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Chapter2 Quadraticequations PDF

1) A quadratic equation is a polynomial equation of the second degree where the highest exponent on the variable is 2. The standard form is ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a ≠ 0. 2) The constants a, b, and c are called the quadratic coefficient, linear coefficient, and constant term respectively. Examples of quadratic equations are provided along with their coefficients. 3) There are two main methods to solve quadratic equations: factoring and the quadratic formula. Factoring involves finding two linear expressions whose product is the original quadratic expression. The quadratic formula provides exact solutions.

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154 views18 pages

Chapter2 Quadraticequations PDF

1) A quadratic equation is a polynomial equation of the second degree where the highest exponent on the variable is 2. The standard form is ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a ≠ 0. 2) The constants a, b, and c are called the quadratic coefficient, linear coefficient, and constant term respectively. Examples of quadratic equations are provided along with their coefficients. 3) There are two main methods to solve quadratic equations: factoring and the quadratic formula. Factoring involves finding two linear expressions whose product is the original quadratic expression. The quadratic formula provides exact solutions.

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cm6699
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QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

PREPARED BY: DR NUR SYAMIMI MOHD RAZALI


• In mathematics, a quadratic equation is a
polynomial equation of the second degree. The
standard form is

ax  bx  c  0
2

where x represents a variable or an unknown, and a, b, and c


are constants with a ≠ 0. (If a = 0, the equation is a linear
equation.)

• The constants a, b, and c are called respectively, the


quadratic coefficient, the linear coefficient and the
constant term or free term.
Quadratic: A polynomial of degree = 2
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
is a quadratic equation. (a  0 )

Here is an example of one:

• The name Quadratic comes from "quad" meaning


square, because the variable gets squared (like
x2).
• It is also called an "Equation of Degree 2" (because
of the "2" on the x)
More Examples of Quadratic
Equations:
• 2x2 + 5x + 3 = 0 → In this quadratic equation a=2, b=5 and
c=3.

• x2 – 3x = 0 → This one is little bit tricky: Where is a? In fact


a=1, as we don't usually write “1x2”. While b = -3 and where is
c? Well, c = 0, so the value of c is not shown.

 5x – 3 = 0 → Oops! This one is not a quadratic equation,


because x2 is missing (in other words a = 0, and that means it
can't be a quadratic equation)
Hidden Quadratic
Equations!
So far we have seen the "Standard Form" of a Quadratic Equation:

But sometimes a quadratic equation doesn't look like that..!


Here are some examples of different form:
In disguise In Standard Form a, b and c

x2 = 3x -1 Move all terms x2 - 3x + 1 = 0 a=1, b=-3, c=1


to left hand side
2(w2 - 2w) = 5 Expand (undo 2w2 - 4w - 5 = a=2, b=-4, c=-5
the brackets), 0
and move 5 to
left
z(z-1) = 3 Expand, and a=1, b=-1, c=-3
move 3 to left
z2 - z - 3 = 0

5 + 1/x - 1/x2 = Multiply by x2 5x2 + x - 1 = 0 a=5, b=1, c=-1


0
• A real number α is called a root of the quadratic
equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0, a≠0 if aα2 + bα + c = 0.

• If α is a root of ax2 + bx + c = 0, then we say that:


(i) x= α satisfies the equation ax2+bx+c =0, or
(ii) x= α is a solution of the equation ax2+bx+c =0

• The root of a quadratic equation ax2+bx+c =0 are called


zeros of the polynomial ax2+bx+c .
There are 2 ways to find the solutions:
 By using Factoring Method (find what to multiply to make the
Quadratic Equation) or

 By using Quadratic Formula:

Thus ax2+bx+c =0 has two roots α and β, given by

α=  b  b 2
 4ac β = b  b  4 ac
2

2a 2a
Factoring Quadratics
 To "Factor" (or "Factorize") a Quadratic is to find what to multiply to get the
Quadratic
It is called "Factoring" because you find the factors (a factor is something
you multiply by)
 Example
The factors of x2 + 3x - 4 are:
(x+4) and (x-1)
Why? Well, let us multiply them to see:
(x+4)(x-1) = x(x-1) + 4(x-1)
= x2 - x + 4x - 4
= x2 + 3x – 4

 Multiplying (x+4)(x-1) together is called Expanding.


 In fact, Expanding and Factoring are opposites:
Example
:
Solve by factoring x2 + 3x = 0

To solve by factoring:
1. Set the equation equal to zero.
2. Factor. The factors will be linear expressions.
3. Set each linear factor equal to zero.
4. Solve both linear equations.

x2 + 3x = 0 set equation to zero


x( x + 3) = 0 factor

x=0 , x+3=0
x = -3
set the linear factors equal to zero
and
solve the linear equation
Quadratic Formula
Example: Solve 5x² + 6x + 1 = 0
Coefficients are: a = 5, b = 6, c = 1
Quadratic Formula:

 6  6  
 4  5 1
2

x =  2  5 

  6  36  20  
x=  
 10 

  6  16  
x=  

 10  

 6  4
x =  10  
 

x = -0.2 or -1
 Answer: x = -0.2 or x = -1
 Check -0.2: 5×(-0.2)² + 6×(-0.2) + 1
= 5×(0.04) + 6×(-0.2) + 1
= 0.2 -1.2 + 1
=0

 Check -1: 5×(-1)² + 6×(-1) + 1


= 5×(1) + 6×(-1) + 1
=5-6+1
=0
DISCRIMINANT
 The expression b2 - 4ac in the formula

 It is called the Discriminant, because it can "discriminate"


between the possible types of answer. It can be denoted by “D”

 when b2 - 4ac, D is positive, you get two real solutions

 when it is zero you get just ONE real solution (both answers are
the same)

 when it is negative you get two Complex solutions

Value of D Nature of Roots Roots

D>0 Real and Unequal [(-b±√D)/2a]

D=0 Real and Equal Each root = (-b/2a)

D<0 No real roots None


DISCRIMINANT
Discriminant, D has relationship with the types of the roots and the
graph of related quadratic functions as shown in the following table:
TUTORIAL 1
Identify whether the following equations is a
quadratic equation or not. Hence, determine
the value of a, b and c (if any).

1) 6x2 + 11x = 35
2) 𝑥 + 2x – 1 = 0
3) 2x2 – 64 = 0
4) x2 = 27x - 14
5) 6x + 3 = y
6) (x – 5)(x + 3) = 0
7) -5x2 + x = 0
TUTORIAL 2

Solve the quadratic equation by factoring:

1) x2 + 6x + 8 = 0
2) 3x2 - 4x = 15
3) 6x2 - x - 15 = 0
4) x2 - 16 = 0
5) 2x2 + 3x - 2 = 0
TUTORIAL 3

Solve the quadratic equation by formula:

1) x2 + 2x - 15 = 0 [x = 3, 5]
2) 4x2 = 12x – 9 [x = 3/2]
3) 2x2 - 4x - 3 = 0 [x = 2.5811, -0.5811]
4) x(x – 2) = 4 [x = 3.2361, -1.2361]
5) (x + 15)2 – 3 (x + 15) – 18 = 0 [x = -9, -18]
1
6) 2x2 – 3x + = 0 [x = 1.1910, 1.3090]
2
TUTORIAL 4

Sketch the graph for the following quadratic


equation

1) -4x2 + 12x – 9 = 0
2) x2 - 3x - 6 = 0
3) 2x2 + 3x = 2
4) y = x2 - x – 6

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