Unit 4

D C Machines
Maxwell’s Cork screw Rule :
Maxwell’s Cork screw Rule :
Hold the cork screw in yr right
hand and rotate it in clockwise
in such a way that it advances in
the direction of current. Then
the direction in which the hand
rotates will be the direction of
magnetic lines of force .
Fleming’s left hand rule
 Fleming’s left hand rule
• Used to determine the direction of force acting on a
current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field
.
• The middle finger , the fore finger and thumb of the
left hand are kept at right angles to one another .

• The middle finger represent the direction

of current
• The fore finger represent the direction of
magnetic field
• The thumb will indicate the direction of
force acting on the conductor .
This rule is used in motors.
Fleming’s Right hand rule
 Fleming’s Right hand rule
• Used to determine the direction of emf induced
in a conductor
• The middle finger , the fore finger and thumb of
the left hand are kept at right angles to one another.

•The fore finger represent the direction of

magnetic field
•The thumb represent the direction of
motion of the conductor
•The middle finger will indicate the
direction of the inducted emf .
This rule is used in DC Generators
 Len’s Law
The direction of induced emf is given by Lenz’s
law .
According to this law, the induced emf will be
acting in such a way so as to oppose the very
cause of production of it .

• e = -N (dØ/dt) volts
 DC Generator
Mechanical energy is converted to electrical
energy

Three requirements are essential

1. Conductors
2. Magnetic field
3. Mechanical energy
Working principle
•A generator works on the principles of
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction

•Whenever a conductor is moved in the

magnetic field , an emf is induced and the
magnitude of the induced emf is directly
proportional to the rate of change of flux
linkage.

• This emf causes a current flow if the

conductor circuit is closed .
 DC Machine

Commutator
Sectional view of a DC machine
Construction of DC Generator
•Field system
•Armature core
•Armature
winding
•Commutator
•Brushes
Field winding
Rotor and rotor winding
Working principle of DC motor
Working principle of DC motor
Force in DC motor
 Armature winding
There are 2 types of winding
Lap and Wave winding
Lap winding Wave winding
• A=P • A=2

• The armature • Itis used in low

windings are current output
divided into and high voltage.
no. of sections
equal to the no • 2 brushes
of poles
Field system
• It is for uniform magnetic field within
which the armature rotates.
• Electromagnets are preferred in
comparison with permanent magnets
• They are cheap , smaller in size , produce
greater magnetic effect and
• Field strength can be varied
Field system consists of the
following parts
•Yoke
•Pole cores
•Pole shoes
•Field coils
Armature core
• The armature core is cylindrical
• High permeability silicon steel
stampings
• Impregnated
• Lamination is to reduce the eddy current
loss
Commutator
Connect with external circuit
Converts ac into unidirectional current
Cylindrical in shape
Made of wedge shaped copper segments
Segments are insulated from each other
Each commutator segment is connected to armature
conductors by means of a cu strip called riser.
No of segments equal to no of coils
Carbon brush
Carbon brushes are used in DC machines because
they are soft materials
It does not generate spikes when they contact
commutator
To deliver the current thro armature
Carbon is used for brushes because it has negative
temperature coefficient of resistance
Self lubricating , takes its shape , improving area
of contact
Brush rock and holder
Carbon brush
• Brush leads (pig tails)
• Brush rocker ( brush gear )
• Front end cover
• Rear end cover
• Cooling fan
• Bearing
• Terminal box
 EMF equation
Flux cut by 1 conductor
in 1 revolution =P*φ
Flux cut by 1 conductor in
60 sec = P φ N /60
Avg emf generated in 1
conductor = PφN/60
Number of conductors in
each parallel path = Z /A
Eg = PφNZ/60A
 Types of DC Generator
DC generators are generally classified
according to their method of excitation .

• Separately excited DC generator

• Self excited D C generator

Further classification of DC Generator
• Series wound generator
• Shunt wound generator
• Compound wound generator
• Short shunt & Long shunt
• Cumulatively compound
&
Differentially compound
 Losses in DC Generators
1. Copper losses or variable losses
2. Stray losses or constant losses
Stray losses : consist of (a) iron losses or core
losses and (b) windage and friction losses .
Iron losses : occurs in the core of the machine
due to change of magnetic flux in the core .
Consist of hysteresis loss and eddy current
loss.
Hysteresis loss depends upon the frequency ,
Flux density , volume and type of the core .
 Losses
Hysteresis loss depends upon the frequency ,
Flux density , volume and type of the core .

Eddy current losses : directly proportional to

the flux density , frequency , thickness of the
lamination .
Windage and friction losses are constant due to
the opposition of wind and friction .
Applications
Shunt Generators:
a. in electro plating
b. for battery recharging
c. as exciters for AC generators.
Series Generators :
A. As boosters
B. As lighting arc lamps
DC Motors
Converts Electrical energy into Mechanical
energy
Construction : Same for Generator and
motor
Working principle : Whenever a current
carrying conductor is placed in the
magnetic field , a force is set up on the
conductor.
 Back emf
The induced emf in the rotating armature
conductors always acts in the opposite
direction of the supply voltage .
According to the Lenz’s law, the direction of
the induced emf is always so as to oppose
the cause producing it .
In a DC motor , the supply voltage is the cause
and hence this induced emf opposes the
supply voltage.
Classification of DC motors
DC motors are mainly classified into three
types as listed below:
⚫ Shunt motor
⚫ Series motor
⚫ Compound motor
• Differential compound
• Cumulative compound
Speed control of DC motors
According to the speed equation of a dc motor
N ∞ Eb/φ
∞ V- Ia Ra/ φ
Thus speed can be controlled by-
Flux control method: By Changing the flux by
controlling the current through the field winding.
Armature control method: By Changing the
armature resistance which in turn changes the
voltage applied across the armature
Flux control
Advantages of flux control:
• It provides relatively smooth and easy control
• Speed control above rated speed is possible
• As the field winding resistance is high the field current is
small. Power loss in the external resistance is small . Hence
this method is economical
Disadvantages:
• Flux can be increased only upto its rated value
• High speed affects the commutation, motor operation
becomes unstable
Armature voltage control method
• The speed is directly proportional to the voltage
applied across the armature .
• Voltage across armature can be controlled by adding
a variable resistance in series with the armature
Potential divider control :
If the speed control from zero to the rated speed is
required , by rheostatic method then the voltage
across the armature can be varied by connecting
rheostat in a potential divider arrangement .
Starters for DC motors
Needed to limit the starting current .
1. Two point starter
2. Three point starter
3. Four point starter
Applications:
Shunt Motor:
• Blowers and fans
• Centrifugal and reciprocating pumps
• Lathe machines
• Machine tools
• Milling machines
• Drilling machines
Applications:
Series Motor:
• Cranes
• Hoists , Elevators
• Trolleys
• Conveyors
• Electric locomotives
Applications:
Cumulative compound Motor:
• Rolling mills
• Punches
• Shears
• Heavy planers
• Elevators