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TP 7 ch3

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12 views21 pages

TP 7 ch3

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21chuos001
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Transport Phenomena

Chapter-3
(The Equations of Change for Isothermal Systems)

Dr. M.S.Rao
Chemical Engineering Department
D. D. University
Outline of presentation
• Introduction
• Equations of Change (EC)
– The equation of continuity
– The equation of Motion
– The equation of Mechanical Energy
– The equation of angular momentum
– EC in the form of Substantial derivative
• Use of EC to solve flow problems
• Dimensional analysis of the equation of change

2
Introduction
• We have solved problems to obtain velocity profiles
• It is tedious to solve some of the problems using
shell balances
• Equations of change are derived to deal with
complex geometries
• We can start studying isothermal systems
– It will be extended to non-isothermal systems
– Extended to complex system
• Notation: light face italic for scalars; Bold face Roman
for vectors and τ Bold face Greek for tensors
3
The Equation of Continuity
• Mass balance
• Performed over a small volume of element
through which fluid is flowing
• Make all dimensions of the element tending
towards zero
• We will get PDE
• These are Microscopic balances

4
Equation of Continuity

5
Equation of Continuity
• Mass balance around the fixed volume element in x
direction gives
– Rate of mass entering : ρ ∆y∆z(vx|x=x)
– Rate of mass leaving : ρ ∆y∆z(vx|x=x+ ∆x)
• Net rate of mass transfer through faces perpendicular
to y
– ρ ∆x∆z(vy|y=y)-ρ ∆x∆z(vy|y=y+ ∆y)
• Net rate of mass transfer through faces perpendicular
to z
– ρ ∆x∆y(vz|z=z)-ρ ∆x∆y(vz|z=z+ ∆z)
6
Equation of Continuity
• The rate of change of mass within the volume
element is
– ∆x∆y∆z
• The mass balance then gives

• Divide with ∆x ∆y ∆z and make each one of them


tending towards 0 gives partial differential equation

7
Equation of Continuity
• The equation of continuity

• This gives time rate of change in density at a fixed point


• In vector notation it gives

8
Equation of Continuity
• The RHS is divergence of ρv
• The vector ρv is the mass flux
• Divergence of mass flux is
– Net rate of mass flux per unit volume
• For Incompressible fluid

9
The Equation of Continuity

10
Equation of Motion
• Rate of momentum balance equation

11
Equation of Motion
• Rate of momentum balance equation
– It is a vector equation with components in all
three coordinate directions
• Lets consider x component of each term
– Y and z components can be treated analogously
• X component of momentum entering the
surface at x=x is
– ∆y∆z φxx|x=x

12
Equation of Motion (x component)
• X component of momentum leaving the
surface at x=x+ ∆x is
– ∆y∆z φxx|x=x+ ∆x
• y component of momentum entering and
leaving the surface at y, y+ ∆y respectively are
– ∆x∆z φyx|y=y ; ∆x∆z φyx|y=y+ ∆y
• z component of momentum entering and
leaving the surface at z, z+ ∆z respectively are
– ∆x∆y φzx|z=z ; ∆x∆y φzx|z=z+ ∆z
13
Equation of Motion (x component)
• Net rate of addition of momentum is

• X component of gravitational force acting is

• Rate of increase of x component of


momentum in the volume element ∆x∆y∆z is

14
Equation of Motion (x component)
• The resulting equation is divided with ∆x∆y∆z
and make each one of them tending towards
zero gives

• Similarly for y and z component the equations

15
Equation of Motion
• In vector tensor notation these three equations
can be written as

• ρvi is Cartesian components of vector ρv


– Momentum per unit volume at any point in the fluid
• ith component is multiplied by unit vector in ith
direction and three components are added then

16
Equation of Motion
• It is differential statement of law of
conservation of momentum
• If we write all components of combined
momentum flux separately then

17
The Equation of Motion in terms of
Viscous Stress

18
Equation of Motion Cylindrical
Coordinate System

19
The Equation of Motion

20
Thank you

Any questions?

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