QUADRATIC Quadratic

POLYNOMIAL Equation
• When we equate a quadratic
• A polynomial of the polynomial to a constant,
form ax2+bx+c, where we get a quadratic equation.
a, b and c are real • Any equation of the form
numbers and a≠0 is p(x) = k, where p(x) is a
called a quadratic polynomial of degree 2, and
c is a constant, is a
polynomial.
quadratic equation.
The Standard Form of a
Quadratic Equation
• The standard form of a quadratic equation is
ax2+bx+c=0, where a,b and c are real numbers
and a≠0.
‘a’ is the coefficient of x2. It is called the
quadratic coefficient. ‘b’ is the coefficient of x. It
is called the linear coefficient. ‘c’ is the constant
term.
 Solving Quadratic
Equations by
GRAPHICALY
• Roots of a Quadratic Equation
• The values of x for which a quadratic equation is satisfied are called the
roots of the quadratic equation.
• If α is a root of the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0, then aα2+bα+c=0.
• A quadratic equation can have two distinct real roots, two equal roots or
real roots may not exist.
• Graphically, the roots of a quadratic equation are the points where the
graph of the quadratic polynomial cuts the x-axis.
• Consider the graph of a quadratic equation x2−4=0
Graph of a Quadratic EquationIn the above
figure, -2 and 2 are the roots of the
quadratic equation x2−4=0
Note:
•If the graph of the quadratic polynomial
cuts the x-axis at two distinct points, then
it has real and distinct roots.
•If the graph of the quadratic polynomial
touches the x-axis, then it has real and
equal roots.
•If the graph of the quadratic polynomial
does not cut or touch the x-axis then it
does not have any real roots.
Solving a Quadratic Equation by
•
Factorization Method
Consider a quadratic equation 2x2−5x+3=0
• ⇒2x2−2x−3x+3=0
• This step is splitting the middle term.
• We split the middle term by finding two numbers (-2 and -3) such that their sum is equal to the coefficient
of x and their product is equal to the product of the coefficient of x2, and the constant.
(-2) + (-3) = (-5)
And (-2) × (-3) = 6
2x2−2x−3x+3=0
2x(x−1)−3(x−1)=0
(x−1)(2x−3)=0
• In this step, we have expressed the quadratic polynomial as a product of its factors.Thus, x = 1 and x =3/2
are the roots of the given quadratic equation.This method of solving a quadratic equation is called the
factorisation method.
 Solving a Quadratic Equation by Completion of
Squares Method
• In the method of completing the squares, the quadratic equation is expressed in the
form (x±k)2=p2.
Consider the quadratic equation 2x 2−8x=10
(i) Express the quadratic equation in standard form.
2x2−8x−10=0
(ii) Divide the equation by the coefficient of x 2 to make the coefficient of x2 equal to 1.
x2−4x−5=0
(iii) Add the square of half of the coefficient of x to both sides of the equation to get an
expression of the form
x2±2kx+k2.
(x2−4x+4)−5=0+4
(iv) Isolate the above expression, (x±k) 2 on the LHS to obtain an equation of the form
(x±k)2=p2
(x−2)2=9
(v) Take the positive and negative square roots.
x−2=±3
 Solving Quadratic Equation Using Quadratic Formula
• Quadratic Formula is used to directly obtain the roots of a quadratic equation from the standard form o
• For the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0,
x= [-b± √(b2-4ac)]/2a
• By substituting the values of a,b and c, we can directly get the roots of the equation.
• Example: If x2 – 5x + 6 = 0 is the quadratic equation, find the roots.
Solution: Given, x2 – 5x + 6 = 0 is the quadratic equation.
On comparing with the standard quadratic equation, we have;
ax2 + bx + c = 0
a = 1, b = -5 and c = 6
Since,
• b2 – 4ac = (-5)2 – 4 × 1 × 6 = 25 – 24 = 1 > 0 Hence, the roots are real.
Using quadratic formula,
x = [-b ± √(b2 – 4ac)]/ 2a
= [-(-5) ± √1]/ 2(1)
= [5 ± 1]/ 2
i.e. x = (5 + 1)/2 and x = (5 – 1)/2
x = 6/2, x = 4/2
x = 3, 2
 Discriminant
• For a quadratic equation of the form ax2+bx+c=0,
the expression b2−4ac is called the discriminant
(denoted by D) of the quadratic equation.
• The discriminant determines the nature of the
roots of the quadratic equation based on the
coefficients of the quadratic equation.
Nature of Roots
• Based on the value of the discriminant, D=b2−4ac, the
roots of a quadratic equation, ax2 + bx + c = 0, can be
of three types.
• Case 1: If D>0, the equation has two distinct real
roots.
• Case 2: If D=0, the equation has two equal real roots.
• Case 3: If D<0, the equation has no real roots.
 Solving using Quadratic
Formula when D>0
• Solve 2x2−7x+3=0 using the quadratic formula.
(i) Identify the coefficients of the quadratic equation. a = 2,b = -7,c = 3
(ii) Calculate the discriminant, b2−4ac
D=(−7)2−4×2×3= 49-24 = 25
D> 0, therefore, the roots are distinct.
(iii) Substitute the coefficients in the quadratic formula to find the roots
x= [-(-7)± √((-7)2-4(2)(3))]/2(2)
x=(7 ±5)/4
x=3 and x= 1/2 are the roots.
 Solving Quadratic Equation
when D =0
• Let us take an example of quadratic equation 3x2 – 2x + 1/3 = 0.
• Here, a = 3, b = -2 and c = 1/3
• Determinant, D = b2 – 4ac = (-2)2 – 4 (3)(1/3)
=4–4
=0
• Thus, the given equation has equal roots.
• Hence the roots are -b/2a and -b/2a, i.e., 1/3 and 1/3.
 Solving Quadratic Equation when D < 0

• Suppose the quadratic equation is 4x 2 + 3x + 5 = 0

• Comparing with the standard form of quadratic equation, ax 2 + bx + c = 0,
a = 4, b = 3, c = 5
• By the formula of determinant, we know;
• Determinant (D) = b2 – 4ac
= (3)2 – 4(4)(5)
= 9 – 80
= -71 < 0
So, D < 0 and hence the roots are complex (not real). Using quadratic formula, x = [-b ± √(b 2 – 4ac)]/ 2a
= [-3 ± √(-71)]/ 2(4)
= [-3 ± √(i2 71)]/ 8
= (-3 ± i√71)/8
• Thus, the non-real roots of the equation are x = (-3 + i√71)/8 and x (-3 – i√71)/8.
• Graphical
Representation of a
Quadratic Equation
• The graph of a quadratic
polynomial is a parabola. The
roots of a quadratic equation are
the points where the parabola
cuts the x-axis i.e. the points
where the value of the quadratic
polynomial is zero.
• Now, the graph of x2+5x+6=0 is:
• In the above figure, -2 and -3 are
the roots of the quadratic equation
x2+5x+6=0.
• For a quadratic polynomial
ax2+bx+c,
• If a>0, the parabola opens
upwards.
If a<0, the parabola opens
downwards. If a = 0, the
polynomial will become a first-
degree polynomial and its graph is
linear. The discriminant, D=b2−4ac
• Nature of graph for different values of D.If D>0, the
parabola cuts the x-axis at exactly two distinct points. The
roots are distinct. This case is shown in the above figure in
a, where the quadratic polynomial cuts the x-axis at two
distinct points.

• If D=0, the parabola just touches the x-axis at one point

and the rest of the parabola lies above or below the x-axis.
In this case, the roots are equal.
This case is shown in the above figure in b, where the
quadratic polynomial touches the x-axis at only one
point.

• If D<0, the parabola lies entirely above or below the x-axis

and there is no point of contact with the x-axis. In this
case, there are no real roots.
Formation of a quadratic equation from its
roots
• To find out the standard form of a quadratic equation when the roots are given:
• Let α and β be the roots of the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0. Then,
(x−α)(x−β)=0
• On expanding, we get,
x2−(α+β)x+αβ=0, which is the standard form of the quadratic equation.
• Here, a=1,b=−(α+β) and c=αβ.
• Example: Form the quadratic equation if the roots are −3 and 4.
Solution: Given -3 and 4 are the roots of the equation.
• Sum of roots = -3 + 4 = 1
• Product of the roots = (-3).(4) = -12
• As we know, the standard form of a quadratic equation is:
x2 − (sum of roots)x + (product of roots) = 0
• Therefore, by putting the values, we get
• x2 – x – 12 = 0
• Which is the required quadratic equation.
Sum and Product of Roots of a Quadratic
Equation
Let α and β be the roots of the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0.
Then,
Sum of roots = α + β =-b/a
Product of roots = αβ = c/a
Example: Given, x2 − 5x + 8 = 0 is the quadratic equation. Find the
sum and product of its roots.
Solution: x2 − 5x + 8 = 0 is the quadratic equation given in the form
of ax2 + bx + c = 0.
Hence,
a=1
b = -5
c=8
Sum of roots = -b/a = 5
Product of roots = c/a = 8