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Lecture14 Equations IsothermalSystems 1

The document summarizes key transport phenomenon equations for isothermal systems: 1) The continuity equation expresses conservation of mass as the negative divergence of the mass flux. 2) The equation of motion expresses conservation of linear momentum as equating the rate of change of momentum to momentum flux divergences and external body forces. 3) Transport equations are derived for the x, y, and z components of velocity and combined into a single vector-tensor equation.

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36 views11 pages

Lecture14 Equations IsothermalSystems 1

The document summarizes key transport phenomenon equations for isothermal systems: 1) The continuity equation expresses conservation of mass as the negative divergence of the mass flux. 2) The equation of motion expresses conservation of linear momentum as equating the rate of change of momentum to momentum flux divergences and external body forces. 3) Transport equations are derived for the x, y, and z components of velocity and combined into a single vector-tensor equation.

Uploaded by

shubham
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CL 305: TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

Equations of Change for Isothermal Systems

AMIT KUMAR
16 February 2021
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
CONTINUITY EQUATION: CONSERVATION OF MASS
( ) ( ) ( )
rate of rate of rate of
= −
increase of mass mass in mass out

∂ρ
∆x∆y∆z =∆y∆z [(ρvx )|x − (ρvx )|x+∆x ]
∂t
+ ∆z∆x [(ρvy )|y − (ρvy )|y+∆y ]
+ ∆x∆y [(ρvz )|z − (ρvz )|z+∆z ] 1
CONTINUITY EQUATION

Dividing both sides by ∆x∆y∆z and taking the limit as ∆x → 0,


∆y → 0, ∆z → 0, we get
∂ρ ∂(ρvx ) ∂(ρvy ) ∂(ρvz )
=− − −
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
 
∂ρ ∂(ρvx ) ∂(ρvy ) ∂(ρvz )
⇒ =− + +
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z

In vector notation, the equation of continuity can be compactly written


as
∂ρ
= −∇ · ρv
∂t
ρv is the mass flux of the fluid. So, ∇ · ρv is the net rate of mass efflux
per unit volume.
For a fluid of constant density (incompressible fluid), we get
∇·v =0
2
EQUATION OF MOTION:
CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM

 
rate of " # " # " #
rate of rate of external force
 increase of  = − +
 
momentum in momentum out on the fluid
momentum

3
EQUATION OF MOTION:
CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM

 
rate of " # " # " #
rate of rate of external force
 increase of  = − +
 
momentum in momentum out on the fluid
momentum

Let us write the balance for x momentum first.

Rate of increase of x momentum in the fluid volume element

∂(ρvx )
∆x∆y∆z
∂t

3
EQUATION OF MOTION:
CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM

Net rate of addition of x momentum to the volume element of the fluid is


∆y∆z(φxx |x −φxx |x+∆x ) + ∆z∆x(φyx |y −φyx |y+∆y ) + ∆x∆y(φzx |z −φzx |z+∆z )

4
EQUATION OF MOTION:
CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM

 
rate of " # " # " #
rate of rate of external force
 increase of  = − +
 
momentum in momentum out on the fluid
momentum

• Rate of increase of x momentum in the fluid volume element


∂(ρvx )
∆x∆y∆z
∂t

• Net rate of addition of x momentum to the volume element of the


fluid is
∆y∆z(φxx |x −φxx |x+∆x ) + ∆z∆x(φyx |y −φyx |y+∆y ) + ∆x∆y(φzx |z −φzx |z+∆z )

• The x component of gravitational force on the volume element is


∆mgx = ρ∆V gx = ρgx ∆x∆y∆z
5
EQUATION OF MOTION:

Substituting all the terms in the momentum balance equation, we get

∂(ρvx )
∆x∆y∆z =∆y∆z(φxx |x − φxx |x+∆x )
∂t
+ ∆z∆x(φyx |y − φyx |y+∆y )
+ ∆x∆y(φzx |z − φzx |z+∆z ) + ρgx ∆x∆y∆z

Dividing throughout by ∆x∆y∆z and taking the limit as ∆x → 0,


∆y → 0, ∆z → 0, we get

 
∂(ρvx ) ∂φxx ∂φyx ∂φzx
=− + + + ρgx
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z

6
EQUATION OF MOTION

Similarly, by performing balance for y-momentum and z-momentum, we


get

 
∂(ρvy ) ∂φxy ∂φyy ∂φzy
=− + + + ρgy
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
 
∂(ρvz ) ∂φxz ∂φyz ∂φzz
=− + + + ρgz
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z

In vector-tensor notation, these three equations can be compactly written


together as
∂(ρv)
= − [∇ · φ] + ρg
∂t

7
EQUATION OF MOTION

The combined momentum flux tensor can be written in terms of the


convective momentum flux tensor and the molecular momentum flux
tensor as follows:

φ = ρvv + π = ρvv + pδ + τ

Substituting this in the equation of motion, we get

∂(ρv)
= − [∇ · (ρvv + pδ + τ)] + ρg
∂t

∂(ρv)
⇒ = − [∇ · ρvv] − ∇p − ∇ · τ + ρg
∂t

8
EQUATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY

 
∂ 1 2 1 2
( ρv ) = − ∇ · ρv v − (∇ · pv) − p(−∇ · v)
∂t 2 2

− (∇ · [τ · v]) − (−τ : ∇v) + ρ(v · g)

−τ : ∇v is the irreversible conversion of mechanical energy to internal


energy (for Newtonian fluids), i.e., viscous dissipation

p(∇ · v) represents the reversible conversion of mechanical energy to


internal energy

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