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5th Unit MEMS Design

Magnetization refers to the internal magnetic polarization of materials caused by an external magnetic field, influenced by the alignment of magnetic domains. The document discusses key concepts such as magnetic field intensity, magnetic field density, and the behavior of ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, and diamagnetic materials, including saturation magnetization and remnant magnetization. It also covers the principles of magnetic actuation, including the Lorentz force and the interaction of magnetic materials in uniform and nonuniform fields.

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Aliyah Fathima
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11 views9 pages

5th Unit MEMS Design

Magnetization refers to the internal magnetic polarization of materials caused by an external magnetic field, influenced by the alignment of magnetic domains. The document discusses key concepts such as magnetic field intensity, magnetic field density, and the behavior of ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, and diamagnetic materials, including saturation magnetization and remnant magnetization. It also covers the principles of magnetic actuation, including the Lorentz force and the interaction of magnetic materials in uniform and nonuniform fields.

Uploaded by

Aliyah Fathima
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Magnetization

• A magnetic field may cause internal magnetic polarization of a piece of magnetic


material within the field. This phenomenon is called magnetization.
• A piece of magnetic material is made of magnetic domains. Each magnetic domain
is said to consist a magnetic dipole. The strength of internal magnetization of the
bulk magnetic material depends on the extent of ordering of these domains.
• These domains contribute to a net internal magnetic field within the magnetic
material itself, if they are somewhat aligned.
• The magnetism has been studied for hundreds of years. Researchers and
practitioners employ a mixture of concepts and units, some acquired historically
and are based on the CGS unit system while some conforming to the SI unit system.
• One of the purposes of this review is to clarify the units for various variables.
• Magnetic field intensity (Symbol H) represents the driving magnetic influence
external to a magnetic material.
• magnetic field density (Symbol B), represents the induced total magnetic field inside
a piece of magnetic material. The total magnetic field accounts for the influence of
the induction field and the internal magnetization. The term B is often referred to as
magnetic induction or magnetic flux density as well.
• The relationship between B and H can be described using the following equation:

• where is the magnetic permeability of space.


• A magnetic material with a weak and positive is called paramagnetic; one with a
weak and negative is diamagnetic. For paramagnetic and diamagnetic materials, the
relative permeability is very close to 1.
• For ferromagnetic materials (e.g., iron, nickel, cobalt, and some rare earths), the
values for relative permeability are very large.
• Ferromagnetic materials are often used in MEMS actuation applications.
• The linear relationship between B and H is only valid within a certain range
of H.
• There are a number of important features to note:
• 1. After the external induction field reaches a certain level, the magnetization
will reach a saturation point, called saturation magnetization. The saturation
represents a situation when all available domains within a piece of magnetic
material have been aligned to one another.
• 2. A ferromagnetic material will lose a portion of its magnetization upon the
removal of the external magnetic field. The fraction of the saturation
magnetization which is retained after H is removed is called the remnance of
the material (or remnant magnetization).
• 3. The coercivity is a measure of the reverse field needed to drive the
magnetization to zero after having reached saturation at least once.
• 4. The area enclosed by the hysteresis curve indicates the amount of
magnetic energy stored in a magnetic material.
Their differences are easily explained using
the B-H hysteresis curves.

Permanent magnetic materials not only


exhibit large remnant field.

They also require larger reverse field and


energy input in order to switch or destroy
the built-in magnetic field.

The curve to the right shows the hysteresis


curve of a soft magnetic material.

The core of a transformer, for example, is


desired to be made of a soft magnet.

The small stored energy allows high


efficiency, low power consumption, and
rapid transition.
A magnetic field can be used to produce force, torque, or displacement of microstructures, according to
several important magnetic actuation principles.
A driving magnetic field can act on a number of elements, including current-carrying wires, inductor
coils, pieces of magnetic material or magneto strictive materials.
In this section, we will discuss formula for estimating the magnetic interaction of a current-carrying
wire and magnetized magnetic pieces.
A Lorentz force actuator exploits the interaction between a current-carrying conductor and an external
magnetic field.
The Lorentz force acting on a single moving charge q is given by (8.2) where is the velocity of the
charge.

The magnitude of the force is (8.3) with being the angle between the velocity and the magnetic field.

The direction of the resulting force can be easily determined by the following mnemonic procedure.
Extend your right hand. Point thumb in the direction of velocity of a positive charge, fingers in
magnetic field direction.
The palm faces is direction of the force on charge. The force is perpendicular to the velocity of the
charge and the magnetic field.
• Magnetic actuator: it can occur as a result of interaction between a permanent
magnet and an external DC magnetic field.
• The permanent magnet used in the magnetic compass is a hard ferromagnetic
material.
• If the internal and external magnetic field lines are aligned, no force or torque
will be exerted on the compass needle.
• The compass needle will experience a torque (called magnetic torque) when the
direction of internal magnetization is not aligned with the local earth magnetic
field lines.
• The torque causes the needle to rotate until the internal magnetic field is lined
with the external field lines.
• This principle of interaction can be extended to microscale sensors and
actuators.
• Indeed, micromachined magnetic actuators using manually attached [3] or integrated [4] permanent
magnet has been developed.

• Irrespective of the method by which it is generated, the external magnetic field can be classified into two
broad categories: spatially uniform magnetic field and nonuniform magnetic field with a gradient.

• Depending on the type of magnet (hard or soft) and their initial orientation in the field (aligned or
misaligned with field lines), net forces and/or torques can be produced.

• The interaction of hard and soft magnetic pieces in these two types of field.

• Two pieces of hard (permanent) magnet (pieces 1 and 2) and two soft magnets (3 and 4) are used as
examples.

• Their initial orientations are different. Pieces 1 and 3 are oriented such that their internal magnetization
is parallel to the local external magnetic field lines.

• Pieces 2 and 4 are intentionally misaligned.


• in part (a), zero external magnetic bias is present. The permanent magnets are
polarized whereas the soft magnets are not. Neither pieces experience any net
force or moment due to the lack of magnetic driving force (H).
• in part (b), a spatially uniform magnetic field is applied. The magnetic field
polarizes the soft magnet pieces (3 and 4), so that they become magnetized. The
hard magnets—pieces 1 and 2, are already magnetized.
• We assume the strength of their internal magnetization is not changed by the
external magnetic field although in reality it will be changed slightly.
• The internal magnetic fields of pieces 2 and 4 are aligned along their longitudinal
axes, rather than being parallel to external field lines.
• Shape anisotropy is said to play an important role in determining the direction of
magnetization or remnant magnetization.
• if a piece of ferromagnetic material is shaped into a long-aspect ratio rod, the
internal magnetization will usually point in the longitudinal direction of the rod,
irrespective of the direction of the induction field relative to the longitudinal
direction of the rod.

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