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Relations and Functions

The document explains the concepts of relations and functions, including Cartesian products, cardinality, and definitions of domain, codomain, and range. It illustrates how relations are subsets of Cartesian products and describes functions as special relations with unique images. Additionally, it covers algebraic operations on functions and provides examples in set builder and roster forms.

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kanishk632009
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3 views17 pages

Relations and Functions

The document explains the concepts of relations and functions, including Cartesian products, cardinality, and definitions of domain, codomain, and range. It illustrates how relations are subsets of Cartesian products and describes functions as special relations with unique images. Additionally, it covers algebraic operations on functions and provides examples in set builder and roster forms.

Uploaded by

kanishk632009
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RELATIONS AND

FUNCTIONS
BY KANISHKA.P
Cartesian product:

 For example, let's say we have set A = {1, 2} and set B = {3, 4}. The
Cartesian product

A × B = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4)}


Cardinality of Cartesian Product

 The сardinality of a cartesian product of two sets A and B is equal to the


product of the cardinalities of these two sets.
If n(A) = p and n(B) = q, then n(A × B) = pq.
Example:
Consider two sets C and D, where C = {2, 3} and n(C) = 2, D = {5, 4, 7}
and n(D) = 3.
So, n(C × D) = n(C) × n(D) = 2 × 3 = 6
What is Relations?

 Relation is a subset of Cartesian product


Example 1 : For two sets X = {a, b, c} and Y = {apple, ball, cat}, the cartesian
product have 9 ordered pairs such that:
X × Y = {(a, apple), (a, ball), (a, cat), (b, apple), (b, ball), (b, cat), (c, apple), (c,
ball), (c, cat)}

Let us obtain a subset of X x Y by introducing a relation R, between the elements


of X and Y as;
R = {(a,b) : a is the first letter of word b, a ∊ X, b ∊ Y}
Therefore, the relation between X and Y can be represented as; R = {(a, apple),
(b, ball),(c, cat)}
Definition of Relation

 Relations is a subset of A × B by introducing a relation R between the


first element x and the second element y of each ordered pair (x, y).
Definitions

 Image: The second element is called the image of the first element.
 Domain: The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in a
relation R from a set A to a set B is called the domain of the relation R
 Codomain: The whole set B is called the codomain of the relation R.
Note : range ⊂ codomain
 Range: The set of all second elements in a relation R
from a set A to a set B is called the range of the relation R.
Total Number of Relations :

 If n(A) = m, n(B) = n, then n(A × B) = mn and the total number of


possible relations from set A to set B = 2^mn

 Example: If n(A) = 3, n(B) = 2, then n(A × B) = 6 Therefore, total


number of possible relations from set A to set B = 2^6 = 64
Set builder form

 Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Define a relation R from A to A by


R = {(x, y) : y = x + 1 }
Roster form

 Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Define a relation R from A to A by


R = {(x, y) : y = x + 1 }
R = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5), (5,6)}.
Arrow Diagram

 Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Define a relation R from A to A by


R = {(x, y) : y = x + 1 }
R = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5), (5,6)}.
Functions

 A function f from a set A to a set B is a special relation in which, every


element of set A has one and only one image in set B
 Image/ Preimage: If, f(1) = a, then ‘a’ is called the image of ‘1’ under f
and ‘1’ is called the preimage of ‘a’ under f
Note:

 The function f from A to B is denoted by f : A → B


Domain Codomain & Range of a
Functions

 Let f : A → B
● Domain: A is known to be as the domain of f .
● Co-domain: B is known to be as the co-domain of f .
● Range: The set of all images of the elements of A is the range of f .

f (A) = {f(x) : x ∈ A) = Range of f

Note: f (A) ⊆ B
Algebra of Functions

 ● Addition of function: (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)


 ● Subtraction of functions: (f – g)(x) = f(x) – g(x)
 ● Multiplication of functions: (f • g)(x) = f(x) •g(x)
 ● Division of functions:
THANK YOU

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