Aircraft Propulsion

System

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 Team Mentor
• Members
Kanishka Shukla (XI) • Rajat
• Param Singh Bhatia Ahuja
(IX)
• Mihir Soni (IX)
2
 Introduction
An aircraft engine, or aero engine, powers aircraft
propulsion, playing a critical role in aviation
advancement. Modern engines, like high-bypass
turbofans, improve fuel efficiency and reduce noise.
Emerging hybrid-electric and electric propulsion
systems aim to minimize emissions, promoting greener
aviation. Innovations in materials, such as composites
and alloys, enhance performance, durability, and
efficiency, addressing both performance 3
and
environmental concerns.
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 Evolution
1816 1890s 1900s 1939 1944

Sterling Steam Reciprocati Turbo Jet Pulse Jet

Engine Engine ng Engines
( theoritical ) Turboprop
1945
Engine

1962 1957 1951 1950s 1949

Turbo-Ramjet Wankel Turboshaft Nuclear Ramjet

Engine Engine Engine Engine Engine
Turbofan (Experiment
1963
Engine al)

1977 1986 2004 2010

Human- Propfan Scramjet Electric-

Powered Engine Engine Powered
Engine Engine
 Stirling
Engine
External heat cyclically expand and
compress gas, driving a piston for
motion.

• Extremely efficient
• Versatile
• Very quite

• Limited output
• Complex design
• Too expensive
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 Steam
Engine
External heat boils water,
generating steam to drive
pistons or turbines.

• Efficient fuel
• High power
• Reliable operation.

• Low response
• High maintenance
• Bulky design
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 In-line
Engine
Cylinders are arranged in a single
row, providing a compact design.

• Compact design
• Smooth
operation
• Efficient cooling

• Limited power
• Heavier
crankcase
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• Vibration issues
 Rotary
Cylinders rotate aroundEngine
a fixed
crankshaft, common in early aircraft.

• Compact design
• High power-to-weight
ratio
• Smooth operation
• High fuel
consumption
• Seal wear issues
• Emission challenges 9
 V -Type
Engine
A V-type engine has cylinders
arranged in two angled banks,
sharing a common crankshaft

• Compact and Space-

Efficient
• High Power Delivery
• Balanced
• Very Expense
• Maintenance
• Fuel Consumption
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 Radial Engine
Cylinders are arranged in circular pattern
around the crankshaft, offering excellent
cooling.

• Good cooling
• Reliable operation
• Compact design

• High drag
• Complex maintenance
• Weight issues.
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 Opposed
Opposed engines have Engine
paired cylinders on
opposite sides, balancing forces for smooth
operation
• Compact Design
• Smooth Operation
• Quite Reliable

• Complex
Construction
• Very Costly
• Cooling Challenges 12
 Turbojet
Engine
Turbojet engines use axial compressors, turbines, and optional
afterburners for supersonic thrust.

• Thrust
• Simplicity

• Inefficient
• Noisy

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 Pulse
A pulse jet generates thrust Jet
by intermittent combustion,
expelling exhaust gases in rapid pulses.

• Lightweig
ht
• Cheap
• Reliable
• Noisy
• Inefficient
• Vibrations
• Low-
thrust
• Unstable 14
 Continuous Combustion
Engine
A continuous combustion engine burns fuel-air steadily,
producing constant exhaust flow for continuous thrust.

• Fuel-efficient
• Climb performance
• Versatile

• Speed
• Noise

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 Turbo-shaft engine
A turboshaft engine uses a gas turbine to drive a
shaft connected to a rotor or gearbox, delivering
mechanical power for helicopters or industrial
applications.
• Efficient
• Versatil
e

• Noise
• Speed limitations

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 Nuclear engine
A nuclear engine uses heat from nuclear fission
through a propellant and generate thrust.

• High
efficiency
• Long-range
• Low
emissions
• Radiation risk
• Complex design
• Limited
infrastructure 17
Intermittent Combustion Engine
The Wankel engine uses a triangular
rotor in an oval chamber, providing
smooth but inefficient operation.

• Compact design
• Smooth operation
• Fewer moving
parts

• Poor fuel efficiency

• Limited durability
• Sealing issues
• Complex 18
maintenance
 Turbo-Rocket
A turbo rocket combines turbojet and rocket engines,
enabling atmospheric flight and high-altitude
operations.

• Powerful
• Compact
• Versatile

• Inefficient
• Complex
• Costly
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 Turbo-
Ramjet
A turbo-ramjet engine combines a turbojet and
ramjet for efficient operation across different speed
ranges.

• Versatile
• Efficient
• Powerful

• Complex
• Expensive
• Heat-
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sensitive
 Turbofan
Characteristics
Turbofan engines combine turbojet
functionality with a fan, enhancing thrust,
efficiency, and reducing noise.

• Fuel efficiency
• Reduced noise
• High thrust

• Expensive maintenance
• Slower speeds
• Large size
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 Human - Powered
Engine
Human-powered machines rely on
physical effort like pedaling or rowing
to generate mechanical energy for
movement.
• Environmentally friendly
• Low cost
• Simple design

• Low power
• Slow
• Short
endurance 22
 Prop fan
engine
Prop-fan combines turbofan speed with
turboprop efficiency, but generates higher
noise and remains experimental.

• Aerodynamic
• Efficient
• Thrust

• Speed
• Complexity
• Maintenanc
e
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 Advanced Ducted
An Advanced Ducted Engine improves
performance, efficiency, and reduces noise.

• Efficient
• Powerful
• Quiet

• Complex
• Costly
• Fragile

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 Scram
A scramjet uses supersonic Jet
airflow and
oxygen for hypersonic aerospace travel.

• Efficient at hypersonic speeds

• Lightweight
• Compact

• Unstable at low speeds

• Expensive
• Complex design

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 Electric-Powered Engines
It converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy to drive
propellers or fans.

• Emissions-free
• Efficient
• Quiet

• Limited storage
• Short range
• Charging dependency

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 General
Otto or Diesel Cycle

Linear, compact
Wankel Cycle
Analysis
Compact, rotating
Otto or Diesel Cycle

Circular arrangement
Otto or Diesel Cycle

V-shaped (typically 60°

Otto or Diesel Cycle

Flat, horizontally
assembly or 90°) opposed

Gasoline,
Gasoline, Avgas, Diesel Gasoline, Avgas Gasoline, Avgas, Diesel Gasoline, Avgas, Diesel
Avgas, Diesel

Smooth Pulsating Smooth Smooth Smooth

Limited (up to 200 Very Good (up to 400

Good Good Good
knots) knots)

Good Moderate Good Good Good

Low High Moderate Low Low

Good Moderate Good Good Good

Moderate Higher Moderate Moderate Moderate

 Predominant
Analysis
Moderate to High Moderate Moderate Moderate to High Moderate to High

600 - 1,200 miles 400 - 800 miles 600 - 1,000 miles 600 - 1,200 miles 600 - 1,200 miles

Up to 300 knots Up to 200 knots Up to 300 knots Up to 400 knots Up to 250 knots

Moderate (80-90
Moderate (75-85 dB) High (90-100 dB) Moderate (75-85 dB) Moderate (75-85 dB)
dB)
Moderate (100-200 Moderate (100-200 Moderate (100-200 Moderate (100-200
High (50-100 hours)
hours) hours) hours) hours)

High (85-95%) Moderate (70-80%) High (80-90%) High (85-95%) High (85-95%)

0.4 - 0.6 0.8 - 1.2 0.6 - 1.0 0.5 - 0.8 0.5 - 0.7

0.3 - 0.45 lb/hp/hr 0.5 - 0.7 lb/hp/hr 0.4 - 0.6 lb/hp/hr 0.35 - 0.55 lb/hp/hr 0.35 - 0.5 lb/hp/hr

Moderateto High Moderate Moderate Moderate to High Moderate

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(30 - 40%) (20-30%) (30-40%) (30-50%) (30-40%)
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Classificatio
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Characteristi
cs

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