Vertical Transport System

in High rise Building

(Elevators)
Introduction
Vertical circulation is the means by which building occupants access specific areas of a building.
Elements of Vertical circulation
• Ramp.
• Stair.
• Elevator.
• Escalator.
Core:
• The core of a multi-storey building that integrates functions and service needs for established occupants.
• Such areas are normally composed of toilet facilities, elevator banks, janitors’ closet, utilities, mechanical facilities, smoke shafts
and stair.
• Core also known as facade envelope is a spatial element for load-bearing high-rise building system

Types of core:
Central core Split core End core Atrium core

Structure of Core:
• If the building structure been R.C.C, the core structure should be shear wall. In this case core structure may not be steel structure.
• If the building structure been steel , the core structure should be steel structure. In this case core structure may be R.C.C
structure.
Types of Elevators
Elevator
An elevator is a hoisting and lowering mechanism equipped with a car or platform that moves along guides in a shaft, or
hoist way, in a substantially vertical direction and that transports passengers or goods, or both, between two or more
floors of a building.
• Considered as a requirement in all building over three storeys
• One lift for every four storeys with a maximum distance of 45m to the lift lobby
• Floor space estimates and car capacity can be based on an area of 0.2𝑚2 per person
Passenger elevators Express elevators
Designed to carry people between building floors. They do not service all floors, but instead only selected parts of the
Their capacity is determined by the need of the building. Most notably they move passengers from the building lobby
specific building and it can vary between 5 and 25 to the top floor/sky lobby.
peoples. For express elevators, which make no intermediate stops, intervals of
30 to 35s may be considered acceptable. Car speeds used vary with
Urban transport elevators height of building:

They move passengers between several altitude

04 to 10 stories, 200 to 500 ft. / min;
potions, not inside a building but rather in open urban
10 to 15 stories, up to 700 ft. /min;
space. For example from bottom to the top of the hill.
15 to 20 stories, up to 800 ft. /min;
20 to 50 stories, up to 1200 ft. /min; and
over 50 stories, up to 2500 ft. /min.
Freight elevators
Indented for transport of goods. Their carrying load Practically speaking, 200-ft/min elevators are generally not
can vary between 2000 to 4500 kilograms. Most often economically advantageous and have been replaced by 350-ft/min
their source of power are electric engines. elevators for most passenger applications.
Elevators and its Classifications

Types of Elevator:
Types of Elevators

Hoist Building Building

Special Uses
Mechanism Height Types

• Hydraulic Passenger • Low-Rise buildings (1- 3 • Hospital elevators. • Dumbwaiter

• Traction/pulley passenger • Residential elevators. • Paternoster
stories)
• Gearless Traction Elevator • Mid-Rise buildings (4 -11 • Industrial elevators. • Scissor lift

• Commercial elevators. • Rack-and-pinion elevator

stories)
• High-Rise buildings (12 + • Parking buildings • Capsule Passenger Lifts

stories) elevators
Elevators and its Classifications – Hoist Mechanism

Hydraulic Passenger Elevator

• Hydraulic elevators are elevators which are powered by a piston that travels inside a
cylinder.
• An electric motor pumps hydraulic oil into the cylinder to move the piston.
• The piston smoothly lifts the elevator cab.
Advantages:
• The absence of overhead machine room,
• Pent house, traction equipment
• Elevator Load is carried by the ground not
• By the structure
• Hoist way is smaller due to absence of counter
• Weight and its guide rail.
• Essentially there is no lifting limit.

Disadvantages:
• Operating is expensive is higher due to absence of counter
weight
• This are limited to low rise (maximum 60ft)
• Speed is low, ride quality is inferior
• Can not be used in High-rise Building
 Elevators and its Classifications – Hoist Mechanism
Traction/pulley passenger Elevator
Traction lifts are the oldest and most versatile type of lift. They basically consist of a lift car and a counterweight attached to
separate ends of a cable which travel over a large pulley wheel called a Sheave at the top of the lift shaft.
Advantages
• Much higher travel speed
• Applicable on low rise, mid rise and high
rise
• Strictly mechanical
There are two types of traction lift
Gearless Traction Lift Geared Traction Lift
• Gearless technology makes the • The electric motor in this
tallest buildings in the world design drives a gear-type
possible reduction unit
• These elevators typically operate • These elevators typically
at speeds greater than 2.54 operate at speeds from 1.7
meters per second to 2.5 meters per second
• Hoisting ropes are attached to the • Carry loads of up to 30,000
top of the elevator pounds (13,600 kgs.)
• Gearless traction elevators have • An electrically controlled
the wheel attached directly to the brake between the motor
motor. and the reduction unit
• Gearless traction elevators are stops the elevator
capable of speeds up to 2,000 Feet • The maximum travel
per minute distance for a geared
• They have a maximum travel traction elevator is around
distance of around 2,000 feet so 250 feet.
They are the only choice for high-
Elevators and its Classifications – Special Uses
Dumbwaiter
Dumbwaiters are small freight elevators that are intended to carry food, books or other
small freight loads rather than passengers.
They often connect kitchens to rooms on other floors.
They usually do not have the same safety features found in passenger elevators, like
various ropes for redundancy.
They have a lower capacity, and they can be up to 1 meter (3 ft.) tall.
Control panels at every stop mimic those found in passenger elevators, allowing calling,
door control and floor selection.

Paternoster
• A special type of elevator is the paternoster, a constantly moving chain of
boxes.
• A similar concept, called the man lift or human lift, moves only a small
platform, which the rider mounts while using a handhold seen in multi-storey
industrial plants.
Elevators and its Classifications – Special Uses

Scissor lift
The scissor lift is yet another type of lift. These are usually mobile work platforms that can be
easily moved to where they are needed, but can also be installed where space for counter-
weights, machine room and so forth is limited. The mechanism that makes them go up and
down is like that of a scissor jack.

Rack-and-pinion elevator
Rack-and-pinion elevator are powered by a motor driving a pinion gear. Because they can be
installed on a building or structure's exterior and there is no machine room or hoist way
required, they are the most used type of elevator for buildings under construction (to move
materials and tools up and down)
Elevators and its Classifications – Special Uses
Capsule Passenger Lifts :
• Glass capsule elevators is artistically designed to be used in offices, shopping
malls, multiplexes and other prestigious buildings.
• Capsule elevators give an upscale, attractive feel to offices, shopping malls,
multiplexes and other prestigious buildings.
• They are offered in different sizes, specifications, shapes and capacity according
to the requirements of users.
Vertical Transportation - Technical Terms
Elevator hoistway Machine Rooms
A hoist way is a shaft in which an elevator travels. If the driving machine is located
at the top of the hoist way,
Hoistway Enclosure
other machinery and equipment
The enclosure should have a 2-h fire rating, and hoist way
for building operation may also
doors and other opening protective assemblies should have a
be installed in the machine
2.5-h rating.
room but must be separated
from the elevator equipment by
a substantial metal grille at
least 6 ft. high.

Venting of Hoistway
• In significant high-rise-building Hoist way Doors
fires, the elevator hoist ways Each opening in a hoist way
have served as a flue for smoke enclosure for access to
and hot gases generated by elevator cars should be
fire. protected with a 11⁄2-h fire-
rated door for the full width
• The prevailing thought has and height of the opening.
been that hoist way venting
means could minimize the
spread of smoke and hot gases
throughout the building.
Vertical Transportation - Technical
Terms
Guide Rails
• The paths of elevator cars and of counterweights, if used, are controlled by vertical guide rails installed in the hoist way.

Buffers and Bumpers

• Energy-absorbing devices are required at the bottom of a hoist way to absorb the impact from a car that descends below its
normal limit of travel

Elevator cars
• A car consists basically of a platform for transporting passengers and goods. The platform is raised or lowered by wire ropes
or a hydraulic piston or plunger.

Door Controls
• Car doors may be horizontally or vertically sliding
• They usually are power operated
• For safety, they should be equipped with devices that prevent them from opening while the car is moving or is outside the
landing zones, the space 18 in above and below a landing.
• The doors should be kept open for at least 20 s after reopening.

Car Equipment
• The interior of the car should be ventilated and illuminated with at least two electric lamps.
• In addition, an emergency electric-lighting power source should be installed, to operate immediately after failure of the
normal power source.
• Emergency stop switch should be installed about 35 in above the platform. The height of the highest push button or of a
telephone should not exceed 48 inches. A handrail should be provided about 32 inches above the floor along the rear car
wall.
• An emergency exit should be provided in the roof of each car.
Vertical Transportation - Technical Terms
Car Levelling at Landings
• Elevator installations should incorporate equipment capable of stopping elevator cars level with landings within a tolerance of 1⁄2
inches under normal loading and unloading conditions.
• Most elevators employ automatic levelling.

Terminal Stopping Devices

• Emergency terminal speed-limiting device
• Normal terminal stopping device
• Final terminal stopping device

Counterweights
• The weight of the counterweight usually is made equal to the weight of the unloaded car and the ropes plus about 40% of the
rated load capacity of the car.

Roping for Elevators

• All these ropes should be at least 1⁄2 inches in diameter.
• The 1:1 single-wrap roping often is used for high-speed passenger elevators.
• The arrangement, called 2:1 roping, is suitable for heavily loaded, slow freight elevators.
Vertical Transportation – Sky Lobby Zone
Sky Lobby Zone
A sky lobby is an intermediate interchange floor where people can
change from an express elevator that stops only at the sky lobby
to a local elevator which stops at every floor within a segment of
the building.
• For building > 40 levels.
• A group lift with high speed moving lift without interruption from
the floor to the sky lobby.
• The elevator will move with normal
• velocity at the next level.
Arrangement pattern & spatial effect of Vertical
circulation
TWO-CAR GROUPING

•Side-by-side arrangement is best

•Passenger face both cars can react immediately
•Avoid separation of elevators
•Excessive separation destroy advantages of group operation

THREE-CAR GROUPING

•3 cars in a row is Preferable

•2 cars opposite 1 is acceptable
•Problem: location of elevator call button
Vertical Transportation system in Highrise
Building
Four-car grouping
• Commonly in large, busier buildings
• 2-opposite-2 arrangement is the most efficient six-car
grouping
• Found in large office buildings, public buildings &
hospitals
• Provide quantity & quality
• 3-opposite-3 position is PREFERRED
• Dimension of the LOBBY must not be less than 3m or
3.6m if function as a passage way
Six-Car Grouping
• Found in large office buildings, public buildings &
hospitals
• Provide quantity & quality
• 3-opposite-3 position is preferred
• Dimension of the LOBBY must not be less than 3m or
3.6m if function as a passageway

Eight-car grouping
• the largest PRACTICAL group
• 4-opposite-4 arrangement
Vertical Transportation system in Highrise
Building
Express Elevator
• fastest elevator
• interval stoppage: specific floor
• interval time: 33 ft./s(World Trade Centre)
54 ft./s (Taipei 101)

Local Elevator
• normal speedy elevator
• interval stoppage: each floor
• interval time: up to 10 ft/s

Central Core
• Elevator position preferable in centre & Horizontal circulation is
easier
Vertical Transportation system in Highrise
Building
Split Core
• Individual elevator layout position according to using
purpose
• Horizontal circulation is not easier

End Core
• Horizontal circulation is not easier

Atrium Core
 Vertical Transport
System in High rise
Building
Introducti
on
ESCALATORS
• Escalators, or powered stairs, are used when it is necessary to move large numbers of people from floor to floor.
• They provide continuous movement of persons and can thus remedy traffic conditions that are not readily addressed
by elevators.
• Escalators should be viewed as preferred transportation systems whenever heavy traffic volumes are expected
between relatively few floors.
• Escalators are used to connect airport terminals, parking.

Dimensions for Escalators

• Minimum depth of tread in direction of travel --153⁄4 in
• Maximum rise between treads—81⁄2 in
• Minimum width of tread—24 in
• Maximum width of tread—40 in
• Maximum clearance between tread and adjacent skirt panel—3⁄8 in

Escalator Speeds and Capacities

Escalators typically operate at 90 or 120 ft. /min, as needed for peak traffic.

Structural Considerations in Escalator Installation

• Floor-to-floor height should be taken into account in
determining loads on supporting members.
• Generally for floor-to-floor heights of less than 20 ft, the
escalator truss need be supported only at top and bottom.
• Increased vertical rise can create the need for intermediate
support points.
• A structural frame should be installed around the escalator well
to carry the floor and well way railing.
Principle Parts of Escalators
Escalators Arrangement
Escalators Arrangement – Crisscross
Escalators Arrangement - Parallel