3D Bioprinting Of Organs and Tissue
Submitted by:
SUPREETH B. S
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangalore Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-04

Internal Guide:
Dr. Vasanth Kumar R
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangalore Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-04

NAME OF THE STUDENT 1

USN
 BANGALORE
BANGALORE INSTITUTE
INSTITUTEOF OF
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
Department of Mechanical
Department Engineering
of Mechanical Engineering

1. INTRODUCTION TO 3D BIOPRINTING
i.3D Bioprinting is an advanced technique that uses bioinks materials containing living cells to fabricate tissue-like
structures layer by layer.
ii.It mimics the architecture and function of natural tissues, replicating their complex shapes, cell arrangements, and
biological activities.
This technology is crucial in regenerative medicine and organ transplantation, offering a solution to:
The shortage of donor organs.
Creating personalized tissue grafts.
Developing in vitro models for drug testing and disease studies.

NAME OF THE STUDENT 2

USN
 BANGALORE
BANGALORE INSTITUTE
INSTITUTEOF OF
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
Department of Mechanical
Department Engineering
of Mechanical Engineering

2. NEED FOR 3D BIOPRINTING

1.Shortage of Donor Organs: There is a global scarcity of organs
available for transplantation, leading to long waiting times and
preventable deaths.
2.Risk of Immune Rejection: Traditional transplants may trigger the
recipient’s immune system, leading to rejection and the need for lifelong
immunosuppressive therapy.
3.Improved Customization and Compatibility: 3D bioprinting allows
for personalized tissue constructs using the patient's own cells, reducing
the risk of rejection and improving integration with the body.

NAME OF THE STUDENT 3

USN
 BANGALORE
BANGALORE INSTITUTE
INSTITUTEOF OF
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
Department of Mechanical
Department Engineering
of Mechanical Engineering
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
Advanced Bioprinting Techniques & Clinical Potential
Paper 1: Swarnima Agarwal et al. – “Current Developments in 3D Bioprinting for Tissue and Organ Regeneration”
Reviews key bioprinting techniques: inkjet, extrusion, stereolithography, laser-assisted.
Highlights precision, customizability, and clinical relevance in printing skin, bone, cartilage, and cardiac tissues.
Emphasizes how bioprinting overcomes limitations of traditional scaffold-based engineering.
Paper 2: Vignesh Subramaniam et al. – “A Functional Human Liver Tissue Model: 3D Bioprinted Co-culture Discoid”
Created liver tissue using hepatocyte + endothelial co-cultures.
Used PEG-based microgel in 96-well plates for maturation.
Enabled real-time testing of albumin, enzyme activity, and urea production — valuable for drug screening and
disease modeling.

NAME OF THE STUDENT 4

USN
 BANGALORE
BANGALORE INSTITUTE
INSTITUTEOF OF
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
Department of Mechanical
Department Engineering
of Mechanical Engineering

Bioprinting for Infection Control & Placental Research

Paper 3: J.H. Lee et al. – “Heat-Labile Antibiotic Eluting 3D Printed Scaffold for Osteomyelitis”
Fabricated a biodegradable scaffold that releases antibiotics locally at infection sites.
Scaffold remains structurally stable during degradation.
Offers a dual benefit: bone regeneration + targeted drug delivery.
Paper 4: Ding, H. et al. – “3D Bioprinted GelMA-Based Models for Trophoblast Cell Invasion”
Used GelMA bioink to replicate placental tissue structure.
Studied trophoblast invasion, critical in pregnancy and maternal health.
Validated realistic cell behavior — advancing research in reproductive biology.

NAME OF THE STUDENT 5

USN
 BANGALORE
BANGALORE INSTITUTE
INSTITUTEOF OF
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
Department of Mechanical
Department Engineering
of Mechanical Engineering
Precision Printing & Complex Tissue Engineering
Paper 5:
Ayan, B. et al. – “Aspiration-Assisted Bioprinting for Precise Positioning of Biologics”
Developed a system that uses aspiration force to position cells with micrometre precision.
Ensures high cell viability, ideal for printing vascular and neural tissues.
Supports complex tissue architecture.
Paper 6:
Afghah, F. et al. – “Nanoclay-Hydrogel Composite Support-Bath for Bioprinting Complex
Structures”
Created a nano clay-infused hydrogel as a support medium for intricate 3D prints.
Enhanced mechanical strength and shape retention, allowing for overhangs and freeform
geometry.
Boosts structural fidelity and biocompatibility during printing.
NAME OF THE STUDENT 6
USN
 BANGALORE
BANGALORE INSTITUTE
INSTITUTEOF OF
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
Department of Mechanical
Department Engineering
of Mechanical Engineering

4. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF 3D BIOPRINTING

i.Design Phase: Utilize Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software to create a 3D model of the desired tissue
or organ, detailing its geometry, dimensions, and internal architecture.
ii.Bioink Preparation: Formulate bioink by combining living cells with biocompatible materials, such as
hydrogels (e.g., alginate, gelatin), ensuring printability and mimicry of the native extracellular matrix.
iii.Layer-by-Layer Printing: Employ a bioprinter to deposit the bioink layer by layer, following the CAD
model. Techniques include inkjet, extrusion, or laser-assisted printing, chosen based on required precision
and tissue type.
iv.Post-Printing Maturation: After printing, incubate the construct in a bioreactor or suitable culture
environment to promote cell proliferation, tissue maturation, and vascularization, ensuring functionality and
viability.

NAME OF THE STUDENT 7

USN
 BANGALORE
BANGALORE INSTITUTE
INSTITUTEOF OF
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
Department of Mechanical
Department Engineering
of Mechanical Engineering

5. BIOINKS AND MATERIALS

1.Natural Bioinks: Derived from biological materials like collagen,
alginate, and gelatin. Highly biocompatible and support cell
function.
2.Synthetic Bioinks: Examples include PEG (Polyethylene Glycol)
and Pluronic. Offer tunable mechanical properties and stability.
3.Selection Criteria: Depends on the type of cells used and the
target tissue. Must ensure cell viability, printability, and
functionality.

NAME OF THE STUDENT 8

USN
 BANGALORE
BANGALORE INSTITUTE
INSTITUTEOF OF
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
Department of Mechanical
Department Engineering
of Mechanical Engineering
6. BIOPRINTING TECHNIQUES
Inkjet Bioprinting: Uses thermal or piezoelectric pulses to deposit droplets of bioink.
Advantages: High speed, cost-effective.
Limitations: Limited to low-viscosity bioinks and lower cell densities.
Uses thermal or piezoelectric actuation.
Deposits bioink droplets onto substrate.
High speed, low cost.
Best for low-viscosity bioinks.

NAME OF THE STUDENT 9

USN
 BANGALORE
BANGALORE INSTITUTE
INSTITUTEOF OF
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
Department of Mechanical
Department Engineering
of Mechanical Engineering

 Laser-Assisted Bioprinting: Uses focused laser pulses to transfer bioink from a

donor layer to a substrate.
Advantages: High precision, no nozzle clogging, good for sensitive cells.
Limitations: Expensive and complex setup.
i. Laser pulses generate bubbles that propel bioink onto the substrate.
ii. Nozzle-free, reduces clogging.
iii. High precision and resolution.
iv. Suitable for fragile cells.

NAME OF THE STUDENT 10

USN
 BANGALORE
BANGALORE INSTITUTE
INSTITUTEOF OF
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
Department of Mechanical
Department Engineering
of Mechanical Engineering

 Extrusion-Based Bioprinting: Bioink is extruded through a

nozzle using pneumatic or mechanical force.
Advantages: Suitable for high-viscosity bioinks and complex
structures.
Limitations: Lower resolution, can stress cells during extrusion.
i. Most widely used technique.
ii. Pushes bioink through a nozzle using mechanical or pneumatic
pressure.
iii. Supports high-viscosity bioinks.
iv. Used for printing large, complex structures

NAME OF THE STUDENT 11

USN
 BANGALORE
BANGALORE INSTITUTE
INSTITUTEOF OF
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
Department of Mechanical
Department Engineering
of Mechanical Engineering
7. APPLICATIONS OF 3D BIOPRINTING
1.Organ and Tissue Fabrication
 Engineering of functional tissues (e.g., liver, kidney prototypes).
2.Personalized Drug Testing
 Testing drugs on patient-specific printed tissues.
 Reduces animal testing and increases drug efficacy prediction.
3.Disease Modelling
 Recreates disease microenvironments (e.g., cancer models) for study.
 Enables understanding of progression and response to treatments.
4.Skin Grafts and Bone Regeneration
 3D printed skin tissues for burn victims.
 Bone scaffolds for orthopaedic applications and faster healing.

NAME OF THE STUDENT 12

USN
 BANGALORE
BANGALORE INSTITUTE
INSTITUTEOF OF
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
Department of Mechanical
Department Engineering
of Mechanical Engineering
8. ADVANCEMENTS IN 3D BIOPRINTING APPLICATIONS
1.Bioprinted Liver Tissue
 Used for drug metabolism and toxicity testing.
 Mimics liver function without animal testing.
2.3D-Printed Heart Valves and Cartilage
 Customizable implants with patient-specific geometry.
 Enhances compatibility and reduces rejection.
3.Clinical Trials
 Ongoing studies in skin regeneration and bone repair.
 Promising outcomes in burn and fracture recovery.
4.Use of Stem Cells
 Enables differentiation into various cell types i.e. Key to functional organ printing and regenerative therapies.

NAME OF THE STUDENT 13

USN
 BANGALORE
BANGALORE INSTITUTE
INSTITUTEOF OF
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
Department of Mechanical
Department Engineering
of Mechanical Engineering

9. CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS IN 3D BIOPRINTING

1. Vascularization of Tissues is Complex
Explanation: Creating a functional network of blood vessels is one of the biggest hurdles in printing large tissues and
organs. Without proper vascularization, cells in thicker tissues cannot receive oxygen or nutrients efficiently, leading
to tissue failure.
Visual Aid: You can use the first image (vascular structure sketch) to visually represent the complexity of capillary
networks.
2. Long-Term Functionality of Bioprinted Organs
Explanation: Even if a bioprinted organ functions initially, maintaining its function over months or years is uncertain.
Factors like cell degradation, immune responses, and integration with host tissue are concerns.
Note: Emphasize the importance of both mechanical and biological longevity.

NAME OF THE STUDENT 14

USN
 BANGALORE
BANGALORE INSTITUTE
INSTITUTEOF OF
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
Department of Mechanical
Department Engineering
of Mechanical Engineering

3. Ethical and Regulatory Concerns

Explanation: The use of human cells, particularly stem cells, raises ethical questions. There's also
a lack of clear regulatory frameworks for clinical use of bioprinted organs, making
commercialization and clinical trials challenging.
Example: Mention potential misuse or inequitable access to advanced bioprinted treatments.

4. Standardization and Reproducibility

Explanation: Achieving consistent quality across different labs and production batches is
difficult. Variability in bio-ink properties, printer calibration, and cell sourcing affect
reproducibility.
Visual Aid: The second image (highlighting bioprinting process inconsistencies) can be used
here.
NAME OF THE STUDENT 15
USN
 BANGALORE
BANGALORE INSTITUTE
INSTITUTEOF OF
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
Department of Mechanical
Department Engineering
of Mechanical Engineering

10. FUTURE SCOPE OF 3D BIOPRINTING

i.Development of Fully Functional Organs: Bioprinting is progressing toward creating entire organs like the heart,
liver, or kidney with integrated blood vessels, nerves, and full biological functionality to replace damaged or failing
organs.
ii.Integration with Personalized Medicine: Using a patient’s own stem cells, 3D bioprinting enables the creation of
custom tissues and organs that reduce rejection risks and support tailored treatment strategies.
iii.Bioartificial Organs for Chronic Diseases: Bioartificial organs, combining living cells and synthetic scaffolds,
offer therapeutic support for chronic diseases like kidney or liver failure until a full transplant becomes available.
iv.On-Demand Organ Printing in Hospitals: In the future, compact bioprinters in hospitals could produce organs or
tissues on-site and in real time, enabling emergency transplants and personalized surgical repairs.

NAME OF THE STUDENT 16

USN
 BANGALORE
BANGALORE INSTITUTE
INSTITUTEOF OF
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
Department of Mechanical
Department Engineering
of Mechanical Engineering

11. CONCLUSION
3D Bioprinting Holds Immense Potential in Healthcare: This technology is revolutionizing medicine
by enabling the creation of tissues and organs using living cells. It opens new possibilities in regenerative
medicine, organ repair, and drug testing, offering solutions that were impossible a decade ago.
Rapidly Advancing Field with Real-World Impact: Bioprinting has moved beyond theory; tissues like
skin, cartilage, and tracheas have already been printed and tested. Ongoing advancements in bio-inks,
printer precision, and cell research are pushing the field closer to clinical use.
Key to Addressing Donor Shortages and Personalizing Treatments: 3D bioprinting can potentially
eliminate the long wait for organ donors by fabricating organs on-demand. It also allows use of the patient's
own cells, leading to customized treatments with minimal immune rejection.

NAME OF THE STUDENT 17

USN
 BANGALORE
BANGALORE INSTITUTE
INSTITUTEOF OF
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
Department of Mechanical
Department Engineering
of Mechanical Engineering
REFERENCE

1.Swarnima Agarwal, Chhavi Pandey, Avinash Awasthi, Anushree Sharma, and Amit Verma. (2021). Current
developments in 3D bioprinting for tissue and organ regeneration – A review. Materials Today: Proceedings, 46, 9742–
9747.

2.Vignesh Subramaniam, Anurag Poudel, Alexander Williams, and Kristina H. Schmidt. (2020). A functional human liver
tissue model: 3D bioprinted co-culture discoid. Biofabrication, 12(4), 045021.

3.J.H. Lee, J.Y. Kim, and M.S. Kim. (2019). Development of a heat-labile antibiotic eluting 3D printed scaffold for the
treatment of osteomyelitis. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 107(6), 1975–1983.

4.Ding, H., Wu, Y., & Sun, W. (2020). 3D bioprinted GelMA-based models for the study of trophoblast cell invasion.
Biomedical Materials, 15(5), 055005.

NAME OF THE STUDENT 18

USN