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Note on Parallel and Distributed Database

Parallel Databases enhance performance through parallel operations like data loading and query evaluation, offering high performance and availability but at increased costs and management complexity. There are three main architectures: Shared Memory, Shared Disk, and Shared Nothing, each with distinct advantages and disadvantages. Distributed Database Systems consist of interconnected databases across locations, managed to appear as a single database, with types including homogeneous and heterogeneous databases, and various architectures such as client-server and collaborating server systems.

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2 views10 pages

Note on Parallel and Distributed Database

Parallel Databases enhance performance through parallel operations like data loading and query evaluation, offering high performance and availability but at increased costs and management complexity. There are three main architectures: Shared Memory, Shared Disk, and Shared Nothing, each with distinct advantages and disadvantages. Distributed Database Systems consist of interconnected databases across locations, managed to appear as a single database, with types including homogeneous and heterogeneous databases, and various architectures such as client-server and collaborating server systems.

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kevineze4514
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Parallel Databases seeks to improve performance of database

through parallel implementation of various operations such as


loading data, building indexes, and evaluating queries

ADVANTAGES OF PARALLEL DB DISADVANTAGES OF PARALLEL


1. HIGH PERFORMANCE: with more 1. Cost is increased
CPUs available for an application, considerably.
higher speedup and scale up can 2. Managing such system
be attained. simultaneously becomes
difficult.
2. HIGHER AVAILABILITY: nodes are 3. Huge number of resources
isolated from each other, so a are required.
failure at one node does not bring
down the entire system down.
One of the surviving node can
recover the failed node and the
system continues.
In Parallel Databases, mainly there are three architectural designs for
parallel DBMS. They are as follows:

Shared Memory Architecture- In Shared Memory Architecture, there


are multiple CPUs that are attached to an interconnection network.
They are able to share a single or global main memory and common
disk arrays. It is to be noted that, In this architecture, a single copy of a
multi-threaded operating system and multithreaded DBMS can
support these multiple CPUs. This architecture has a very wide range
which starts from personal workstations that support a few
microprocessors in parallel
Advantages : Disadvantages :
It has high-speed data access It cannot use beyond 80 or 100
for a limited number of CPUs in parallel.
processors. The bus or the interconnection
The communication is network gets block due to the
efficient. increment of the large number of
CPUs.
Shared Disk Architectures :
In Shared Disk Architecture,
various CPUs are attached to an
interconnection network. In this,
each CPU has its own memory and
all of them have access to the
same disk. Also, note that here the
memory is not shared among
CPUs therefore each node has its
own copy of the operating system
and DBMS.
Shared Nothing Architecture :
Shared Nothing Architecture is
multiple processor architecture in
which each processor has its own
memory and disk storage. In this,
multiple CPUs are attached to an
interconnection. Also, note that
no two CPUs can access the same
disk area. In this architecture, no
sharing of memory or disk
resources is done.

ASSIGNMENT 1: Highlight 2 advantages and disadvantages


of making use of share disk and share-nothing
architecture
Distributed Database System
A distributed database is a collection of multiple interconnected
databases, which are spread physically across various locations that
communicate via a computer network. A distributed DBMS manages
the distributed database in a manner so that it appears as one single
database to users.
ASSIGNMENT 2: Highlight 4 features of distributed
database management system.
Types of DDBMS

Homogeneous Database:
In a homogeneous database, all different sites store database
identically. The operating system, database management system, and
the data structures used – all are the same at all sites. Hence, they’re
easy to manage.
Example: Consider that we have
three departments using Oracle-9i
for DBMS. If some changes are
made in one department then, it
would update the other
department also.
Heterogeneous distributed database:
here data are distributed to multiple
sites which may be autonomous and
under the control of different DBMS
software. The key to building
heterogeneous system is to have well
accepted standards for gateway
protocols. A gateway protocol is an
application programming interface (API)
that exposes DBMS functionality of
external applications e.g.(ODBC) open
database connectivity and (JDBC) java
Architectures of DDBMS

There are three types of distributed architecture namely:


Client-server system
Collaborating server system
Middleware system.

•A client server architecture has a


number of clients and a few
servers connected in a network.
•A client sends a query to one of
the servers. The earliest available
server solves it and replies.
•A Client-server architecture is
simple to implement and execute
due to centralized server system.
Collaborating server architecture
is designed to run a single query
on multiple servers.
Servers break single query into
multiple small queries and the
result is sent to the client.
Collaborating server architecture
has a collection of database
servers. Each server is capable for
executing the current transactions
across the databases.

ASSIGNMENT 2: describe the middleware DDMS


architecture.
Methods of storing data in DDBMS

Fragmentation: this is the process of


breaking a relation into smaller Data can be stored in
relations known as fragments and can DDBMS using these methods
also be stored at different Fragmentation
locations/sites. Fragmentation can be Replication
horizontal fragmentation and vertical
fragmentation.
Horizontal fragmentation: here, the
original relation(table) is broken into SELECT * FROM Account
a number of fragments and each WHERE Branch_Name= 'Pune'
fragment is a subset of rows. AND Balance < 50,000
Vertical fragmentation; here, the
original relation (table) is broken into
a number of fragments and each SELECT Branch_Name,
fragment is a subset of columns. Balance FROM Account
Data replication is the process in which the data is copied at
multiple locations (Different computers or servers) to improve the
availability of data.
Goals of data replication
•Data replication is done with an aim to Increase the availability
of data.
•Speed up the query evaluation.

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