집적회로 강의자료

2주 : Frequency response of
CMOS amp (Chap.6 of Razavi’s)
2007년 9월 11일

김시호
shiho@chungbuk.ac.kr

목 차
1. General Considerations
2. Common-source stage
3. Source followers
4. Common-gate stage
5. Cascode stage
6. Differential pair

집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 1

Miller Effects

Miller Effetcs VX VX Z
Z1 = = =
When, Av = VX / VY V −
I XY X Y 1− Av
V
Z Z Z
Z1 = , Z2 = ≅Z
(1 − Av ) (1 − 1 / Av ) V V Z
VX − VY VX − VY Z2 = Y = Y =
Z= => I XY = IYX VYq −VX 1− 1
I XY Z Av
Z
집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 2

Miller Effects(2)

Z= 1
sC F
Because of Miller Effects
1
sC F
Z1 = 1 (1 + A), Z 2 = ≅ sC F
sC F (1 + 1 / A)

집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 3

Simple Pole

VI VO 1 / sC
vo / vi =
R + 1 / sC

1
vo / vi =
sRC + 1

vo 1
(f)=
vi 1 + j 2πfRC
vo 1
(f)= , f p = 1 / 2πRC
vi 1+ j f
fp

집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 4

Pole-zero and frequency response

1
H ( s) =
( s − s1 )( s − s2 )
s1, 2 = −α ± jωd

Poles at complex plane and frequency response

Poles at complex plane versus frequency response (magnitude)

집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 5
Pole-zero and frequency response

decibel => 20log H(s)

집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 6

Pole-zero and frequency response (2)

+ωd

-α
-ωd

+ωd

-α
-ωd

1 1
=
s 2 + 2 sζ +1 2 ( s − s p1 )( s − s p 2 )
T T
= − ζ ± 1 2 ζ 2 − 1 = −ζω 0 ± ω0 ζ 2 − 1 = −α ± jωd
2
s p1, 2
T T

ω0 = 1T = undamped resonance frequency

ωd = resonance frequency ζ : damping factor
집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 7
Pole-zero and frequency response (3)
1
( s − s p1 )( s − s p 2 )
s p1, 2 = −ζω 0 ± ω0 ζ 2 − 1 = −α ± ωd
2

ζ → 0 ⇒ α → 0, ωd → ω0

집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 8

Pole-zero and frequency response (4)

120s ( s + 103 ) 2
H ( s) =
[(
( s + 30)( s + 2 × 10 4 ) 2 3 × 105 )−2
(
s 2 + 0.2 3 × 105 )
−1
]
s +1
corner frequency at ( poles ) − 30, − 2 × 10 4 (real double poles), 3 × 105 (complex double poles)
and corner frequency of ( zeros) 0, − 103 (real double zeros) (rad / sec)

-∞

Asymptote Bode plot and actual plot (magnitude)

집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 9
Association of poles with nodes
„ Cascade of amplifiers

transfer function

집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 10

Device Capacitances (Review)

C1 = WLCOX Æ oxide capacitance (between Gate and channel)

C2 = WL(qεsiNsub/(4ΦF))1/2 = Cd Æ depletion capacitance between channel and
Substrate
C3=C4=WLDCOX Æ overlap capacitance per unit width as Cov
C5 = C6 = Cj +Cjsw
• Cj and Cjsw are capacitance-per-unit-area and capacitance-per-unit-length, respectively.
• Cj = Cj0 / [1+VR/ΦB]m where VR is the junction’s reverse voltage, ΦB is the junction built-
in potential, and m typically ranges from 0.3 to 0.4

집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 11

Calculate source/drain cap ? (Review)
„ Ex 2.6

Fig. (b)
CDB=(W/2)ECj+2((W/2)+E)Cjsw
CSB=2((W/2)ECj+2((W/2)+E)Cjsw=
= WECj +2(W+2E)Cjsw

Compare to the left structure:

Fig. (a)
CDB=CSB = WECj + 2(W+E)Cjsw

CSB slightly larger, CDB a lot smaller. Both transistors have same W/L

집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 12

동작 영역에 따른 Cap (Review)

Cut-off CGD=CGS=CovW
C1 = WLCOX,C2= WL(qεsiNsub/(4ΦF))1/2 =Cd
CGB=C1C2/(C1+C2)= WLCOXCd/(WLCOX+Cd )

Triode If VDS is small enough, we can assume VGS≈VGD Æ Channel uniform Æ Gate-
Channel capacitance WLCOX is distributed uniformly
CGD=CGS≈ (WLCOX)/2+CovW

Saturation CGD≈CovW because there isn’t much of a channel near Drain.

CGS=2WLeffCOX/3+WCov

집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 13

MOS Small Signal Models (Review)

∂ VDS 1 1 1
ro = = = =
∂ ID ∂ ID / ∂ VDS μ
(V GS − VTH )2 λ λ ID
nC ox W
2 L
∂ID W ⎛ − ∂V TH ⎞
g mb = = μ nC ox (V GS − V TH )⎜ ⎟
∂V BS L ⎝ ∂V BS ⎠
Also ,
∂ VTH − ∂ VTH γ γ
= = − (2Φ F + V SB )−1 / 2 g mb = g m = ηg m
∂V BS ∂ VSB 2 2 2Φ F + V SB

집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 14

MOS Small Signal Model with Capacitance (Review)

„ C-V of NMOS

집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 15

MOSFET Resistance (Review)

Fig. 3.45 @ p80

집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 16

MOSFET Resistance (Review)

AC Resistance
(vout − riout )
iout = g m v gs + g mbs vbs +
rds
Since, v gs = −riout = vbs
(vout − riout )
iout = − g m riout − g mbs riout +
rds

vout = [r + rds + ( g m + g mbs )rds r ]iout

vout
rout = = r + rds + ( g m + g mbs )rds r
iout
≈ ( g m rds )r
집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 17
Common-source stage
„ High-frequency model of a CS stage (Miller
effect 이용)
• λ= 0
• At the input node
— pole is

• At the output node

— pole is

• transfer function

집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 18

Common-source stage

„ Equivalent circuit of CS stage (정확한 계산)

집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 19

Common-source stage

Miller effect를 사용하여 계산한 결과와 같다.

집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 20

Common-source stage
„ Feedforward path through CGD

집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 21

Common-source stage
„ Calculation of the zero in a CS stage

집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 22

Frequency Response of Amplifiers : Common Source stage

-20dB/dec 2 Dominant Poles and zero

1
-40dB/dec
ωin =
RS [(CGS + (1 + g m RD )CGD ]
1
ωout =
RD [C DB + CGD ]
gm
-20dB/dec ωz = + (right half plane zero)
CGD

Frequency Response
⎛ s ⎞
− g m RD ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟
Av ( s ) =
Vout
= ⎝ ωz ⎠
Vin s s
(1 + )(1 + )
ωin ωout

집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 23

Source followers

„ Source follower

집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 24

Source followers

„ Calculation of the zero in a source follower

Vout = 0
s z CGSV1 = (− g mV1 )
gm
∴ sz = −
CGS

집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 25

Source followers
„ Input impedance

집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 26

Source followers
„ Output impedance

집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 27

Differential Pair

Diff. pair and equivalent Half circuit

Frequency response is same as the CS amp

2 Dominant Poles
1
Frequency Response
ωin =
RS [(CGS + (1 + g m RD )CGD ] V − g m RD
Av ( s ) = out =
1 Vin (1 + s )(1 + s )
ωout =
RD [C DB + CGD ] ωin ωout

집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 28

Differential pair

„ Differential pair with current-source loads

집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 29

Differential pair with active current mirrors
Concept of combining the drain current of M1 and M2

ΔID1 ↑ => M3[ΔID1 ↑] , M4[ΔID1 ↑]

=> M2[ΔID1 ↓]

i.e. ΔIOUT = 2 ΔID1

집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 30

Differential pair with active current mirrors Small-signal analysis

Output resistance
2VX V V V
IX = + X ≅ X + X
(rds1 + rds 2 ) + 1 / g m 3 rds 4 rds 2 rds 4
VX
ROUT = = rds 2 || rds 4
IX

Diff. pair with active current mirror Voltage Gain

1
Av = g m1 × 2 × ROUT = g m1 ROUT
2
= g m1 × (rds 2 || rds 4 )

Circuit for calculating Rout

집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 31

Differential pair with active current mirrors
„ High-frequency behavior of differential pair with active current
mirror

집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 32

Differential pair with active current mirrors

„ High-frequency model of differential pair with active current
mirror

집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 33

Differential pair with active current mirrors
„ High-frequency model of differential pair with active current
mirror

집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 34

Differential pair with active current mirrors

Frequency response and simple model diff. pair with current mirror

Dominant output Poles

1
ω p1 ≈
C L (rON || rOP )
Frequency Response
g
ω p2 ≅ mP V A0 ( 2 + s / ω p 2 )
CE Av ( s ) = out =
V in s s
2 g mP (1 + )(1 + )
ωz ≅ = 2ω p 2 ω p1 ω p2
CE

집적회로 강의 자료 2주 : Frequency response of CMOS amp 2007. 9. p 35