Chapter 5 Magnetism and Matter

Properties of magnets:-

• Attractive property
• Directive property:- Magnetic materials tend to point in the north-
south direction.
• Like magnetic poles repel and unlike ones attract.
• Magnetic poles cannot be isolated i.e. always exists in pairs.
• Magnetic induction:- A magnet induces magnetism in a magnetic
substance placed near it. This phenomenon is called magnetic
induction.
• Magnetic field lines:- It is defined as the curve the tangent to which at
any point gives the direction of the magnetic field at that point.
• Magnetic dipole:- An arrangement of two equal and opposite
magnetic poles separated by a small distance is called a magnetic
dipole.
• Magnetic dipole moment:- It is defined as the product of its pole
strength and magnetic length.

•
• a) The force on it is zero.
b) The torque on it is
c) Torque on dipole will be minimum when = 0o
d) Torque on dipole will be maximum when = 90o.
When a bar magnet of dipole moment is placed in a uniform magnetic
field , then-
e) Its potential energy is
where we choose the zero of energy at the orientation when is
perpendicular to .
• Consider a bar magnet of size and magnetic moment , at a distance r from
its mid – point, where r >>l, the magnetic field due to this bar is-
• On the axial point of the dipole (end-on position):-

• On the equatorial point of the dipole (broadside-on position):-

• Current loop as a magnetic dipole:- , where I = current flowing in

the loop and A = area of the loop
• Gauss’s Law for Magnetism: It states that the net magnet flux through any
closed surface is zero.
• Analogy between electric and magnetic dipoles:-
 • Analogy between electric and magnetic dipoles:-

• Earth’s magnetic field:-

Physical Quantity Electrostatic Magnetism

Free Space Constant

Dipole Moment

Axial Field

Equatoral Field

Torque in External Field

P.E. In External Field

• Poles:
a) The pole near the geographic north pole of the earth is called the magnetic south
pole.
b) The pole near the geographic south – pole is called the magnetic north pole.
c) The magnitude of the magnetic field on the earth’s surface = 4 x 10-5 T.
• Elements of the Earth’s Magnetic Field: Three quantities are needed
to specify the magnetic field of the earth on its surface-
a) The horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field (BH)- It is the component
of the earth’s total magnetic field in the horizontal direction in the magnetic
meridian.
• Elements of the Earth’s Magnetic Field: Three quantities are needed
to specify the magnetic field of the earth on its surface-
a) The horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field (BH)- It is the component
of the earth’s total magnetic field in the horizontal direction in the magnetic
meridian.
b) The magnetic declination ( )- The angle between the geographic meridian and
the magnetic meridian at a place is called the magnetic declination at that place.
c) The angle of dip or magnetic inclination ( )- The angle made by the earth’s
total magnetic field with the horizontal direction in the magnetic meridian is called
angle of dip at any place.

These are known as the elements of the earth’s magnetic field.

•
Neutral point:- It is the point where the magnetic field due to a magnet is equal and
opposite to the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field. The resultant magnetic field
at the neutral point is zero.
• Magnetic Intensity or Magnetising field intensity:- The ability of
magnetising field to magnetise a material medium. Let a material
placed in an external magnetic field , The magnetic intensity

is,
• Magnetic induction:- It is defined as the total number of magnetic
lines of force crossing per unit area normally through a material.
• Intensity of magnetization :- It is defined as the dipole moment per

unit volume , then the magnetic field in the material will

be-
• Magnetic permeability ( ) :- It is defined as the ratio of its magnetic

induction B to the magnetic intensity H.

• Relative permeability ( ) :- It is defined as the ratio of the
permeability of the medium to the permeability of free space.
 • Magnetic susceptibility ( ) :- It is defined as the ratio of the intensity

of magnetisation M to the magnetising field intensity H.

• Relationship between :- ,

VERY IMPORTANT
•
• Classification of Magnetic Materials: Magnetic materials are broadly
classified as-

Paramagneti
Diamagnet
Property c Ferromagnetic substance
Subsantances
Substances

They are
1 Effect of They are feebly feebly
They are feebly strongly by magnets.
. magnets repelled by magnets. attracted by
magnets.

Acquire
feeble
Acquire feeble magnetisatio
2 In external magnetisation in the n in the Acquire Strong magnetisation in the directi
. magnetic field opposite direction of direction of of the magnetising field.
the magnetising field. the
magnetising
field.

Tend to
Tend to move slowly move slowly
In a non-
3 from stronger to from weaker Tend to move quickly from weaker to stron
uniform
. weaker parts of the to stronger parts of the field
magnetic field
field. parts of the
field

A freely
A freely suspended suspended
4 In a uniform diamagnetic rod aligns paramagneti A freely suspended ferromagnetic rod align
. magnetic field itself perpendicular to c rod aligns itself parallel to the field.
the field. itself parallel
to the field.
 Susceptibility
is small and
positive.,
5 Susceptibility Susceptibility is small
where is a Susceptibility is very large and positive.
. value ( ) and Negatie
small
number.

Slightly
Relative
Slightly less than 1 greater than
. permeability Of the order of
1
value ( )

7 Permeability
. value

Susceptibility
varies Susceptibility decreases with temperature in
Susceptibility is
8 Effect of inversely as complex manner.
independent of
. temperature temperature:
temperature.

As soon as
the
Magnetisation lasts as
Removal of magnetizing
9 long as the Magnetisation is retained even after the
magnetizing field is
. magnetizing field is magnetizing field
field removed
applied.
magnetisatio
n is lost.

M changes
linearly with
H and attains
1
Variation of M M changes linearly saturation at M changes with H non-linearly and ultimate
0
with H with H. low attains saturation.
.
temperature
and in very
strong fields.
1 B-vector
Hysteresis B-vector shows no
1 shows no B-vector shows hysteresis.
effect hysteresis.
. hysteresis.

1
Physical state of Solid, liquid
2 Solid, liquid or gas. Normally solids only.
the material or gas.
.

1 Al, Na, Ca,

Bi, Cu, Pb, Si, N2(at
3 Examples O2(at STP), Fe, Ni, Co, Gd, Fe2O3, Alnico.
STP), H2O, NaCl
. CuCl2

• Hysteresis- The phenomenon of the lagging of magnetic induction

behiind the magnetising field is called hysteresis.

• The magnetic induction left behind in the sample after the magnetising
field has been removed is called residual
magnetism or retentivity or remanence.
• The value of reverse magnetising field intensity H required for the
residual magnetism of a sample to become zero is called coercivity of
the sample.
• Permanent Magnets: Substances which retain their ferromagnetic
property for a long period of time at room temperature are called
permanent magnets. These magnets have High retentivity, High
coercivity, High permeability.
• Electromagnets: High permeability, Low retentivity.