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Q3. Define Sampling and Types of Sampling Methods? A3. Sampling

Sampling is the process of selecting a subset of a population to make inferences about the whole population. There are two main types of sampling: probability sampling and non-probability sampling. Probability sampling gives all individuals an equal chance of being selected and includes simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and multistage sampling. Non-probability sampling does not give all individuals an equal chance and includes convenience sampling, judgmental sampling, quota sampling, and snowball sampling.

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53 views3 pages

Q3. Define Sampling and Types of Sampling Methods? A3. Sampling

Sampling is the process of selecting a subset of a population to make inferences about the whole population. There are two main types of sampling: probability sampling and non-probability sampling. Probability sampling gives all individuals an equal chance of being selected and includes simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and multistage sampling. Non-probability sampling does not give all individuals an equal chance and includes convenience sampling, judgmental sampling, quota sampling, and snowball sampling.

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Q3. Define Sampling and Types of Sampling Methods? A3.

SAMPLING
Sampling may be defined as the selection of some parts of an aggregate or totality on the basis of which a judgment or inference about the aggregate or totality is made. In other words, it is the process of obtaining information about an entire population by examining only part of it.

NEED FOR SAMPLING:1. Sampling saves time and money. 2. It is usually less expensive and produces results at a relatively faster speed. 3. It enables more accurate measurement for a sample study and it is conducted by trained and experienced investigators. 4. It usually enables to estimate the sampling errors and thus assist in obtaining information concerning some characteristics of the population.

TYPES OF SAMPLING
1. Probability sampling: - It is a method of sampling in which each element has an equal
chance to get selected. Types of probability sampling :

Simple random sampling Systematic sampling Stratified sampling Cluster sampling Multistage sampling (i) Simple Random Sampling

In this method each item of the data ( population) has the same probability of being selected in the sample. The selection is usually made with the help of random numbers. E.g.; suppose there are N=850 students in a school from which a sample of n=10 students is to be taken. The students are numbered from 1 to 850. Since our data runs into three digits we use random numbers that contain three digits. All numbers exceeding 850 are ignored because they do not correspond to any serial numbers in the data. In case the same number occurs again, the repetition is skipped.

(ii) Systematic Sampling


In this method first we have to number the data items from 1 to N. Suppose the sample size be n, then we have to calculate the sampling interval by dividing N by n. And generate a number between 1 and N/n and select that data item to be in the sample. Other items in the sample are obtained by adding the sampling interval N/n successively to the random number. Advantage of this method is that the sample is evenly distributed over the entire data. The town of Fairfax is divided up into N = 576 blocks which are numbered consecutively. A 10 percent sample of blocks is to be taken, which gives a sampling.

(iii) Stratified sampling


A stratified random sample is obtained by separating the population into mutually exclusive sets, or strata, and then drawing simple random samples from each stratum.

(iv) Cluster (Area) Random Sampling


The problem with random sampling methods when we have to sample a population that's disbursed across a wide geographic region is that you will have to cover a lot of ground geographically in order to get to each of the units you sampled

(v) Multistage Sampling


With multistage sampling, we select a sample by using combinations of different sampling methods. For example, in Stage 1, we might use cluster sampling to choose clusters from a population. Then, in Stage 2, we might use simple random sampling to select a subset of elements from each cluster for the final sample.

2. Non Probability Sampling:- Non-probability sampling is a

sampling technique where the samples are gathered in a process that does not give all the individuals in the population equal chances of being selected. Types of non probability sampling:-

Convenience sampling Judgmental sampling Quota sampling Snowball sampling

(i) convenience, or Accidental sampling - members of the population are chosen based on their relative ease of access. To sample friends, co-workers, or shoppers at a single mall, are all examples of convenience sampling. Such samples are biased because researchers may unconsciously approach some kinds of respondents and avoid others (Lucas 2012), and

respondents who volunteer for a study may differ in unknown but important ways from others (Wiederman 1999).

(ii) Judgmental sampling or Purposive sampling - The researcher chooses the sample based on
who they think would be appropriate for the study. This is used primarily when there is a limited number of people that have expertise in the area being researched.

(iii)Quotas - A quota is established (say 65% women) and researchers are free to choose any respondent
they wish as long as the quota is met.

(iv) Snowball sampling - The first respondent refers a friend. The friend also refers a friend, and so on. Such samples are biased because they give people with more social connections an unknown but higher chance of selection (Berg 2006).

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