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Common Diseases of Vegetables

The document outlines common diseases affecting various vegetable hosts, including damping off, bacterial wilt, downy mildew, fusarium wilt, powdery mildew, bacterial spot, cercospora leaf mold, tomato yellow leaf curl virus, and phomopsis fruit rot. Each disease is described with its signs, symptoms, and management strategies, emphasizing the importance of soil treatment, crop rotation, and the use of resistant varieties. Effective management practices are crucial for reducing losses and controlling the spread of these diseases.

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22 views41 pages

Common Diseases of Vegetables

The document outlines common diseases affecting various vegetable hosts, including damping off, bacterial wilt, downy mildew, fusarium wilt, powdery mildew, bacterial spot, cercospora leaf mold, tomato yellow leaf curl virus, and phomopsis fruit rot. Each disease is described with its signs, symptoms, and management strategies, emphasizing the importance of soil treatment, crop rotation, and the use of resistant varieties. Effective management practices are crucial for reducing losses and controlling the spread of these diseases.

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fe delgado
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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COM M ON D I S E A S E S

OF VEGE T A B L E S
DAMPING OFF
HOST
Crucifers
Solanaceous
Legumes
Cucurbits
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Damping-off is essentially a seedling disease.
Infected plant shows soft girdled, rotted stem near
the soil line causing young seedlings to topple down.
Symptoms are brown, water-soaked areas around the
lesion that shrivel and pinch the seedling off the base.
The dry rot is usually limited to the outer part of the
stem and infected plant may fall down or may remain
more or less upright. Infected plants remain under
developed and usually die.
MANAGEMENT
The fungi that cause these seedling
diseases are soil inhabitants. To reduce
plant losses, sterilize soil for growing
seedlings; use healthy seeds dressed
with fungicide; locate nursery beds on
well-drained sites; and keep beds well
ventilated
BACTERIAL WILT
HOST

Solanaceous
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Sudden wilting of leaves and death of the entire plant
unaccompanied by any yellowing or spotting of leaves.
Brownish discoloration appears in vascular tissues of
the basal part of the stem. Also, roots are formed on
the stem. If the stem is cut, milky white exudes ooze
out from the vascular system after suspended in
water. In later stage of the disease, decay of the pith
causes extensive hollowing of the stem.
MANAGEMENT
Since the bacterium is soil-borne, soil treatment is effective in
controlling this disease. Hot water treatment of seeds at 50°C for 25
minutes effectively reduces the bacteria that stick to the seeds.
Rotation of non solanaceous crops; growing of seedlings in bacterial
wilt-free beds; and planting of tomatoes away from the land previously
infected with bacterium to prevent infection from drainage water are
important in the management of bacterial wilt disease.
Use of compost may reduce bacterial wilt. High organic matter in the
soil improves conditions for microorganisms including antagonistic
organisms that may work against rhizoctonia bacteria.
DOWNEY MILDEW
HOST

SOLANACEOUS
CUCURBITS
CRUCIFERS
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
The disease appears as yellow spots on
the surface of the leaves with a purplish
downy growth on the lower surface. These
yellow spots may soon turn reddish-brown
and eventually kill the leaves. When
infected, plants do not die, the fruits may
not mature, and the flavor is poor.
MANAGEMENT
Major control measures include the use of resistant varieties and
crop rotation. Wider spacing between plants and planting sites with
good drainage and ventilation also helps check disease development
by promoting good aeration and rapid drying of plant surfaces.
Use of clean seeds or hot water treatment will lessen the disease
development. Practice sanitation and destruction of plant debris will
likewise help to eliminate the disease. When seedlings show
symptoms of downy mildew, try applying some extra nitrogen.
Seedlings tend to outgrow the disease if they are top-dressed with
nitrogenous fertilizer.
FUSARIUM WILT
HOST

SOLANACEOUS
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
The fungi may infect the plant at any age. Initial
symptoms are yellowing of the leaves near the base of the
plant followed by wilting. One or more branches may be
affected while others remain symptomless.
As the disease progresses, yellowing develops on the
upper leaves. Affected leaves may sometimes dry up
before wilting is detected. The vascular system of the
affected stem and petioles becomes brown and can be
detected by cutting them diagonally.
MANAGEMENT
Seeds from healthy plants and treating the seeds with
hot water will help reduce the incidence of this disease.
Precautions must be taken to reduce the spread of
infested soil on implements and workers during
movement among greenhouses and fields.
Rotation might help limit the development of new races
of this persistent soil-borne pathogen. Do not apply
excessive fertilizer and use disease-resistant varieties.
POWDERY MILDEW
HOST

LEGUMES
PARSLEY
SOLANACEOUS
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Initial symptoms are small, white powdery spots that
first appear on the upper surface of the leaflets and
soon become evident on both surfaces.
Affected tissues turn yellow. In serious cases, the
mildew covers the entire leaf until it shrivels and dies.
The disease progresses from the older to younger
leaves. The pathogen also affects stem, petioles, and
floral parts.
MANAGEMENT
Treat seeds with hot water before
sowing.
The use of sprinkler irrigation and
fungicidal spray can help in reducing
the development of the disease.
BACTERIAL SPOT
HOST

CRUCIFERS
CUCURBITS
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Leaf lesions begin as water-soak, and circular to irregularly-
shaped spots that become necrotic with brown centers and
chlorotic borders.
More numerous on young than old leaves, lesions are slightly
sunken on the upper leaf surface and slightly raised on the lower
surface. Lesions sometimes coalesce and severely infected leaves
turn yellow and drop.
Fruit symptoms start as water-soaked brown dots and then
become raised, wart-like in appearance surrounded by a lighter
halo. Narrow, elongated lesions or streaks may develop on stems.
MANAGEMENT
The bacterium can be seed-borne and persist in
crop debris and weeds. Warm temperatures,
sprinkle irrigation, or heavy rains enhance the
severity of the disease. Seed cleaning along with
crop rotation helps in the prevention of disease
outbreaks, while copper compound sprays
reduce the rate of disease development.
CERCOSPORA LEAF MOLD
HOST

CUCURBITS
LEGUMES
CRUCIFERS
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Brown effuse patches under the leaf. The corresponding
upper surfaces turn yellow and later brown.
In advanced infection, the patches coalesce and become
necrotic. Foliage of severely infected plants dries up and dies.
Symptoms may also occur on petioles and young succulent
stem but have not been reported on fruit.
The disease progresses from older to younger leaves.
MANAGEMENT

The pathogen survives in diseased plants


parts where it produces spores at the beginning
of the growing season. The application of
fungicides and planting resistant varieties can
reduce disease losses.
TOMATO YELLOW LEAF CURL VIRUS
Transmitted by White
Fly
HOST

TOMATO
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Yellowing and curling of the leaves and
stunting. Some varieties show severe cupping
and curling of leaves, while some exhibit rosette
type of symptoms.
Flowers are often aborted and wilted. Plants
may be excessively branched and those that
survive set very little fruits.
MANAGEMENT
Control insect vector by using systemic
insecticides like dimethoate, fenitrothion, and
fenthion.
Remove weeds; use barrier crops like maize two
months before transplanting seedlings; avoid
planting solanaceous and malvaceous plants near
tomatoes, roughing; and use of resistant varieties.
Transmitted by Aphis
gossypi and Myzus NAMAMARAKO
persicae
HOST

CUCURBITS
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Typical symptoms include wrinkling of leaves
followed by thickening of leaves, which become shiny
or ‘plastic’ in appearance. Later, older leaves most
often have yellow patches and the number of female
flowers is severely reduced. In severe infection, plants
could be stunted and sometimes, even male flowers
are hardly produced.
MANAGEMENT

 Sanitation or removing of weeds that serve as


alternate host of the vector of the virus disease is one
of the preventive measures for this disease.
Control of the insect vector is necessary to limit the
transfer of the disease. Proper fertilizer management
is also necessary to produce vigorous plants.
PHOMOPSIS FRUIT ROT
HOST

EGGPLANT
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Phomopsis is a fungal disease that is soil-borne.
It spreads with water splashing from soil to plants
or from plant to plant with irrigation and rain.
The affected areas on fruits are dark brown.
They grow rapidly and are circular in pattern. The
infected fruits turn brown and rot in a few days.
MANAGEMENT
 The most effective method or control is
to collect infected fruits and bury them.
Keep field clean from rotting fruits, dead
leaves and branches, and weeds.
Keep fruits from touching the soil.
Provide proper aeration in the area.

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