BIO-

SENSOR
S
Presented by-
Deepikha Bharadwaj
[1JS23RA002]
Sinchana Kulkarni [1JS23RA017]
Siri Mahantesh Kitturmath
[1JS23RA018]
 WHAT IS A BIO-SENSOR ?

A biosensor is known as an analytical device, which incorporates

biologically derived recognition molecules, such as, enzyme,
antibody, cell, aptamer, or single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) with a
transducer to convert a biological signal into an electrical
signal.
In this sensor, a biological element is an enzyme or nucleic acid
otherwise an antibody. The bio-element communicates through the
analyte being checked & the biological reply can be changed into an
electrical signal using the transducer.
COMPONENTS OF BIO-SENSORS

H H

• Bioreceptors N
N
N
O—
| H
O=P—O CH₂
• Transducer |
O—
N N
H

s O

• Electronics and H
H H
H
Display
OH H
 WHAT IS
BIORECEPTOR?
• A molecule that specifically recognises the analyte is
known as a bioreceptor.
• Enzymes, cells, aptamers, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
and antibodies are some examples of bioreceptors.
• The process of signal generation (in the form of light,
heat, pH, charge or mass change, etc.) upon
interaction of the bioreceptor with the analyte is
termed bio-recognition.
 TYPES OF BIORECEPTORS

ENZYMES 01 03 ANTIBODIE
S

DNA / RNA 02 04 WHOLE

CELLS
 TYPES OF BIORECEPTORS
ENZYMES ANTIBODIES WHOLE CELLS DNA/RNA

Enzymes
catalyze Antibodies bind Living cells, like
microbes, detect Use nucleic acids
reactions with specifically to
to detect
the target antigens, environmental
complementary
analyte, ensuring highly changes or DNA/RNA
producing a selective chemical sequences.
measurable detection.
compounds.
signal.

Eg: Glucose Widely used in Applied in Essential for

oxidase in medical environmental genetic testing,
glucose diagnostics, such monitoring, such pathogen
biosensors for as detecting as detecting identification, and
diabetes pathogens or pollutants or studying gene
 TRANSDUCER
S
• The transducer is an element that
converts one form of energy into another.
• The role of the transducer is to convert
the bio-recognition event into a
measurable signal.
• This process of energy conversion is
known as signalization.
• Most transducers produce either optical or
electrical signals that are usually
proportional to the amount of analyte–
bioreceptor interactions.
 ELECTRONIC
This is the partS
of a biosensor that processes the
transduced signal and prepares it for display. It
consists of complex electronic circuitry that
performs signal conditioning such as amplification
and conversion of signals from analogue into the
digital form. The processed signals are then
quantified by the display unit of the biosensor
DISPLA
The display shows the results of the biosensor
in a wayYthat’s easy to understand, using tools
like an LCD screen or a printer. It uses both
hardware and software to present the data
clearly. The output can be shown as numbers,
charts, tables, or images, depending on what
the user needs.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF BIO-
SENSOR
• A specific enzyme or biological material is typically
deactivated using standard methods.
• This deactivated biological material is placed in close
contact with the transducer.
• The analyte interacts with the biological material to
form a specific complex.
• This complex generates an electronic response that can
be measured.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF BIO-
SENSOR
• In some cases, the analyte is converted into a
product that causes the release of:
⚬ Gas
⚬ Heat H+
⚬ Electrons
⚬ Hydrogen ions
• The transducer detects these changes and converts
them into electrical signals.
• These electrical signals are then processed and
measured to quantify the analyte.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
BIOSENSORS
Selectivity Reproducibili Stability
ty Resistance to measurement
Ability of a bioreceptor to Consistent responses errors caused by factors like
detect a specific analyte in across identical setups. bioreceptor affinity, electronic
a mixture. Involves precision and settings, and long-term
accuracy. degradation.

Sensitivity Linearity
The lowest analyte The accuracy of measurements
concentration a biosensor can across different analyte
detect, critical for applications concentrations, including
like medical diagnostics. resolution and linear range for
consistent results.
CLASSIFICATIO
N OF
BIOSENSORS
ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORS
• Electrochemical biosensors operate based on
the electrochemical properties of the analyte
and transducer.
• They are among the most widely researched
and applied biosensor types.
• These biosensors offer high sensitivity,
selectivity, and strong detection
capabilities.
• Their working principle involves an
electrochemical reaction between the
bioreceptor and analyte on the
transducer surface.
• This reaction produces measurable signals,
such as voltage, current, impedance, and
capacitance.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORS

01 Potentiometric 04 Impedimetric
Measures charge between working and Measures impedance at
reference electrodes with no current electrode/electrolyte interface using AC
flow; uses ion-selective components. voltage; tracks molecular interactions.

02 Amperometric 05 Voltammetric
Measures current from Measures current during controlled voltage
oxidation/reduction reactions at a variations; highly sensitive and detects
constant voltage; fast and sensitive. multiple analytes.

03 Conductometric
06 Enzyme Electrodes
Detects conductance changes due to Utilize enzymes as bioreceptors to
analyte interaction; used in metabolic catalyze reactions that produce an
monitoring. electrochemical signal.
 OPTICAL BIOSENSORS

• Optical biosensors integrate

biorecognition elements like
enzymes, antibodies, or
aptamers with optical transducers
to detect analytes.
• They measure changes in optical
properties, such as absorption,
reflection, refraction, or
fluorescence, caused by analyte-
bioreceptor interactions.
 OPTICAL BIOSENSORS

• Label-free biosensors- directly generate signals from the analyte-

transducer interaction.
• Label-based biosensors- use fluorescence, luminescence, or
calorimetric methods to produce optical signals.
• Operate using principles like Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR),
Evanescent Wave Fluorescence, and Surface-Enhanced Raman
Scattering (SERS).
• Signals are proportional to analyte concentration, enabling high
sensitivity and real-time detection.
 ENZYME BIOSENSORS
• This sensor combines an enzyme
with a transducer to detect the
target analyte through a
biochemical reaction.
• The enzyme reaction produces a
signal that directly correlates to the
concentration of the target analyte.
• The generated signal can be
amplified, stored, and processed for
further analysis.
 WEARABLE BIOSENSORS
• Wearable biosensors are innovative devices
embedded in systems like smartwatches, clothing,
or tattoos to monitor health metrics such as
blood glucose, blood pressure, and heart rate in
real time.
• These sensors provide valuable insights into a
patient's fitness status, enabling early detection of
health issues and reducing hospitalizations.
• They enhance clinical decision-making, improve
health outcomes, and support efficient use of
healthcare systems.
• With their cost-effectiveness and ease of use,
wearable biosensors are set to revolutionize
healthcare and gain widespread adoption in the
near future.
 PHYSICAL BIOSENSORS
PHYSICAL

Thermometr
Piezoelectric
ic
Biosensors
Biosensors
• Utilize the piezoelectric effect, where • Measure temperature changes by
mechanical stress or mass changes biochemical reactions between
generate electrical signals. bioreceptor and analyte.
• Detect analyte binding through shifts in • Detect heat variations with a temperature-
resonant frequency or electric charge. sensitive transducer.
• Offer high sensitivity and label-free • Convert temperature changes into signals
detection. proportional to analyte concentration.
• Commonly used in medical diagnostics, • Applied in medical diagnostics, food
environmental monitoring, and food safety. safety, and environmental monitoring.
 APPLICATIONS

01 03
02 04
Drug Environmen
Discovery Disease tal Soil
Detection Monitoring Quality
Monitoring
 APPLICATIONS

05 07
06 08
Food Prosthetic
Quality Bioprocess Devices Water
Monitoring Monitoring Quality
Manageme
nt
CASE
STUDIES
 CASE STUDY I
BIOSENSOR FOR DETECTION OF HEAVY
METALS IN WATER
Heavy metal pollution (like lead,
mercury, cadmium, arsenic) in
drinking water poses serious health
risks including neurological
damage, kidney failure, and
cancer. Traditional methods like atomic
absorption spectroscopy are accurate but
expensive and time-consuming.
CASE STUDY I
BIO SENSOR:
Microbial Biosensor using genetically engineered bacteria that respond to
the presence of heavy metals.

WORKING PRINCIPLE:
• The engineered bacteria carry a reporter gene (e.g., luciferase for
bioluminescence or GFP for fluorescence).
• When heavy metals like mercury (Hg²⁺) are present, a metal-
responsive promoter activates the reporter gene.
• The output (light or fluorescence) is measured and correlates with the
metal concentration.
CASE STUDY I
IMPACT:
Used in regions with high groundwater pollution for early warning
systems.

ADVANTAGES:
• High sensitivity to low metal concentrations (ppb levels).
• Eco-friendly and simple to operate.
• Potential for use in portable devices for field testing.
 CASE STUDY II
ENZYMATIC BIOSENSOR FOR MILK
FRESHNESS
As milk spoils, lactic acid
concentrations increase due to
bacterial activity. Monitoring
this helps in determining freshness
and safety.
CASE STUDY II
BIO SENSOR:
Enzymatic biosensor incorporating lactate oxidase.

WORKING PRINCIPLE:
• Lactate oxidase reacts with lactic acid to produce hydrogen peroxide,
which is electrochemically detectable.
• The strength of the signal correlates with lactic acid levels, thus
indicating milk spoilage.
CASE STUDY II
IMPACT:
Used for real-time freshness assessment in dairy production,
ensuring product safety before packaging and transport.

ADVANTAGES:
• Accurate and fast response
• Low cost
• Suitable for use in automated food quality control systems
• Portable and easy to use
Thank You