Khulna University of Engineering & Technology

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Course No: E E 3109

Course Title: Electronics-III
Credit: 3.00

Presented By
Protik Chandra Biswas
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology,
Khulna-9203, Bangladesh
 References

1. Pulse, Digital and Switching Waveforms

=> J a c o b Millman & Herbert Taub

2. Solid State Pulse Circuits

=> David A. Bell

3. Principles of Electronics
=> V. K. Mehta & Rohit Mehta

Protik Chandra Biswas, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,

 Syllabus

Bistable Multivibrator

The stable state of binary, fixed and self-biased transistor binary,

commutating capacitors, unsymmetrical and symmetrical triggering of
the binary, direct connected binary circuit, Schmitt trigger circuit,
emitter coupled binary.

Monostable Multivibrator

The monostable multivibrator, gate width and waveforms of the collector

coupled monostable multivibrator, the emitter coupled monostable circuit.

Protik Chandra Biswas, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,

 Syllabus

Astable Multivibrator

The collector coupled and emitter coupled astable multivibrators;

their waveforms.

Oscillator

Sinusoidal oscillator and its classification, essential of transistor oscillator,

Different types of transistor oscillators: Tuned collector oscillator,
Colpitt’s oscillator, Hartley oscillator, Phase shift oscillator, Wein bridge
oscillator, Crystal oscillator.

Protik Chandra Biswas, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,

 Solid-state switching circuit

Switch:
 A switch is a device that can turn O N or O F F current in an electrical circuit. The switches can be broadly
classified into the following three types:

(i) Mechanical switch

(ii) Electro-mechanical switch or Relay
(iii) Electronic switch
Mechanical switch:
 A switch which is operated mechanically to turn O N or O F F current in an electrical
circuit is known as a mechanical switch.
Limitations:
 In the closed position, the switch carries the whole of the load current. For a large load current, the
switch contacts have to be made heavy to enable them to carry the necessary current without
overheating. This increases the size of the switch.
 If the load current carried by the circuit is large, there will be sparking at the contacts of the switch
during breaking operation. This results in the wear and tear of the contacts.
 Due to high inertia of a mechanical switch, the speed of operation is very small.

Protik Chandra Biswas, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,

 Solid-state switching circuit

Electro-mechanical Switch or Relay:

 It is a mechanical switch which is operated electrically to turn O N or
O F F current in an electrical circuit.

Advantages over a simple mechanical switch:

 The electro-mechanical switch requires a small power for its operation. This
permits to control a large power in the load by a small power to the relay
circuit.
 The switch in the relay coil carries a small current as compared to the load
current. This permits the use of a smaller switch in the relay coil circuit.
 The operator can turn O N or O F F power to a load even from a distance. This
is a very important advantage when high voltages are to be handled.
 There is no danger of sparking as the turning O N or O F F is carried by the
relay coil switch which carries a small current.

Limitations:
 The speed of operation is very small; less than 5 operations per second.
 A relay has moving parts and hence there is considerable wear and tear.

Protik Chandra Biswas, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,

 Electronic switch
 Electronic switch is a device which can turn O N or O F F current in an electrical circuit with the help of
electronic devices e.g., transistors or tubes.
 Electronic switches have become very popular because of their high speed of operation and absence of
sparking.
 A transistor can be used as a switch by driving it back and forth between saturation and cut off. This is
illustrated in the Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.

 When the base input voltage is

enough negative, the transistor
is cut off and no current flows in
collector load [See Fig. 1(i)]. As a

across 𝑹𝑪 and the output voltage

result, there is no voltage drop

is ideally 𝑽𝑪𝑪 . i.e.,

This condition is similar to that

of an open switch (i.e., O F F
state) as shown in Fig. 1(ii).
Fig. 1
Protik Chandra Biswas, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,
 Electronic switch

Fig. 1

 The collector current will not be zero since a little leakage current always flows even when the base
input voltage is negative or zero.

Protik Chandra Biswas, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,

 Electronic switch
 When the input base
voltage is positive enough

then 𝑰𝑪(𝒔𝒂𝒕) will flow

that transistor saturates,

through 𝑹𝑪 . Under such

conditions, the entire 𝑽𝑪𝑪

load 𝑹𝑪 and output

will drop across collector

voltage is ideally zero i.e.,

Fig. 2

This condition is similar to that of a closed switch (i.e., O N state) as

shown in Fig. 2 (ii).

Protik Chandra Biswas, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,

 Electronic switch

Advantages of Electronic Switches:

 It has no moving parts and hence there is little wear and tear. Therefore, it gives noiseless operation.
 It has smaller size and weight.
 It gives trouble free service because of solid state.
 It is cheaper than other switches and requires little maintenance.
 It has a very fast speed of operation say upto 𝟏𝟎𝟗 operations per second. On the other hand, the
mechanical switches have a small speed of operation e.g. less than 5 operations in a second.

Protik Chandra Biswas, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,

 Electronic switch

Example: Determine the minimum high input voltage (+V) required to saturate the transistor switch
shown in Fig. 3.

Assuming the transistor to be ideal,

Fig. 3

Protik Chandra Biswas, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,

 Electronic switch

 So far we have considered the transistor to be an ideal one. An ideal transistor has 𝑽𝑪𝑬 = 𝑽𝑪𝑪 (or 𝑰𝑪 = 𝟎)
in the O F F state and 𝑽𝑪𝑬 = 𝟎 (or 𝑰𝑪 = 𝑰𝑪(𝒔𝒂𝒕)) in the O N state. However, such ideal conditions are not
realized in practice. In a practical transistor, the output voltage is neither 𝑽𝑪𝑪 in the O F F state nor it is
zero in the O N state. While designing a transistor switching circuit, these points must be taken into
consideration.

 Collector leakage current: When the input circuit is reverse biased or input voltage is zero, a small
current (a few μ A) flows in the collector. This is known as collector leakage current and is due to the
minority carriers. The value of this leakage current is quite large in Ge transistors, but in modern silicon
transistors, the value of leakage current is low enough to be ignored.

 Saturation collector current: It is the maximum collector current for a

𝑹𝑪 in its collector circuit as shown in Fig. 4. As the input forward bias is

particular load in a transistor. Consider an npn transistor having a load

the collector current 𝑰𝑪 also increases because 𝑰𝑪

= 𝛽𝑰𝑩 .
increased,

However, with the increase in 𝑰𝑪 , the voltage drop across 𝑹𝑪 increases.

in 𝑽 𝑪 decrease of 𝑽 𝑪𝑬 . When 𝑽𝑪𝑬 drops to knee voltage
sharply when
This results the falls below knee voltage. This maximum current is
𝑬
known),as saturation collector current.
(𝑽 𝒌𝒏𝒆𝒆
any further increase in collector current is not possible since β decreases

Protik Chandra Biswas, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, Fig. 4

 Switching action of a transistor

 The switching action of a transistor can also be explained with the help of output characteristics. Fig. 5

load 𝑹𝑪 and collector supply 𝑽𝑪𝑪 . The characteristics are arranged in three regions : O F F, O N or
shows the output characteristics of a typical transistor for a C E configuration. The load line is drawn for

saturation and active regions.

Fig. 5
Protik Chandra Biswas, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,
 Switching action of a transistor

condition. In this condition, 𝑰𝑩 = 𝟎 and the collector current is equal to the collector leakage current 𝑰𝑪𝑬𝑶.
 O F F region: When the input base voltage is zero or negative, the transistor is said to be in the O F F

The value of 𝑰𝑪𝑬𝑶 can be obtained from the characteristics if we know 𝑽𝑪𝑬.

Protik Chandra Biswas, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,

 Switching action of a transistor

 O N or saturation region: When the input voltage is made so much positive that saturation collector
current flows, the transistor is said to be in the O N condition. In this condition, the saturation collector
current is given by :

Protik Chandra Biswas, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,

 Switching action of a transistor

 Active region: It is the region that lies between O F F and O N conditions. The O F F and O N regions are the
stable regions of operation. The active region is the unstable (or transient) region through which the

the path A B is the active region. The collector current increases from 𝑰𝑪𝑬𝑶 to 𝑰𝑪(𝒔𝒂𝒕) along the path A B as
operation of the transistor passes while changing from O F F state to the O N state. Thus referring to Fig. 5,

decreases from 𝑰𝑪(𝒔𝒂𝒕) to 𝑰𝑪𝑬𝑶 along BA.

the transistor is switched O N. However, when the transistor is switched O F F, the collector current

Fig. 5
Protik Chandra Biswas, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,
 Multivibrator

Bistable Multivibrator

Protik Chandra Biswas, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,

 Bistable Multivibrator

 Fixed-bias transistor binary

Fig. 6: A fixed-bias n-p-n transistor binary

Protik Chandra Biswas, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,

 Bistable Multivibrator

 Example: Calculate the stable-state currents and voltages for the flip-flop circuit of Fig. 6, considering

𝒉𝑭𝑬 value of 20.

transistor in saturation behaves as an ideal short circuit. Assume that the transistors have a minimum

Solution:
 At first, assume that transistor Q1
is O F F and Q2 is O N.
 𝑽𝑪𝟐 ≈ 𝟎V
 𝑽𝑩𝟐 ≈ 𝟎V

Fig. 6: A fixed-bias n-p-n transistor binary

Protik Chandra Biswas, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,

 Bistable Multivibrator

Fig. 7: Equivalent circuits for calculating the stable-state currents and

voltages for the flip-flop

Protik Chandra Biswas, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,

 Bistable Multivibrator

 From Fig. 7(a), using voltage divider rule

So, Q1 is indeed O F F

Fig. 7(a)

Protik Chandra Biswas, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,

 Bistable Multivibrator

 Minimum 𝑰𝑩𝟐 for

saturation,

 From Fig. 7(b)

Fig. 7(b)
Since 𝑰𝑩𝟐 > (𝑰𝑩𝟐)𝒎𝒊𝒏 , Q2 is indeed in
saturation

Protik Chandra Biswas, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,

 Bistable Multivibrator

 In summary, first stable state of the flip-flop is characterized by the following voltages and currents

First stable state: Q1 is O F F and Q2 is O N

The output swing,

Second stable state: Q1 is O N and Q2 is O F F

The above voltages and currents are interchanged between Q1

and Q2

Protik Chandra Biswas, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,

 Bistable Multivibrator

considering 𝑽𝑪 = 𝟎.15V and 𝑽𝑩 = 𝟎.7V when a transistor is in saturation. Assume that the
 Example: Calculate the stable-state currents and voltages for the flip-flop circuit of Fig. 8, by

transistors have a minimum 𝒉𝑭𝑬 value of 20.

Solution:
 At first, assume that transistor Q1
is O F F and Q2 is O N.
 𝑽𝑪𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓V
 𝑽𝑩𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟕V

Fig. 8: A fixed-bias n-p-n transistor binary

Protik Chandra Biswas, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,

 Bistable Multivibrator

Fig. 9: Equivalent circuits for calculating the stable-state currents and

voltages for the flip-flop

Protik Chandra Biswas, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,

 Bistable Multivibrator

 From Fig. 9(a), using superposition principle

So, Q1 is indeed O F F

Fig. 9(a)

Protik Chandra Biswas, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,

 Bistable Multivibrator

 Minimum 𝑰𝑩𝟐 for

saturation,

 From Fig. 9(b)

Since 𝑰𝑩𝟐 > (𝑰𝑩𝟐)𝒎𝒊𝒏 , Q2 is indeed in

Fig. 9(b)
saturation

Protik Chandra Biswas, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,

 Bistable Multivibrator

 In summary, first stable state of the flip-flop is characterized by the following voltages and currents

First stable state: Q1 is O F F and Q2 is O N

Second stable state: Q1 is O N and Q2 is O F F

The above voltages and currents are interchanged between Q1 and Q2

Protik Chandra Biswas, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,

 Bistable Multivibrator

 Example: Design a collector coupled bistable multivibrator to operate from a ±𝟓𝐕 supply. Assume
𝒉𝑭𝑬 = 𝟕𝟎, 𝑽𝑪𝑬(𝒔𝒂𝒕) = 𝟎. 𝟐𝐕, 𝑰𝑪 =2 mA, 𝑽𝑩𝑬(𝒔𝒂𝒕) = 𝟎. 𝟕𝐕.

Solution:
= + 5V = + 5V

= - 5V
(a) = - 5V = - 5V

Fig. 10: Collector coupled bistable multivibrator circuit

Protik Chandra Biswas, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,

 Bistable Multivibrator

 From Fig. 10(b),

= + 5V

= - 5V

Fig. 10(b)

Protik Chandra Biswas, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,

 Bistable Multivibrator

 From Fig. 10(b),

= + 5V

Thumb rule

= - 5V

Fig. 10(b)

Protik Chandra Biswas, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,

 Bistable Multivibrator

 From Fig. 10(b),

= + 5V

200
18.8

18.8 2.4
16.4

= - 5V

Fig. 10(b)

Protik Chandra Biswas, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,

 Bistable Multivibrator

= + 5V
2.4 K Ω 2.4 K Ω

16.4 K Ω
16.4 K Ω

28.5 K Ω 28.5 K Ω

= - 5V

Fig. 11: Designed collector coupled bistable

multivibrator

Protik Chandra Biswas, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,

Q&A

THANKS TO ALL