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Signal Encoding

The document discusses signal encoding techniques used in the physical layer of the OSI model, including Manchester and Differential Manchester encoding. It explains the process of encoding data into signals for transmission, outlining various encoding methods such as Digital-to-Digital and line coding schemes like NRZ and Biphase. The document highlights the importance of synchronization and the characteristics of different encoding methods in transmitting digital data.

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3 views31 pages

Signal Encoding

The document discusses signal encoding techniques used in the physical layer of the OSI model, including Manchester and Differential Manchester encoding. It explains the process of encoding data into signals for transmission, outlining various encoding methods such as Digital-to-Digital and line coding schemes like NRZ and Biphase. The document highlights the importance of synchronization and the characteristics of different encoding methods in transmitting digital data.

Uploaded by

reghunathev
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Signal encoding,

Manchester, Differential Manchester.


• Encoding and signaling are the main functions of layer one of the
OSI reference model, physical layer.
• At the data-link layer, frames are in the form of bits (zeros and
ones), but when they get down to the physical layer, they get
turned into other formats that the physical layer understands ;
• in this case they are transformed into signals, because they need
to be carried through cables and devices, which reside at the
same layer, hence encoding and signaling
Encoding
•Coding is the process of embedding clocks into a given data
stream and producing a signal that can be transmitted over a
selected medium.
•Transmitter is responsible for "encoding" i.e. inserting clocks into
data according to a selected coding scheme
•Receiver is responsible for "decoding" i.e. separating clocks and
data from the incoming embedded stream.
•Systems that use coding are synchronous systems .
•We must encode data into signals to send them from one place
to another.
•There are 4 possible encoding techniques that can be used on the
data:
Digital-to-digital, Digital-to-Analog, Analog-to-analog, Analog-to-
digital.
Digital-to-Digital Encoding

•The binary signals created by your computer (DTE)


are translated into a sequence of voltage pulses
that can be sent through the transmission medium.
•Binary signals have two basic parameters:
amplitude and duration.
•As the number of bits sent per unit of time
increases, the bit duration decreases.
LINE ENCODING SCHEMES
• Digital signal is denoted by discreet signal, which represents
digital data.
• There are three types of line coding schemes available:
UNIPOLAR
All signal levels are on one side of the time axis, either above or
below.
Non Return to Zero (NRZ)
• Unipolar scheme was deisgned as a NRZ scheme.
• NRZ Codes has 1 for High voltage level and 0 for Low voltage
level.
• The main behavior of NRZ codes is that the voltage level
remains constant during bit interval.
The signal does not return to zero at the middle of the bit
• The end or start of a bit will not be indicated and it will
maintain the same voltage state, if the value of the previous
bit and the value of the present bit are same.
NRZ - L NRZ–LEVEL
There is a change in the polarity of the signal, only when the
incoming signal changes from 1 to 0 or from 0 to 1.
It is the same as NRZ, however, the first bit of the input signal
should have a change of polarity.
For NRZ-L(NRZ-Level), the level of the voltage determines the
value of the bit, typically binary 1 maps to logic-level high, and
binary 0 maps to logic-level low
NRZ - I NRZ–INVERTEDNRZ–INVERTED
• If a 1 occurs at the incoming signal, then there occurs a
transition at the beginning of the bit interval. For a 0 at the
incoming signal, there is no transition at the beginning of the
bit interval.
• NRZ codes has a disadvantage that the synchronization of the
transmitter clock with the receiver clock gets completely
disturbed, when there is a string of 1s and 0s. Hence, a
separate clock line needs to be provided.
• for NRZ-I(NRZ-Invert), two-level signal has a transition at a
boundary if the next bit that we are going to transmit is a
logical 1, and does not have a transition if the next bit that we
are going to transmit is a logical 0.
• Biphase (Manchester and Differential
Manchester ) – Manchester encoding is
somewhat combination of the RZ (transition at
the middle of the bit) and NRZ-L schemes. The
duration of the bit is divided into two halves.
• The voltage remains at one level during the
first half and moves to the other level in the
second half. The transition at the middle of
the bit provides synchronization
• Differential Manchester is somewhat combination
of the RZ and NRZ-I schemes. There is always a
transition at the middle of the bit but the bit
values are determined at the beginning of the bit.
If the next bit is 0, there is a transition, if the next
bit is 1, there is no transition.
• Note –
1. The logic we are using here to represent data
using Manchester is that for bit 1 there is
transition form -V to +V volts in the middle of the
bit and for bit 0 there is transition from +V to -V
volts in the middle of the bit.

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