Do Now

1. Write a labelled equation for calculating the

magnetic flux density.
2. Write a labelled equation for the magnetic field
strength of an electromagnet.
3. Write a labelled equation for magnetomotive
force.
4. Write an equation for the permeability of a
material.
5. Write an equation for reluctance of a material.
C4 Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic induction is when an voltage is induced
or generated in a conductor when it is in a changing
magnetic field.
EMI happens in; https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electr
• electromagnets omag/java/faraday2/index.html
• generators
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electr
• motors omag/java/lenzlaw/index.html
• inductors
• transformers
It follows Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.
Faraday’s laws of induction ‘When a magnetic flux
through a coil is made to vary, an e.m.f. is induced. The
magnitude of this e.m.f. is proportional to the rate of
change of flux.’
This can be easily demonstrated by moving a magnet
through a coil of wire, as shown
Lenz’s Law – an induced current always acts in the
opposite direction
An e.m.f. will be generated in the coil
whenever the magnet is moved into or out of
the coil and perpendicular lines of magnetic
flux ‘cut’ through the conductor.
(Alternatively, the magnet could remain still and the coil
could be moved.)
The size of the induced e.m.f. (E) can be calculated:

Where: E – induced emf (V)

N – number of turns
- - rate of change of magnetic flux Wb/s

The negative sign is a consequence of Lenz’s law, which

states that the induced current will act to oppose the
1. A coil consists of 90 turns of
wire. It is held in a uniform
magnetic field of 0.6Wb. The
magnetic field changes every
0.02s, calculate the magnitude
of the induced emf in the coil
while the field is changing?
2. A coil consists of 60 turns of
wire. It is held in a uniform
magnetic field of 1.2Wb. The
magnetic field changes every
0.3s, calculate the magnitude of
the induced emf in the coil
while the field is changing?
3. A coil consists of 2000 turns of
wire. It is held in a uniform
magnetic field of 1.2mWb. The
magnetic field changes every
0.3ms, calculate the magnitude
of the induced emf in the coil
while the field is changing?
Starter Question
A coil consists of 1000 turns of wire. It is held in a
uniform magnetic field of 0.6mWb. The magnetic field
changes every 0.02s, calculate the magnitude of the
induced emf in the coil while the field is changing?
Question
A coil consists of 180 turns of wire. Each turn is a square
of side d=30 cm, and a uniform magnetic field directed
perpendicular to the plane of the coil is turned on. If the
field changes linearly from (0−1.22 T) in (0.06 s), what is
the magnitude of the induced emf in the coil while the
field is changing?

The number of turns of coil is: N=180turns

The each side of square is: d=30cm = 0.3m
The change in magnetic field is: ΔB=1.22T
The change in time is given is: t=0.06s

|
Question
A coil consists of 100 turns of wire. Each turn is a square
of side d=20 cm, and a uniform magnetic field directed
perpendicular to the plane of the coil is turned on. If the
changing magnetic field is a maximum of 2.4 T and
changes in 0.06 s, what is the magnitude of the induced
emf in the coil while the field is changing?
An alternative approach to determine the induced voltage
(E) considers how fast (the rate at which) lines of flux are
being cut by a conductor.
E = Blv
Where: E – induced emf (V)
B – Flux density (T)
l – length of wire in the field
v – velocity of the wire
Note that this relationship assumes that the conductor is moving at right angles to the lines
of flux
Do Now
The diagram shows a current carrying conductor cutting
through lines of magnetic flux at a speed of 1.5m/s

If the induced EMF E= 1.75V,

Calculate the magnetic flux density B
Electric generators
Electric generators are an application of
electromagnetic induction. They are
usually a rotating coiled conductor inside
a static magnetic field
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/cheerpj/faraday/latest/faraday.html?simulation=farada
y

The ends of the coil are connected to

copper slip-rings that maintain contact
with stationary carbon brushes through
which the induced current flows.
The size of the e.m.f. induced depends
on;
• the number of turns of the coil
• the speed of rotation and
• the strength of the magnetic field.
The voltage generated by a rotating coil is sinusoidal (a
sine wave) because the angle between the coil and the
lines of flux varies according to the angle of rotation

Peak voltage is achieved when the coil is cutting

through the flux lines at right angles. (900 and 2700)
Voltage falls to zero when the coil becomes parallel to
the lines of flux and so does not cut through them at all.
00, 1800 and 360o)
Direct current electric motors
Another application of electromagnetic
induction is the electric motor. It is similar
to an electric generator, but instead uses
magnets and electromagnets to produces movement.
When a current is passed through
the coil, its magnetic field opposes
the field of the permanent magnets
and causes the coil to rotate.
The split slip-ring (the commutator),
reverses the current flow in the coil
and and keeps the current flowing.
Motors have a power rating eg 200W, and from P=VxI,
You can calculate current or voltage.
Question An electric motor is supplied with 10V and has
a power rating of 250W. Calculate the current drawn by
the motor?
In practice, the rotating element (the armature) is
mounted
on bearings to allow free rotation and to minimise
frictional losses.
The armature assembly consists of; the main
drive shaft of the motor, a laminated iron core
(which reduces eddy current losses) around
which several individual coils are wound, and the
commutator.
Sample Exam Question
Self-inductance in a coil
According to Lenz’s law, any change in the
current flowing in a circuit will generate a
changing magnetic field, which in turn
induces a back e.m.f. that opposes the original
current.
Self-inductance is when an e.m.f. is induced in the
same circuit in which the current is changing.
Self-inductance (L) is measured in Henrys (H) it can be
calculated;
L = NΦ
I
The induced e.m.f. (E) is related to the rate at which the
current changes ( dI/dt ) and the self inductance of the
circuit (L)
E = -L dI
dt
Question
1. A coil of wire has 25 turns and
has a current of 1A passing
through it, if the flux is 1.4x10-
4
Wb
a) calculate the inductance of
the coil.
b) If the flux changes in 75ms
calculate the emf induced.

2. A coil of wire has 50 turns and

has a current of 1mA passing
through it, if the flux is 1.4x10-2
Wb
a) calculate the inductance of
the coil.
b) If the flux changes in 90ms
calculate the emf induced.
 DO NOW

1. Explain what is meant by an inductor.

2. A coil of wire has 50 turns and has a current

of 1mA passing through it, if the flux is 1.4x10-2
Wb
a) calculate the inductance of the coil.
b) If the flux changes in 90ms calculate the emf
induced.
Energy storage in an inductor
When you first start the flow of current in an inductive
circuit, a back e.m.f. is induced to oppose the increasing
current flow. Because of this, extra energy is needed to
keep the current flowing.
The energy stored in an inductor (W) can be calculated;
W = ½ LI2

W – energy stored (J)

L - inductance (H)
I - current (A)

Question
Calculate the energy stored
in an inductor if it has an
inductance of 10H and a
current passing through
it of 1A?
Mutual inductance
Mutual inductance (M) is where a changing current in
one circuit induces an e.m.f. in a nearby circuit. It is
measured in Henrys (H).
Transformers
The most common and important application of mutual
inductance is in transformers
A transformer consists of two
separate coils wound on a common
ferromagnetic core (normally
laminated steel which minimise
energy losses, due to heat, caused
by eddy currents).
The primary winding is connected to
an a.c. electrical supply and the other,
secondary, winding is connected to
an electrical load.
The varying current in the primary
winding generates a magnetic flux in the
transformer core.
The flux flows around the core in a
magnetic circuit and induces an e.m.f. in
both the primary and the secondary
windings.
If we assume an ideal transformer (one which is well
designed
with negligible losses), then the rate of change of flux
will be the same for each winding, and so the induced
e.m.f. will be dependent on the number of turns in each
winding.
Where the primary coil has number of turns (N1) and
voltage (V1) and the secondary coil has number of turns
(N2)
and voltage (V ), the transformer voltage ratio is given
In a step-up transformer, the voltage ratio V1/V2 < 1,
that
is, the secondary voltage is greater than the primary
voltage.
In a step down transformer, the voltage ratio V1/V2 >
1, that is, the secondary voltage is less than the primary
voltage.

In an ideal transformer, the laws of conservation of

energy mean that the power in the primary coil is the
same as the power in the secondary coil:
V1 I 1 = V 2 I 2
Eddy currents
As well as inducing an e.m.f other localised currents
(eddy currents) are also created inside the conductor.
These obey Lenz’s law by flowing in a direction opposite
to the changing magnetic field that created them. As a
result, a proportion of useful energy is lost in the form of
heat.
Devices in which eddy currents occur, such as
transformers, have to be carefully designed to prevent
excessive energy loss and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ezXVzc64qRE
overheating.
For example,
transformers are constructed with
laminated thin soft iron plates,
which are electrically isolated from
one another using a thin layer of
lacquer, this restricts the size of
the eddy currents that form.
Question

(a) There is an alternating current in

the primary coil of the transformer.
State what is produced in the iron core.
(b) A transformer has only one turn
of wire on the secondary coil.
The potential difference across the
secondary coil is 11.5 V
The potential difference across the
primary coil is 230 V
Calculate the number of turns on the
primary coil.
(c) In most transformers, the power
output is less than the power input.
State why.
Sample Exam Question