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DC Generator

The document provides an overview of DC machines, including the operation and construction of DC motors and generators. It discusses the principles of electromagnetic induction, types of armature winding, losses in DC generators, and applications of DC generators. Additionally, it covers the emf equation, magnetization characteristics, and includes examples and exercises related to the performance of DC machines.

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29 views56 pages

DC Generator

The document provides an overview of DC machines, including the operation and construction of DC motors and generators. It discusses the principles of electromagnetic induction, types of armature winding, losses in DC generators, and applications of DC generators. Additionally, it covers the emf equation, magnetization characteristics, and includes examples and exercises related to the performance of DC machines.

Uploaded by

sathishmenan460
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DC MACHINES

DC Motor
DC Generator
DC MACHINE
• For a DC machine to operate we need
• Magnetic field
• Conductor
• Relative motion between these two
CONSTRUCTION OF DC MACHINE
DC Motor operation
• When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field it
experiences a force and direction of motion is found by Flemings left
hand rule
Flemings Left hand rule says if we extend the index finger, middle
finger and thumb of our left-hand perpendicular to each is such a
way that middle finger is in the direction of current in the
conductor, and index finger is along the direction of magnetic field,
i.e., north to south pole, then thumb indicates the direction of the
created mechanical force.
FLEMINGS RIGHT HAND RULE
Generator Operation
DC Generator operations
• According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, when a current-
carrying conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field, an emf is induced
in the conductor.
• According to Fleming’s right-hand rule, the direction of the induced
current changes whenever the direction of motion of the conductor
changes.
• Hence, the direction of the current in every armature will be alternating.
• But with a split ring commutator, connections of the armature conductors
get reversed when a current reversal occurs.
• Therefore, we get unidirectional current at the terminals.
Types of armature winding
• Lap winding
• Wave winding
Lap winding:
In this type of winding, the connection of the conductors is done in
such a way that their parallel poles & paths are similar. The last part
of every armature coil can be connected toward the nearby section
on the commutator.
Number of parallel paths (A)= Number of poles (P)
The applications of lap winding mainly include high-current, low
voltage machines.
• Wave winding
• Number of parallel paths formed is always equal to 2 (A=2)
• The end of one coil is connected to the next coil side under the next
similar poles.
• This kind of winding is applicable for low-current, high-voltage
machines.
Losses in DC Generator

• Copper Loss
Copper loss takes place when the current flows through the winding.
These losses occur due to the resistance in the winding. The copper loss is
categorized into three forms as armature loss, the field winding loss and
brush contact resistance loss.
• Core Losses or Iron Losses
Some losses in the iron core occur when the armature rotates in the
magnetic field. These losses are known as core losses. These losses are
categorized into two losses as Hysteresis loss and Eddy current loss.
Types of DC Generator
Applications of DC Generators

• A few applications of DC generators are:


• The separately excited type DC generators are used for power and
lighting purposes.
• The series DC generator is used in arc lamps for lighting, stable
current generator and booster.
• DC generators are used to reimburse the voltage drop within Feeders.
• DC generators are used to provide a power supply for hostels, lodges,
offices, etc.
Emf Equation of DC generator

• The emf equation of the DC generator is given by the equation:


• Eg=PϕZN/60Awhere
• Z is the total number of armature conductor
• P is the number of poles in a generator
• A is the number of parallel lanes within the armature
• N is the rotation of armature in r.p.m
• E is the induced e.m.f in any parallel lane within the armature
• Eg is the generated e.m.f in any one of the parallel lane
• N/60 is the number of revolutions per second
• Time for one revolution will be dt=60/N sec
• Flux cut by one conductor= P ϕ wb
• Time taken to complete one revolution is=60/N sec
• Average induced emf in one conductor will be
e= P ϕ / 60/N
= P ϕ N/60 volts
Number of conductors connected in series in each parallel path=Z/A
Average emf induced across each parallel path
E= Z P ϕ N/60A
Where A=2 for wave winding
A= P for lap winding
Types of excitation-Recall
Magnetisation characteristics
• No load characteristics:
• Generator armature is rotated at a constant speed by a primemover.
• When no field current is there, a small amount of EMF will be induced
due to residual magnetism.
• By increasing field current I gradually, no load characteristics is
obtained
• From the graph, it is noticed that the occ is initially linear, later
becomes horizontal.
• This shows that with increase of field current If, the induced emf
increases linearly but later the core saturates.
• Further increase of If does not give rise to much increase in induced
emf.
• The value of the critical field resistance can be determined by drawing
a line tangent to the OCC and finding its slope.
• The value of field resistance above which the machine fails to excite is
called critical field resistance.
• The speed below which the machine fails to excite is called critical
speed.
Example
• From the Fig
• Rf(V0=220) = 220/3.2= 68.8 ohm
• External resistance to be added=68.8-61=7.8 ohm

Exercise
A 200 KW, 400V separately excited dc motor runs at 600 rpm. It has
864 lap connected conductors. The full load armature copper loss is 8
kW.
Calculate useful flux/pole.
Circuit Model
• Generating mode

• For the armature circuit


• V(terminal voltage)=Ea-IaRa; Ea>V
• Pmech(net)= EaIa (Mechanical Power Converted to Electrical form)
• P0= EaIa - Ia2Ra
• Motoring Mode
• Ia flows opposite to Ea, Ea in motor is known as back emf
• V(terminal Voltage)=Ea+IaRa; V>Ea
• Pi(Electrical input)= VIa
• EaIa (Electrical Power converted to mechanical form)=VIa-Ia2Ra
• Pmech(net)=EaIa-rotational losses
Load characteristics of DC
Generator
Example
1.The Occ data of a given dc generator at 1500 rpm is as given below
Voc(V) 5 25 50 65 85 100 140 175 200 220 240
If(A) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
a.Draw the magnetization curve of Dc generator and find the value of critical field resistance
b.Draw the Field resistance line for a open circuit voltage of 230v.
c.Find the critical speed.
2.A 6 pole dc machine armature has 36 slots, 2 coil sides/slot, 6 turns/coil runs at 1200 rpm and is
wave wound. The flux/ pole is 0.018 wb.
Find the induced emf.

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