1. THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE The words in bold are in the simple present tense.

We use the simple present tense to : Talk about facts that are generally true or stay true for a long time. e.g Bill Gates gives generously to charities. e.g There are many famous people. Describe feelings and senses e.g I enjoy going to the planetarium. e.g My sister admires hard-working people.

2. ADJECTIVES The words in bold are adjectives that tell us about the colour, size and shape of people and things. e.g short plump round colourful

The words in bold are adjectives that show the qualities of people, things and feelings. e.g famous generous incredible

3. RESPONDING APPROPRIATELY TO QUESTION. You refute when you say that something is not true. You state when you say something clearly. You give details when you want to explain something further.

e.g

Oh no! He isnt a musician (to refute) He is a freedom fighter (to state) He fought for the rights of his people in South Africa. (to give details)

4. THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE The words in bold are in the simple past tense. You use the simple past tense for actions which took place in the past. e.g did wrote sold brought wanted

WORDS THAT SIGNAL THE PAST TENSE The words in bold show that the actions took place in the past. e.g yesterday a few months ago two weeks ago

5.

EXPRESSING APPRECIATION AND GRATITUDE When someone does something kind for you, you can say: Thank you for.. Im grateful for I do appreciate your help. Thank you.

EXPRESSING HOPE We express hope when we wish for something. We use words like : I hope. I wish

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ADVERBS OF PLACE The words in bold are adverbs of place. They show position and direction. e.g here there nearby outside inside around everywhere

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ARTICLES WITH COUNTABLE NOUNS We use a and an when we refer to one person, thing or place that is not specific. Use a for words that begin with consonant sounds. e.g a book a university.

Use an for words that begin with vowels sounds. e.g an ox an hour.

We use the for one or more people or things that are specific or definite. e.g I bought a book. The book was expensive.

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AGREEING AND DISAGREEING POLITELY You agree with someone when you both have the same opinion on something. You disagree when you have a different opinion.

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CONCORD (SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT) We use plural verbs with plural subjects. Plural subject - plural verb - share - invite - have

Some teenagers Faizal and Angkin They, we

We use singular verbs with singular subjects. Singular subject Faisal He She, Maria singular verb thinks has spends

For I and you, use a plural verb. 10. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE STATEMENTS We use positive sentence to make a statement. We use negative sentence to refute a statement. We use not to change a positive sentence into a negative sentence. e.g That skirt is too tight. That skirt is not too tight.

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CONTRACTIONS We can use contractions in informal situations such as messages, friendly letters and conservation. e.g it is its is I am-Im He is- hes We are- were You are- youre is not- isnt Are not- arent Do not- Dont Does not- doesnt

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GIVING OPINIONS When we give opinions, we can begin with these expressions I think. I feel I believe In my opinion..

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PREFIXES The prefixes in bold give the opposite meanings of some words. e.g stop- non-stop helpful- unhelpful possible- impossible statisfied- dissatisfied

Most words with non- are used with a hypen.

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ADVERBS OF TIME The words in bold are adverbs of time. They tell us when something happen. We can use adverbs of time: At the beginning of a sentence. e.g today, I had a test. In the middle of a sentence e.g He will soon be here. At the end of a sentence. e.g I had a test today.

15.

SEEKING CLARIFICATION When we seek clarification,we usually ask a question. When we respond, we often make a statement. e.g Are you sure (seek clarification) Yes, Im very sure (respond appropriately).

16.

MAY AND MIGHT We use may and might to say that perhaps something : Will happen in the future Is possible

Might is a little less sure than may. 17. CONJUNCTIONS We use conjuctions to join ideas. Use and to combine similar ideas. Use but to link ideas that have different meanings. Use so to give a reason to do something. Use or to show a choice
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IRREGULAR FORMS For some adjectives, we show comparison by using different words. e.g good best better

19. REQUESTING ASSISTANCE When we request assistance, we ask for help politely using words like : 20. Can you help me.. I need your help Would you mind.

SUFFIXES When we use the suffix ion with words ending e, we often drop the e e.g dictate dictation complete completion For some words, we add action. e.g inform- information

21.

WH-QUESTION We use: Who to refer to a person Which to indicate a choice What to obtain information Whose to show possession Where to show place

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CAN AND MUST We use can to talk about ability. The negative form of can is cannot or cant. We use must when we think something is necessary. The negative form of must is must not or mustnt.

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PREFIXES INTER- AND PREThe prefix pre- means before in time, place, order or importance. e.g pre-war (before the war)

The prefix inter- means between or among. e.g 24. international

SEEKING CLARIFICATION AND EXPRESSING HOPE We express hope when we want something. We use words like: I hope. I wish

We seek clarification to make sure we understand what was said. We use words like : Could you explain. Are you sure.. Tell me again

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PERSONAL PRONOUNS We use personal pronouns to take the place of words for people, places and things. e.g They he she we

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POSSESIVE PRONOUNS We use possessive pronouns to show belonging. e.g It is mine it is yours These are ours They are theirs.

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ADVERBS OF MANNER The words in bold are adverbs of manner. They tell us more about an action. They answer the question how. e.g seriously well properly truly.

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PREPOSITIONS OF TIME We use prepositions of time to tell us when something happen. e.g on- a particular day at- a point in time before- earlier than after- later than.

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PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE We use prepositions of place to show where something is. We use: At for a particular place Between for the space separating two places. Other examples: In under near behind

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APOSTROPHE We use the apostrophe : For contractions e.g do not dont To show possession e.g my mums car.

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TAKING DOWN PHONE MESSAGES When we take down a message, we write down only the important points.

32.

THE PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE We use present continous tense for an action that is happening at the time of speaking. e.g I am swimming . He/She/It is swimming. We/You/They are swimming.

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PREPOSITION OF DIRECTION We use prepositions of directions to show movement. Other examples: Across Over out of down

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CONCRETE NOUNS Concrete nouns are nouns that can be seen and felt. There are two types of concrete nouns: Common nouns e.g reporter, flood Proper nouns e.g Dennis Ritikos, Meteorological Department. Nouns can be countable or uncountable. e.g reporter, flood (countable) rain, soil (uncountable )

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ABSTRACT NOUNS Abstract nouns are words for ideas, feelings and other things that you cannot see or touch. e.g news fears danger pressure damage appreciation

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36.

SEQUENCE CONNECTIONS We use sequence connectors to show the order in which a process or a series of events occurs. e.g First, there was a rumbling sound. Next, there was a flash of flight Then, there was a loud roar. Finally, the volcano erupted.

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THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE We use the simple present tense to give instructions and directions. e.g turn drive go

38.

STRESS IN TWO-AND THREE-SYLLABLE WORDS. We stree the first syllable when the word is a noun. e.g SURface PROcess We stress the second syllable when the word is a verb. e.g surFACE proCESS

39.

PREPOSITIONS OF We use the prepositions of to show quantity (how much of something there is ). e.g the basket of fish the tin of bait the bottle of drinking water.

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ARTICLES WITH UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS We do not use articles (a, an and the ) with uncountable nouns used in a general sense. I need water. We use the to refer ta a definite uncountable noun. I want to drink the water in the jug. We use the word some to show a certain quantity of the uncountable noun. We do not use articles with some. Could I have some water?

e.g e.g

e.g 41.

PUNCTUATION We use a question mark (?) at the end of a question. We use an exclamation mark (!) after phrases and sentences which express surprise, shock or excitement.

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STRESS IN COMPOUND WORDS For compound words, we stress the first part of the word. e.g seashell seaside underwater seahorse

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COLLECTIVE NOUNS We use collective nouns to refer to a group of people, animals or things as a whole. e.g a pod of dolphins a herd of seals

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PLURAL NOUNS For most nouns, we form the plural form by: Adding sor es e.g goats

boxes

bushes

Changing the ending y to ies e.g stories lorries

Changing the ending f or fe to ves e.g calves knives For some common irregular nouns, we change the vowels. e.g feet men

For some nouns, there is no change in the plural form. e.g sheep news trousers

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THE PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE FOR FUTURE EVENTS We can use the present continous tense to talk about the future. e.g We are visiting the cannery next week.

We use going to to talk about something that we have decided to do in the future. e.g We are going to visit thefishery this weekend.

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COMPOUND SENTENCES We form compound sentences by joining simple sentences using or, and, but or so.

47.

ARTICLES WITH PROPER NOUNS AND PLURAL COUNTABLE NOUNS. We use the before the proper names of Straits Seas Oceans Buildings

We do not use the for plural countable nouns when they are used in the general sense. e.g I saw the ships sailing on the ocean.

We use the for plural countable nouns when they are specific. e.g The ships that I saw were huge.

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THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE We use will to talk about future actions when we: Decide to do something in the future e.g They will make changes throughout the resort. Think something will happen e.g The authorities are certain that these changes will please nature lovers. The ships that I saw were huge.

e.g

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