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Momentum Transfer: Lecture 3: Equations of Change For Isothermal Systems

The document discusses equations of change, specifically the equations of continuity and momentum, for isothermal systems. It begins by deriving the equation of continuity from a shell balance and shows that it can be expressed as the divergence of the velocity field being equal to the substantial derivative of the density. The equation of momentum is similarly derived and results in the Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible, Newtonian fluids. Examples are given of applying these equations, including fully-developed pipe flow where analytical solutions for the velocity profile can be obtained.

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117 views31 pages

Momentum Transfer: Lecture 3: Equations of Change For Isothermal Systems

The document discusses equations of change, specifically the equations of continuity and momentum, for isothermal systems. It begins by deriving the equation of continuity from a shell balance and shows that it can be expressed as the divergence of the velocity field being equal to the substantial derivative of the density. The equation of momentum is similarly derived and results in the Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible, Newtonian fluids. Examples are given of applying these equations, including fully-developed pipe flow where analytical solutions for the velocity profile can be obtained.

Uploaded by

Lisajanelolly
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Momentum Transfer

Lecture 3: Equations of Change for


Isothermal Systems

Transport Phenomena

From last week

Shell balances for isothermal systems


Boundary conditions
Where shell balances cannot be applied
Solutions for class examples on Blackboard
Go through tutorial questions to get more understanding
Shell balances as introduction to equations of continuity and
momentum
(i.e. TP is not all about shell balances, just in case you were
wondering.)

Relevant Learning

Equations of change:

Continuity
Motion

Significance, usage, special cases (inviscid


and creeping flows)

Equation of Continuity

[Mass accumulation] = [Mass in] [Mass out]


Substitute all equations

xyz yz vx x yz vx
t
xz v y xz v y
y
y y
xy vz z xy vz

x x

z z

Divide by xyz, and as x, y, z 0, we get:


vx v y vz

dy
dz
t
dx

Equation of Continuity
v x v y v z

dy
dz
t
dx

Divergence of v

Local change of with time at a fixed point of x, y, and


z.

PARTIAL time derivative

Equation of Continuity

What happens if we (as observers) float along with the


velocity of the flowing stream?

Derivative that follows the motion

Partial time derivative (as before) + velocity x gradient of property

Total time change of a quantity as observed by an observer


following the motion of the fluid

d
d
d
d
D

vx
vy
vz
dt
dx
dy
dz
Dt

SUBSTANTIAL time derivative

Equation of Continuity

Substantial time derivative of ?


vx v y vz

t
dy
dz
dx

d
.v
dt

v x v y v z

vy
v z
v x
dy
dz
t
dx dy dz dx
v x v y v z

v x
vy
v z

dy
dz
t dx
dx dy dz

D
.v
Dt
Substantial derivative of

Divergence of v

Equation of Continuity
For incompressible fluids (constant ):

d
0
dt

v x
v y
v z

v x
v y
v z 0

dx
dx dy
dy dz
dz
dv x dv y dv z

0
v
dx
dy
dz

Equation of Momentum
x

vx)x

vx)x+x

z
y

[Mom. accumulation] = [Mom. in] [Mom. out] + [Forces]

Momentum enters and leaves control volume through


convective momentum transfer and viscous action through
velocity gradient

Equation of momentum
Rate of accumulation of x-momentum:

v
v
d

v
v
d
d
d v x

v
v

x y
x z
x x

dx
dt
dy
dz

d xx d yx d zx dp

gx

dy
dz dx
dx
v x v y v z

Considering the continuity equation:


dy
dz
t
dx
we get:
dv x
dv x
dv x
dv x d xx d yx d zx dp

v x
vy
vz

gx

dt
dy
dz dx
dy
dz dx
dx

More on viscous flux

Recall Newtons law of viscosity:


dv x
yx
dy
The viscous term in the momentum equation: derivative
of the shear stress:

d zx
d xx d yx

dx
dy
dz
So, this term is a function of the second-derivative of
velocity!

More on viscous flux

For incompressible, Newtonian fluids, we can simplify to:


d 2v x d 2v x d 2v x
2 2 2 2 v
dy
dz
dx

Equation of momentum

For Newtonian and incompressible fluids:


dvx
dvx
dvx
dvx
v x
vy
vz

dt
dx
dy
dz

d 2 vx d 2 vx d 2 vx dp
2 2 2
g x
dy
dz dx
dx
Navier-Stokes equation What you learned in Fluid Mech!

Same treatment for y- and z-momentum

???

Further reading on this:

Welty et al. (2001), Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat and Mass


Transfer 4th ed., ch. 7-9
Bird, Stewart, Lightfoot (2007), Transport Phenomena, ch. 1-3
McCabe, Smith, Harriot (2004), Unit Operations of Chemical
Engineering, ch. 4

Note: in the first 2 books, the normal stress (xx, yy, zz) are
denoted differently (xx, yy, zz), and the pressure effects are
included in here.

Class example

Similar to the case of parallel plates, but with the plates


vertical

Effects of gravity
Newtonian
Laminar
Incompressible
Steady state

From: Welty et al., 2001

Class example

v0 = 0
From: Welty et al., 2001

Other examples

Flow on inclined surface


Try to do this problem yourself!
Pipe flow
a bit more difficult, as we need to use cylindrical coordinates!

Cylindrical coordinates
x r cos

y r sin
zz

r x2 y2

tan 1

y
x

Equation of continuity:

d 1 d
rvr 1 d v d vz 0

dt r dr
r d
dz

Cylindrical coordinates

Equation of motion for fluids with constant


and :

Pipe Flow

Fully-developed (steady) flow


Far from entrances/exits
Flow is laminar and 1 directional:
vr = 0
v = 0
vz = vz(r)
p = p(z)

Pipe Flow

Continuity eqn:

1 d
d 1 d
d
rvr
v vz 0

dt r dr
r d
dz
For constant density:
d
0
dt
1 d
1 dv dvz
rvr

0
r dr
r d
dz

As vr = v = 0, we get:
dv z
0
dz

Pipe Flow

Eqn of motion in the z-direction

Flow is symmetrical about the z-axis d2vz/d2 = 0


So, we get:
d dvz dp
g z

r
r dr dr dz
d dv z dp
r

z
dr dr dz

Integrating once:
2
dvz dp
r
g z
C1
r
dr dz
2

dvz/dr doesnt
become infinite
when r = 0

dv z dp
r C1

g z
dr dz
2 r

Pipe Flow

Integrate again to get vz:

2
dp
r
C2
vz g z
dz
4
Use the boundary condition to evaluate C2, and we get:
1 dp
2
2
vz
g z r R
4 dz

As before, we use P = p + gL:


1 dP 2

vz
r R2
4 dz
Another integration:
PL
vz z 0L 1 r 2 R 2 P
4
P0

P0 PL 2 2

vz
R r
4 L

Special case (Creeping flow)

Creeping flow & Stokes law

Very slow flows

d
d
d
D
d
0


vx
vy
vz
dz
Dt
dx
dy
dt

Therefore, we have:

d 2vx d 2vx d 2vx


dp
2 2 2
dx
dy
dz
dx
(also for other directions)

Negligible effects of inertia, Re << 1


Important concept in flow around solid objects and fall/settling of
small particles through a fluid

Special case (Creeping flow)

Flow past a sphere

The creeping flow equation has been used to solve the velocity
and pressure distribution in slow flows past a sphere
3 R 1 R 3
cos
vr v 1
r
2
2 r

3 R 1R
v v 1
sin
4
4 r
r

v 0

3 v R
p p0 gz
cos
2 R r
2

Special case (Creeping flow)

Flow past a sphere

Total drag over the surface of the sphere = [form drag] + [viscous
drag]
Occurs as fluid needs to
change direction to pass
around the sphere

Stokes equation FD 6Rv


Valid for

Re

2 v0 R

1.0

Due to shear stress at the


sphere surface

Special case (Inviscid flow)

Euler equations for ideal fluids

Fluids with constant density and very low viscosity

inviscid flow

dv x
dvx
dvx
dvx dp

v x
vy
vz

g x

dy
dz dx
dt
dx

Aerodynamics & hydrodynamics

Re >> 1 and 0

Special case (Inviscid flow)

The Euler equation of motion could be re-arranged to get


the Bernoulli equation
p2
1 2 2

v2 v2 dp g h2 h1 0
p1
2

Bird, Stewart, & Lightfoot, Section 3.3 and example 3.5-1.

Conditions:

Steady, fully-developed flow


Viscosity plays a minor role

Or, in a more familiar format:

u12 P1
u22 P2
gz1 gz2
2
2

Another example

Similar treatment and


assumptions:

Fully-developed (steady)
flow
Far from entrances/exits
Flow is laminar and 1
directional:
vr = 0
v = 0
vz = vz(r)
p = p(z)

Consider boundary
conditions to evaluate
velocity profile

Summary

More on equations of change (isothermal)

Continuity Mass balance


Momentum equation Effects of convective flux,
shear stress and viscous flux, pressure, and gravity
Common assumptions and boundary conditions
Limitations

Important concepts:

laminar and turbulent flows


Creeping and inviscid flows

Questions?

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