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Lecture 011

The document provides an overview of data collection methods, distinguishing between primary and secondary data, and outlining various techniques for each category. It details primary data collection methods such as surveys, interviews, observations, experiments, focus groups, and case studies, as well as secondary data sources like the internet, libraries, and agencies. Additionally, it discusses sampling methods, including probability and non-probability sampling techniques.

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4 views29 pages

Lecture 011

The document provides an overview of data collection methods, distinguishing between primary and secondary data, and outlining various techniques for each category. It details primary data collection methods such as surveys, interviews, observations, experiments, focus groups, and case studies, as well as secondary data sources like the internet, libraries, and agencies. Additionally, it discusses sampling methods, including probability and non-probability sampling techniques.

Uploaded by

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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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RESEARCH

STATISTICS FOR

JAYAPRAKASH.A
DATA A N A LY S T | S TAT I S T I C I A N | S P S S | S A S | M S - E XC E L
DATA COLLECTION
Data collection is the process of gathering and
accumulating facts or observations for analysis
TYPES OF DATA

• QUALITATIVE DATA
• QUANTITATIVE DATA
• PRIMARY DATA
• SECONDARY DATA
DIFFERENCE
Primary Data Secondary Data

Primary data is the first data collected by a researcher for the first time. Whereas secondary data is a data that is already collected by someone
earlier.

Primary data is called real-time data. While this is not real-time data, it is related to the past.

The process is very much involved in collecting primary data. While collecting secondary data it does not involve much process but
rather quickly and easily.

Primary data is expensive. While it is economical.

The primary data takes long time for collection. While secondary data takes shorter time than primary data for collection.

Primary data is available in crude form. While it is available in processed or refined form.

Primary data is more accurate than secondary data. While it is less accurate than primary data.

Primary data is more reliable than secondary data. While secondary data is less reliable than primary data.

There is also difficulty in collecting data. While there is no difficulty in collecting data.
PRIMARY DATA
COLLECTION
METHOD
• Surveys and Questionnaires
• Interviews
• Observations
• Experiments
• Focus Groups
• Case Studies
Surveys and
Questionnai
res
Surveys and questionnaires are structured tools for
gathering information from a predefined group. These can
include various question types, such as open-ended, closed-
ended, or multiple-choice questions. The data collected is often
quantitative and can be analyzed statistically. Surveys can be
administered through various mediums, including online
platforms, telephone, or face-to-face interactions.
Interviews
Interviews involve a one-on-one interaction between the
researcher and the respondent. This method allows in-depth
exploration of the respondent’s perspectives, feelings, and
experiences. Interviews can be structured, semi-structured, or
unstructured, offering varying degrees of flexibility regarding
the questions.
Observation
s
Observation involves collecting data by directly
watching and analyzing a phenomenon or behavior in its
natural setting. This method can provide rich, contextual
insights.
Experiments
Experiments involve manipulating one or more variables to
observe the effect on another variable. This method is
commonly used in scientific research to establish causal
relationships between variables. Experiments can be
conducted in controlled environments (laboratories) or natural
settings (field experiments).
Focus
Groups
Focus groups involve gathering diverse people to
discuss a specific topic or issue. This method allows
for a relatively quick collection of various opinions and
perspectives. It is often used in market research to
explore consumer opinions and perceptions.
Case
Studies
Case studies involve an in-depth investigation
of a single entity (individual, group, or
organization) over a specified period. This
method allows for a comprehensive exploration
of complex phenomena, integrating various
data collection methods such as interviews,
observations, and document analysis..
SECONDARY DATA
COLLECTION METHOD

• Data Available on The Internet


• Government and Non-
Government Agencies
• Public Libraries
• Educational Institutions
• Commercial Information Sources
Data Available on The
Internet
One of the most popular ways to collect
secondary data is the internet. Data is readily
available on the internet and can be
downloaded at the click of a button.
This data is practically free of cost, or one may
have to pay a negligible amount to download
the already existing data.
Government and Non-
Government Agencies
Data for secondary research can also be
collected from some government and non-
government agencies.
Public Libraries

Public libraries are another good source to


search for data for this research. Public
libraries have copies of important research that
were conducted earlier. They are a storehouse
of important information and documents from
which information can be extracted.
Educational Institutions
Importance of collecting data from educational institutions
for secondary research is often overlooked. However, more
research is conducted in colleges and universities than any
other business sector.
The data that is collected by universities is mainly for
primary research. However, businesses or organizations can
approach educational institutions and request for data from
them.
Commercial Information
Sources
Local newspapers, journals, magazines, radio and TV
stations are a great source to obtain data for secondary
research. These commercial information sources have first-
hand information on economic developments, political
agenda, market research, demographic segmentation and
similar subjects.
SAMPLING
METHODS
What is sampling?
• In survey research, sampling is the
process of using a subset of a
population to represent the whole
population.
Types of sampling
• Probability sampling,
• Non-probability sampling
Probability sampling
methods
Simple random sampling
simple random sampling, every element in the
population has an equal chance of being
selected as part of the sample.
Probability sampling
methods
Systematic sampling
systematic sampling the random
selection only applies to the first
item chosen. A rule then applies so
that every nth item or person after
that is picked.
Probability sampling
methods
Stratified sampling
Stratified sampling divides the population
into subgroups (strata), and random samples
are drawn from each stratum in proportion to
its size in the population. Stratified sampling
provides improved representation because
each subgroup that differs in significant ways
is included in the final sample.
Probability sampling
methods
Cluster sampling
The population is divided into clusters, and
then a random sample of clusters is included
in the final sample.
Non probability
sampling
Convenience sampling:
In convenience sampling, individuals are
recruited directly from the population based on
the accessibility and proximity to the
researcher. It is a simple, inexpensive, and
practical method of sample selection, yet
convenience sampling suffers from both
sampling and selection bias due to a lack of
appropriate population representation.
Non probability
sampling
Quota sampling:
The selection of individuals in quota sampling is
based on non-random selection criteria in which
only participants with certain traits or
proportions that are representative of the
population are included. Quota sampling
involves setting predetermined quotas for
specific subgroups based on key demographics
or other relevant characteristics. This sampling
method employs dividing the population into
mutually exclusive subgroups and then
selecting sample units until the set quota is
reached.
Non probability
sampling
Purposive or judgmental sampling:
In purposive sampling, the researcher leverages
expertise to select a sample relevant to the
study’s specific questions. This sampling
method is commonly applied in qualitative
research, mainly when aiming to understand a
particular phenomenon, and is suitable for
smaller population sizes.
Non probability
sampling
Snowball sampling:
This sampling method is used when accessing the
population is challenging. It involves collecting the
sample through a chain-referral process, where each
recruited candidate aids in finding others. These
candidates share common traits, representing the
targeted population. This method is often used in
qualitative research, particularly when studying
phenomena related to stigmatized or hidden
populations.
Thank You!

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