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Chem CH 16B - Acid-Base Equilibria

Chapter 16B discusses acid-base equilibria, focusing on the self-ionization of water and the pH scale, which measures the acidity or alkalinity of solutions. It explains the equilibrium constant (Kw) for water, the relationship between pH and hydronium ion concentration, and the definitions of strong and weak acids and bases. The chapter also covers amphoteric substances, polyprotic acids, and methods for measuring pH.

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6 views26 pages

Chem CH 16B - Acid-Base Equilibria

Chapter 16B discusses acid-base equilibria, focusing on the self-ionization of water and the pH scale, which measures the acidity or alkalinity of solutions. It explains the equilibrium constant (Kw) for water, the relationship between pH and hydronium ion concentration, and the definitions of strong and weak acids and bases. The chapter also covers amphoteric substances, polyprotic acids, and methods for measuring pH.

Uploaded by

sam sun
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Chapter 16B-

Acid-Base Equilibria
The Self-Ionization of Water

2 water molecules combine to form 1 hydroxide ion & 1


hydronium ion
 Self-ionization of water
The Self-Ionization of Water

 Equilibrium constant?
 [H2O] is almost constant, so not in equation
 Kw= ionization constant of water = [H3O+][OH-]
 Scientifically, [H3O+] = [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-7 mol/L in pure water at
25°C
So Kw= 1.0 x 10-14
VERY IMPORTANT!!!!
YOU MUST KNOW THIS!!!
K IS ALWAYS 1.0 x 10-14 AT 25°C!!!
The pH Scale
The pH Scale

 pH = -log [H3O+]
 Describes
how acidic or alkaline a solution is
(how much acid or base it has in it)
The pH Scale

 pH = -log [H3O+]
 pH of water?
 [H3O+] = 1.0 x 10-7
 pH = -log [H3O-] = -log[1.0 x 10-7]
 pH = -(-7.0) = 7.0
The pH Scale

 But what does the pH number MEAN???


 pH < 7 = acidic solution
[H3O+] > [OH-]
 pH > 7 = basic solution (alkaline)
[OH-] > [H3O+]
 pH = 7 = neutral solution
[OH-] = [H3O+]
Example 1- Molarity from [H3O+]

 Theconcentration of hydronium ions in a mild


acid is 5 x 10-7 M. What is the concentration of
hydroxide ions?
Example 1- Molarity from [H3O+]

 Answer: 2 x 10-8 M
Example 2- pH from [H3O+]

 The
hydronium ion concentration in a
shampoo is 2.0 x 10-5 M. What is the
shampoo’s pH?
Example 2- pH from [H3O+]

 Answer: pH = 4.7
Example 3- pH from Mass of solute

 What is the pH of an aqueous solution of 0.40


g of HI dissolved in 500. mL of water?
 First, convert g HI to mol HI
 Second, calculate M of HI in mol/L
 Third, calculate pH
Example 3- pH from Mass of solute

 Answer: mol = 0.0031 mol HI


M = 6.2 x 10-3 M
pH = 2.2
The pOH Scale

 pH describes [H3O+], and pOH describes [OH-]


 pOH = -log[OH-]

 pH, pOH, [H3O+], and [OH-] are all related


 pH + pOH = 14.0
Example 4 & 5- pH and pOH from
concentration

A 0.10 M hydrochloric acid solution has a


hydronium ion concentration of 1.0 x 10-1
mol/L. Calculate the pH, the hydroxide ion
concentration, and the pOH of this solution.
A sulfuric acid solution has a hydronium ion
concentration of 3.2 x 10-2 mol/L. Calculate
the pH, [OH-], and the pOH.
Example 4 & 5- pH and pOH from
concentration

 Answer: pH = 1.00
pOH = 13.00
[OH-] = 1.0 x 10-13 M
 Answer: pH = 1.50
pOH = 12.50
[OH-] = 3.1 x 10-13 M
Acid- Base Strength

 Strong acids-
 Give up protons easily and ionize all the way
 HClO4, HI, HBr, HCl, H2SO4, HNO3
 Weak acids-
 Do
not ionize completely and only a portion of
molecules lose protons
 Acetic acid- only 1 in 24 molecules deprotonates!
Acid- Base Strength

 Strong Bases-
 Accept protons readily
 LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Mg(OH)2, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2
 Weak Bases-
 Poor proton acceptors
 Cl- ion
Acid-Base Strength

 What does that tell us about conjugate pairs?


 Strong acid  weak base
 Strong base  weak acid
Acid- Base Strength

 Strength
described by acid-ionization
constant (Ka)-
 Extentof forward equilibrium reaction in
forming hydronium ion
 HA = acid, A- = anion
 HA + H2O H3O+ + A-
Acid- Base Strength

 Similar- Base-ionization constant (Kb)-


 Extent of forward equilibrium reaction in
forming hydroxide ion
B -> base
B + H2O OH- + HB+
Acid-Base Strength

 Side note: Ka and Kb are related to Kw!!


 Ka x Kb = Kw
Amphoteric Substances

 Is H2O a Brønsted-Lowry acid? Or base?


 Both!

 What about HCO3-?


 Both!

 Amphoteric substance- can act as both a


Brønsted-Lowry acid or Brønsted-Lowry base!
Polyprotic Acids

 How many protons can HCl donate?


 1! It is a monoprotic acid
 What about H2CO3?
 2! It is a diprotic acid
 H3PO4?

 3! It is a triprotic!
A Polyprotic acid can donate more than 1 proton (H+)
Measuring pH

2 ways
 Indicators
Substances whose colors are sensitive to pH
Litmus paper, chemicals, some fruit & vegetables
Only good for a certain pH range- transition interval
 pH meter
Measures voltage produces between 2 points to
determine [H3O+]

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