By Honey Fate Joy Daquipil-

Villegas

ANIMATION
San Roque National High
What is animation?
Animation is a method of
photographing successive drawings,
models, or even puppets, to create an
illusion of movement in a sequence.
Because our eyes can only retain an
image for approximately 1/10 of a
second, when multiple images appear in
 Match the items in Column A with
their corresponding items in Column
B.
Column Column
A . wheel of the
A Plateau
1. Joseph B
devil
2. William George Horner
B. Enchanted
3.Pierre Desvignes
drawing
4.James Stuart Blackton
C .Phénakisticope
5.Emile Cohl D. Fantasmagorie
E. Zoetrope
1.C
2.A
3.E
4.B
5.D
History of
animation
 From shadow puppetry in
about 200 A.D., to the magic
lantern in the 1650s, the first
real image projector —
telling a story through
motion has been happening
forever.
 But it was in 1832 when the
Phénakisticope was invented
by Joseph Plateau that the first
widespread animation device
came into place.
Using the persistence of vision
principle, it created a fluent
illusion of motion. When
multiple images blend into a
single moving image in the
brain it’s called persistence of
vision.
https://youtu.be/p0xDFiXnKJU
In 1834, William George Horner
created a similar motion
picture projector, putting the
drawings inside of a drum that
turned in a circular fashion.
This was one of the biggest innovations
that laid the foundation for projecting
film. Horner originally named it the
Daedatelum, or “wheel of the devil” but
French inventor, Pierre Desvignes,
renamed his own version after the
Greek word for “things that turn,” or
the Zoetrope.
https://youtu.be/SBg6dAE3mI0
 The Father(s) of Animation

The history of animation tells us

that many different people were
involved in creating animation.
There even seem to be two “first
animation ever” examples.
The Father of American
animation is James Stuart
Blackton. Though a British
filmmaker, Blackton created the
first animation in America and
was one of the first to use the
stop motion technique.
 In 1900, he is credited for
creating the first-ever
animated film called The
Enchanted Drawing.
https://youtu.be/pe7HSnZotbU
 In 1906, he went on to create a
silent film where drawings on a
blackboard are captured using
film at 20 frames per second. He
called it, Humorous Phases of
Funny Faces.
https://youtu.be/wGh6maN4l2I
 However, if you were to ask the
world who is considered the
“Father of Animation,” you would
find one name that stands out.
French cartoonist Emile Cohl
created what is considered the
first fully animated movie ever
made. In 1908, Fantasmagorie
In 1914, Earl Hurd created
cel animation, thereby
becoming a founder of
traditional animation. This
would of course,
revolutionize the entire
industry for the majority of
 That same year, way before
Mickey Mouse came into fruition,
the first animated short to have a
distinguishable character was
made by cartoonist,
Winsor McCay. A dancing “Gertie
the Dinosaur” comes to life on
screen.
 Disney
But no cartoon is as iconic as Mickey
Mouse. While the first Mickey cartoon
is technically a short, dubbed, “Plane
Crazy,” it was never distributed.
“Steamboat Willie,” premiered as the
first Disney cartoon with
synchronized sound in 1928.
In 1937, Snow White and the
Seven Dwarfs was the first
feature to be entirely hand-
drawn. The beauty and success of
Snow White gave traditional
animation its legs for Disney, and
for the entire industry.
https://youtu.be/hQZ6zzLpoNQ
Between popular 2D and
traditionally animated movies
to today’s CGI, storytellers
have created fantastical
animated worlds to tell the
best possible stories.
From the influential stop
motion extended skeleton
battle scene in Jason and the
Argonauts (1963).
https://youtu.be/
To the claymation stop motion in
Wallace and Gromit: The Curse of
the Were-Rabbit.
https://youtu.be/zZLAinjBShg
 QUIZ
Write TRUE if the statement is correct
#1 FALSE
1.Using the persistence if not
of vision principle, it created a
fluent illusion of motion.
2.When multiple images blend into a single moving
image in the brain it’s called persistence of vision.
3.Horner originally named it the Daedatelum, or “wheel
of fortune”.
4.The Father of American animation is James Stuart
Blackton.
5.French cartoonist Emile Cohl created partially
animated movie.
Performance Task
#1 Phenatiscope and
Activity: Zoetrope
Thaumatrope Exploration

Objective: Students will understand the

basic principles of animation by creating
and experimenting with early animation
devices:
Performance Task
#1
Materials Needed:
For Thaumatrope:
• Paper circles (pre-cut, about 3-4 inches
in diameter)
• Markers, colored pencils, or
crayonsString (two pieces, each about 6
inches long)
• ScissorsTape or glue
 Performance Task
For Zoetrope:
#1
• Sturdy paper or cardstock strips (pre-cut
to fit inside the zoetrope drum)
• Markers, colored pencils, or crayons
• Zoetrope drum (can be made from a
cardboard tube with slits cut at the top)
• Tape or gluePre-printed templates
(optional, to save time)
 Performance Task
#1
For Phenakistoscope:
• Circular cardboard or cardstock discs
(about 6-8 inches in diameter)
• Markers, colored pencils, or
crayonsScissorsSplit pins (paper
fasteners)
• Small stick or strawPre-printed
templates (optional, to save time)
CRITERIA
Creativity/ Challenge
Composition/Design/Planning
50 pts 20 pts
Level of understanding about Inventiveness, expression
instructions and concepts of ideas and imagination
(elements and principles of art) portrayed in the
used in project. Understanding of construction of project.
The Rule of Thirds. Challenge level of the
project.
Craftsmanship/Use of Materials
20 pts Behavior/Effort
The control, adaptations, and 10 pts
understanding of the chosen Work ethic; the time
medium. Technique dedicated to the project
 Different Types of
Animation:?
• Traditional
Animation
• 2DAnimation
• 3D Animation
• Motion graphics
 In traditional animation, pictures are drawn or
painted on transparent celluloid sheets to be
photographed. Early cartoons are examples of
this, but today, most animated movies are made
with computer-generated imagery or CGI.
 In traditional animation, pictures are drawn or
painted on transparent celluloid sheets to be
photographed. Early cartoons are examples of
this, but today, most animated movies are made
with computer-generated imagery or CGI.
To create the appearance of smooth motion
from these drawn, painted, or computer-
generated images, frame rate, or the number
of consecutive images that are displayed
each second, is considered.
Moving characters are usually shot “on twos”
which just means one image is shown for two
frames, totaling in at 12 drawings per
second. 12 frames per second allows for
motion but may look choppy. In the film, a
Traditional animation
(or classical animation,
cel animation or hand-
drawn animation) is
an animation technique
in which each frame
is drawn by hand on a
physical medium. The
technique was the
dominant form of
animation in cinema until
Traditional is most often 2D animation.
Aladdin, The Lion King, and other
earlier cartoons are the best examples
of this.
https://youtu.be/T-uWyCtDRE0
 Anime
Anime could technically be considered a
subcategory of traditional animation.
But anime simply refers to any of the
types of animation which comes out of
Japan. Take a look at this scene from
Akira, one of the most celebrated anime
films of all time:
https://youtu.be/9tBHsSD0GAk
 Japan has become a powerhouse of
animation, and anime has been massively
influential around the world. One of its
most distinctive characteristics is that
often, anime is animated on 3s, which
means there is a new image every three
frames, rather than in the US, where most
animation is every two frames.
 This allows Japanese animators to
draw with more detail, since fewer
images are required. It also gives
anime a distinct feel to its movement.
Of course, there are exceptions to this
rule: some US animation is done on
threes, and some anime is done on 2s
or even 1s.
 2D
2D(Vector)
animation can fall under traditional
animation like most early Disney
movies — Pinocchio, Beauty and the
Beast, etc. But there is something
called Vector-based animation that
can be 2D without being traditional.
 2D
(Vector)
Vector graphics don’t need to worry
about resolution. Vectors are
characterized by pathways with various
start and end points, lines connecting
these points to build the graphic. Shapes
can be created to form a character or
other image. Below is an example.
 2D
(Vector)
Vector-based animation uses
mathematical values to resize images,
so motion is smooth. They can re-use
these creations so the animator doesn’t
need to keep drawing the same
characters over and over again. You can
move around these vectors and animate
that way.
 3
3D or computer animation is one of
Dmost common types of animation.
the
But just because computers have
stepped in instead of actual drawings,
it’s not necessarily easier. The
computer is just another tool, and 3D
animation is still a long, intense
 3
D
In 3D animated movies, the animator uses
a program to move the character’s body
parts around. They set their digital frames
when all of the parts of the character are
in the right position. They do this for each
frame, and the computer calculates the
motion from each frame.
 3
Animators adjust and tweak the
D
curvatures and movements their
characters make throughout.
From Toy Story in 1995 to today’s
Coco, 3D animation has become
one of the dominant types of
animation.
3D animation is also unique in that,
unlike 2D or other traditional methods,
the character’s entire body is always
visible. If a character turns to the side,
the animator only needs to draw the side
profile in 2D animation, but in 3D, the
entire body still needs to be visible. So
again, even though computers are being
used, with new technology comes with
 Motion
Graphics
Digital graphics that create the
illusion of motion usually for ads,
title sequences in films, but
ultimately exist to communicate
something to the viewer. They’re
often combined with sound for
multimedia projects.
They’re a type of animation used
mostly in business, usually with
text as a main player. Below are
a few examples of motion
graphic animation, using the top
trends of today.
https://youtu.be/NRlp8dMNsi8
Stop Motion
Stop motion encompasses
claymation, pixelation, object-
motionm, and more. But the basic
mechanics are similar to the
traditional style like a flipbook.
However, instead of drawings, stop
motion adjusts physical objects in
If moved in small increments, captured
one frame at a time, the illusion of motion
is produced. Whether puppets, clay, or
even real people, these manual
adjustments can make it a long, arduous
process. Wallace and Gromit, Chicken
Run, and The Nightmare Before Christmas
are all great examples of stop motion
films.
Stop motion is definitely an
older form in the history of
animation, especially
compared to 3D computer
animation. But the process of
animating pictures dates back
way before Disney or Pixar.
 Cutout Animation
Cutout animation is one of the
oldest forms of animation.
The technique is essentially
2D stop motion. An animator
moves cutout shapes (hence,
cutout) from frame to frame
 Cutout Animation
Cutout animation is one of the
oldest forms of animation.
The technique is essentially
2D stop motion. An animator
moves cutout shapes (hence,
cutout) from frame to frame
The technique is cheaper and
slightly easier than other
animation styles, so it
proliferated in independent
spaces. Think of Monty Python
animation:
But it was in 1832 when the
Phénakisticope was invented by
Joseph Plateau that the first
widespread device came into place.
Using the principle, it created a
fluent illusion of motion. When
multiple images blend into a single
moving image in the brain it’s called
 Traditional Animation
Process
Story Sketch.
-It is the first and the most important
stage. It is also called the film script
but it differs from the live-action film
script as dialog is less important and
complicated dialog should be avoided
as much as possible
Pinocchio
?Story
Sketch
Story Sketch.
-The story sketch should show
characters, attitudes, feelings,
entertainment, expressions,
type of action as well as telling
the story of what is happening.
Story Sketch.
-The story sketch staff is usually an artist
who has special interest in illustration,
design, appearance, and character. His/her
staging influences the lay outs that will
follow, his/her approach will establish a
style for the picture and his/her
arrangement of the scenes and story value
will serve as a guide to the cutting and
presentation of the ideas in the final
2. Storyboard
-This is the stage where the
director produces the
storyboard. A storyboard is a
series of drawn images that
graphically portrays the action
described in the script.
2. Storyboard
-It is a graphic organizer in the form of
illustrations or images displayed in
sequence for the purpose of pre-
visualizing a motion picture, animation,
motion graphic or interactive media
sequence.
-Often, when a director works on the
storyboard, deficiencies in the structure
2. Storyboard
-The director makes decisions
but is aided by his lay out man,
supervising animators, and
possibly, the story sketch man
stand by to quickly make
changes when needed.
2. Storyboard
-If the animation takes more
than 30 seconds, a “think
tank” comprised of all the
contributors involved is set up
and the story, content and
ideas are finely polished.
Performance
Task #2
Create a storyboard
follow the given
template.
 title:
Additional notes:

1. 2. 3.

3. 4. 5.
CRITERIA
Creativity/ Challenge
Composition/Design/Planning
50 pts 20 pts
Level of understanding about Inventiveness, expression
instructions and concepts of ideas and imagination
(elements and principles of art) portrayed in the
used in project. Understanding of construction of project.
The Rule of Thirds. Challenge level of the
project.
Craftsmanship/Use of Materials
20 pts Behavior/Effort
The control, adaptations, and 10 pts
understanding of the chosen Work ethic; the time
medium. Technique dedicated to the project
3. Recording
- Animation relies totally on perfect
synchronization of the picture to the
soundtrack, the animator must
receive the initial recorded track
before beginning to draw.
4. Track Breakdown.
- After the soundtrack has been made, an
editor assembles it into precise working
length of the film and then breaks down the
track. A cartoon cutter’s job is concerned
with keeping, marking, and storing all of the
simplest film with four tracks: two dialogs,
sound effects and music.
4. Track Breakdown.
- The breakdown is a simple
process of analyzing the dialog
phonetically (by sound) and
documenting the precise
position of each sound in
relation to the film frames.
-the assistant director takes the
selected lines after recording
and with the cutter, splices them
together so they will play like a
radio script.
The bar sheets are charts on
paper of everything on the
reels and on the greys as
discussed in the previous
lesson
4. Track Breakdown.
-if the bar sheets are accurate,
the assistant director does not
have to spend time in the
Cutting Room. The cutter will
just have to follow what is in
the sheet. However, in reality it
5. Design
- During the track breakdown, the
director selects one or more designers to
produce visual interpretations of all the
characters features in the film. After
approval, each character is drawn from a
multitude of angles and place on a single
sheets of paper, called model sheet. This
will become reference for all animators.
Also, the background styling for all the
 Story Reel- Under the
supervision of the director and
using the bar sheets storyboard,
the layout artist process with the
story reel of the whole film.
6. Story Reel
- In traditional animation, Leica reel
is produced. A Leica reel or
animatic is a filmed storyboard,
which can be projected in
synchronization with the final
soundtrack.
 LEICA REEL
Derived from the German maker
of cameras called Leicas, which
was used to make filmed
storyboards in the early
animation days.
 LINE TEST
After the approved Leica reel
from the director and producer,
the animators finally become
involved in the film and begin to
produce a line test of each
scene.
 Line tests are animation
drawings in pencil on paper,
filmed to the precise timings
of the scene, as indicated on
the bar sheets. Sometimes, it
is necessary to modify
The animator works back and
forth through his /her scene
until he/she made the
drawings that control the
movement. He/ she might
make a drawing for every
CLEAN - UP
This stage is ideal on a major
production to have a team of
clean-up artists on staff or
sometimes called assistant
animators. They take all the
animation drawings and clean
 TRACE AND
PAINT
After the clean-up test is
finally approved, each drawing
is transferred to a thin sheet
of celluloid or acetate (a cell)
and painted in colors of the
original design.
 BACKGROUN
DS of artists
Another team
produces the background,
they are responsible for
everything behind or
sometimes in front of the
moving characters that do
Each background artist must
be consistent in producing
his/her drawing task as it
needs to be identical to the
original film design.
 CHECKIN
After the finishedGanimation cels
and backgrounds are completed
scene by scene, they are forwarded
to the checker who makes sure that
everything is correctly drawn,
traced, painted and prepared for
the cameraman who is to finally film
The checker must be efficient
in examining incomplete or
incorrect output produced.
 FINAL
SHOOT
This is the final stage in the
actual filming procedure
related to the artwork. After
the checkers approval, it will
be passed on to the
 RUSHE
S
Viewing for possible
errors
 DUBBIN
G
This is the process of
combining all the soundtracks
onto a single track, which will
be printed on the film along
with the picture.
 ANSWER
PRINT
This is the final stage where
sound and picture are merged
in one piece of a film. It is now
ready for viewing as this
serves as final product.
 It may be a 30-second
animation or longer, the
process of animation should
follow certain structured
procedures.
Long Quiz
#2
 Reference
https://www.studiobinder.com/
blog/what-is-animation-
definition/
 By Honey Fate Joy Daquipil-
Villegas

THANK
YOU!
San Roque National High