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CH 11 - Vector Differential Calculus III - Kamal

This document is a lecture on vector differential calculus that defines and provides examples of key concepts like divergence, curl, gradient, and Laplacian of vector and scalar fields. It discusses how divergence represents the flow of a fluid velocity field and can indicate sources and sinks. It also explains that any vector field can be decomposed into a solenoidal field with no sources or sinks and an irrotational field.

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71 views9 pages

CH 11 - Vector Differential Calculus III - Kamal

This document is a lecture on vector differential calculus that defines and provides examples of key concepts like divergence, curl, gradient, and Laplacian of vector and scalar fields. It discusses how divergence represents the flow of a fluid velocity field and can indicate sources and sinks. It also explains that any vector field can be decomposed into a solenoidal field with no sources or sinks and an irrotational field.

Uploaded by

vj kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 11

Vector Differential Calculus


Lecture 3

Prof. Kamal Elberashy

05/05/2021 1
Divergence of a Vector Field F
The div F is defined as:

div F  x, y, z     F  x, y, z 

Where the Hamiltonian or nabla operator is:


  
 i j k
x y z

The divergence can be written as:

  
div F  x,y,z   f  x, y, z   g  x, y, z   h x, y, z 
x y z
05/05/2021 2
Application: Divergence of a Velocity Field F

If we view F (x, y, z) as the velocity of a fluid flow, div (M)


represents the rate of fluid flow from M. Then:

 for div (M) > 0, M is a source of fluid;


 for div (M) < 0, M is a sink.
 if div (M) = 0, then no fluid issues from M.

05/05/2021 3
Solenoidal vector field
Two Remarks:
 If div F(M) = 0 at every M in a 3D region A, we say that
the field F(x, y, z) is solenoidal in A.

 If a vector field F(x, y, z) is solenoidal in a region A, then it


has neither sources nor sinks in A.

05/05/2021 4
Curl of a Vector Field F

If F(x, y, z) = f(x, y, z) i + g(x, y, z) j + h(x, y, z) k, the Curl of F


is defined as:

i j k
  
Curl F    F  x, y, z  
x y z
f  x, y , z  g  x , y , z  h  x, y , z 

Remark: If curl F(x,y,z) = 0, we say that the field F(x,y,z) is irrotational.

05/05/2021 5
Remark:
Every continuously differentiable vector field F(M) can be expressed
as a sum of two vector fields g(M) and h(M) as:

F(M) = g(M) + h(M)

g(M) is a solenoidal field


h(M) is an irrotational field.

The possibility of such decomposition greatly simplifies


the study of many velocity and force fields occurring in physics.

05/05/2021 6
Summary
F F F
Gradient of a Scalar Field grad F  F  i j k
(Nabla operator) x y z

Divergence of a Vector Field Fx F y Fz


div F    F   
x y z
  
i j k
    Fz F y 
curl F    F     i 
Curl of a Vector Field x y z  y z 
 
Fx Fy Fz

 Fx Fz   F y Fx 


    j    k
 z x   x y 
 

2 2F 2F 2F


Laplacian of a Scalar Field F   F  div grad F   
x 2 y 2 z 2
05/05/2021 7
Solution:

Solenoidal

05/05/2021 8
Solution:

05/05/2021 9

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