Technical Drawing and Design Louis Gary Lamit DeAnza College illustrations Manual tllustrations—John J. Higgins CAD Illustrations—John 1. Shull Assistant CAD llustrator-Victor E. Valenzuela Technical Assistance—Vernon Paige, Dennis Wahler WEST PUBLISHING COMPANY MINNEAPOLIS/ST. PAUL NEW YORK LOS ANGELES SAN FRANCISCODEDICATION In memory of Walter Brown, one of the most dedicated engineering drawing instructors | have ever known A sincere coworker, a de ppendable coauthor and most importantly an excellent friend and to my children Corina Jamie and Angie Louis Gary Lamit Copyediting: oret Palagi Text Design Roslyn Stendah/Dapper Design Layout: Geri Davis: Quadrata CCompesition: Carlisle Communications In; I roofteading Lynn Reichel Ilystation and photo credits follow the index reduction Prepress Printing and Binding by West Publishing Company WEST'S COMMITMENT TO THE ENVIRONMENT 1m 1906 West Publishing Company began recycling, materials let ‘over from the production of books this began a tradition of efficient and responsible use of resources Today up to 95 percent of our legal books and 70 percent of our college and schoo! texts ate printed on reoydled acid-free stock West also recycles nealy 22 million pounds ol srap paper annually the equivalent of 181 717 trees Since the 1960s. West has devised ways 10 capture and recycle waste inks solvents oils and vapors created in the printing process. We also recycle plastics of all kinds wood lass corrugated cardboard and barteries and have eliminated the use of styrofoam book packaging ‘We ar West are proud of the longevity and the scope of our commit, ‘ment to the environment COPYRIGHT ©1994 By WEST PUBLISHING COMPANY 610 Opperman Drive BO Box 64526 St Paul MN 55164~0526 AL rights teserved Print inthe United States of Ameen OL 0 9% 98 97-9 95H 8 765442 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data lamit, Louis Gary. 1949 Technical drawing and design / Louis Gary Lamit pcm Includes index ISBN 0 314 01264-8 1 Mechanical dravsing 1 Title 13931265. 1994 6042 20 © 9243902 crBRIEF CONTENTS Preface xix Part One ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 1 1 Introduction to Engineering Graphics and Deisgn 2 2. Design Engineering W ‘The Design Process 32 4 Computers in Engineering Design and Manufacturing 80, 5 Parametric Design 103 Part Two ‘BASIC GRAPHICAL MATERIALS RAD PROCEDURES. 6 Equipment, Materials, and Techniques for Engineering Graphics 130 Letering and Annotation 174 Geometric Constructions 200 9 Sketching 250 Part Three 10 Mulkiview Drawings 286 I Sections 342 12. Auxiliary Views 387 13 Pictorials: 3D Representations and 3D Modeling 417 Part Four PROCESSES AND DOCUMENTATION m 14 Manufacturing Processes 478 15. Dimensioning (ANSI Y14.5 1994) 515 16 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing, (ANSI Y14.5 1994) 376 Part Five [MECHBNICRL PARTS, PROCEDURES, AND LAHOUT oS 17 Threads and Fasteners 646 18 Springs 695 19° Gears, Shafts, and Bearings m 20. Cams 72 21 Fluid Power 760 22, Welding Drawings 780 23° Working Drawings 810 ppennes A Appendix A Glossaries A2 Appendix B Abbreviations and Standards Au Appendix C Standard Catalog Parts and Reference Materials AS Index k1 vilCHAPTER 4 Introduction to Engineering Graphics and Design Design Engineering The Design Process Computers in Engineering Design and Manufacturing Parametric DesignChapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING GRAPHICS AND DESIGN LEARNING OBJECTIVES. Upon completion of this chapter you will be able to: 1. Recognize that engineering graph- ics allows graphical representation of ideas. Compare career fields in engineer- ing, and understand how engineers and designers use engineering graphics to communicate ideas. 3. Define common terms used in engineering graphics. 4. Understand the transitions in engineering graphics that have taken place from ancient Roman construction projects to modern concurrent engineering projects. 5, Understand and identify technical drawing types and design stages. 6. Understand the role of descriptive geometry in solving three- dimensional problems. 7. Identify the various standards of practice used in engineering graphics and d 1.1 INTRODUCTION Engineering graphics and design use graphic language to communicate ideas This language developed and used by engineets designers ancl drafters se1ves as an essential tool fom the beginning of a ptoduct’ development to its pro duction How do we communicate ideas graphically? What ate the components of this graphic language? What is a good! iawing? his text will answer these questions by covering, the basics of engineering graphics and engineering design ge oF a fool nota special neering graphics isa langu leed fi variety of producis—tiom consumer items to highly special ined technical products for the aerospace industiy Engineet ing drawings play an essential role in clesign manufacturing processing and production Every industrial nation employs alarge number of engineets ancl designers titeially millions 6% jobs in the United States ancl € anada leper! on techincal ld Engineers use this tool to create avid proce a Fngincering drawings are geometric representations of an idew vor product that must be pressed manufactured o constructed Hae engineering and design process is used! 10 define estab lish and create’ The engineet the designer and the crate ings to communicate technical inlormation to each other and from the design office to the manutac turing float All machines devices and prducts are graphically designed hefore they are manufactured fhe cost the intiicacy and the manulacturability of the item are considered! diving the beginning of the design stage Approximately 75% of the est to produce a part ate fixed in the design stage Altet the design has been refined engineering drawings are used t communicate the design data You should not look on engineering graphics and design as an end in itsell or as an island of information Design dnwings and models are only the fist step in the long andhater FIGURE 1.1. An Engineering and Design Office complicated process of product development production and manulacture Engineering drawings may be prepated either on dalting boards using traditional engineering drawing instruments with computers A solid model of the product might be ceated belore any manufacturing is considered Tt is: not computer aided design and (AD) systems interspersed among drafting tables (Fig | 1) Some companies still use traditional engineering diawing in portions of their design process, All uncommon 10 see dhafiing large companies such as IBM General Motors. Hewlett Packard (Fig 1 2) and Ford have converted entirely to computer aided! design/compter aided manufacturing ( AD/C AM) systems FIGURE 12 CAD System INEERING GRATIS AND DESKN 3 1.2 CAREERS IN ENGINEERING GRAPHICS Tete are many sequences you can follow i: cateets that tse engineering graphics and design Figure | 3 shows wadi tional job categories in technical drawing and the path from drafting trainee to design supervisor for a career in dhafting and design Ihe following list shows jo responsibilities for vatious engineering and dialling cateeis that make use of engineering graphics Hh cate Job Category Responsibility Chie! Engineer Management Fnngineet Conceptual design Ideas. Calculation and verification Designer Design ideas Physical layout Assemblies Finalization of design Layout designer Derailer Basic diawings Details Dimensioning ecker Checking ofall drawings and designs Technical illustrator Presentation dhawings Manuals Publication quatiy att The traditional starting point for a careet in dralting anc! design is the drafting trainee (Fig. 13) Ihe drafting trai notmally has had high school ot heginnin courses in drafting math and related technical subjects Some drafting trainees start at the apprentice level with no drafting experience Iypically the first step on the path to a career in drafting and design is to obtain a certficat fone to two-year associate degiee at a comrrunity or techni cal college that offers a drafting and design degree With this education you enter the job market as a drafter/detailer ot a junior drafter degree program and the graduate’ experience rafter is required to know considerably more tha the drafting ttainee Mastery is essential it ‘ments, matetials and dhafting techniques. including letter ing, geometric construction freehand sketching, projection techniques sectioning dimensioning and toleraneing Ve primary responsibility of the junior diafter is 4 prepare detail drawings. The senicr drafter (or layout designer) position sequires a minimum of two 10 five yeas. experi The entry level depends on the quality of the The junior engineering discipline Layout designers refine the engineers andl de design possibilities Layout designers are sequited to unde ids know how to eis sketches including investigating alternate sand drafting conventions and. stan determine clearances and iis and make the calculations4 mow i Design, ENGINEERING AND DESIGN FIGURE 13 Flowchart for a Career in Drafting and. Design necessary for an accurate design Knowledge and under stancling of sh p piactives procedures: manufacturing tech niques and basic prodtctlon methods are important After two to seven years experience the layout designer may qualify asa junior designer or a designer A designer is called con 1) teline designs established hy engineers Senion designers are in charge of a design group the senior designer has hetween six and twenty yéats of experi ence as a designer in a particular fied the senior designer works clivectly with engineers and checkers ‘Checkers ate tespyonsihle for the avcnacy of the finished lhawings They teview the diawings for clavity complete hess proxuction feasibility and cust eflectiveness «bec kes review all mathematical computations. checker is schooled. in all standards and conventicns for a particular engineering liscipline Ihe checker takes the original design sketches drawing layouts and detail drawings of the project and makes sue they ate consistent accurate ancl complete the ulinsate legal responsibilty for a project rests with the engineering team Fngineets gradhtate in four or five years from degree pr giams spevitic 10 particular disciplines metallurgical et mechanical civil electical chemical Engineets typically complete at least one Louse oF course sequence in engineering graphies belore graduation Many engineeis today go on to complete advansed degrees in thet discipline Engineeis must be registered it their state 10 celify certain projects The design supersisor coordinates supervises. and schedules work assignments ‘Computers have changed the way engineers clo engineer ing Today it is tt uncommon for an engineer to be working on a CAD station t complete an initial soli model desigh fot a project Parametric CAD programs are found increasingly i all stages of design engineering. the concur rent engineering environment calls for design for manila, turing (DFM) tobe considered during the initial design phase’ Parametric CAN progam facilitate this effort Eng’ ties inxlustial designers technologists. and cbaliers work together fom project inception to ensure a high quality nana tatable pect Ue basic knovledge tequited Lor a panticular engineer ing puoject is acquited trough a combination of schocling ad inlustial experience the technology uscd i today fengineeting design environment 1s changing rapidly New featuues are constantly added to each design progtam Ue pressure to compete tt world class -manulacturing has prished the need 1 complete projects thom engineering design to production in a mach shorter time proxi late tw matket is often woubless in today face paced enviton nent You should attempt to gain exposine and uaining on diferent CAD software and hatdwate packages Pay pati lar attention to both two dimensional 2) and three dimensional (3D) CAD packages Expevience in solid mod cling and patamettic design ate also particularly smspontant tuxlay 4 knowledge of computer aided manufacturing and ‘apis prototyping (stereolthography) wil also help a careet OF course song written and oral communication skills are ‘essential fo a successful engineering careet This text uses terms that are common in engineering and design. Some of the most important terms follow Computeraided design and cafting oF vomputer aided design (CAD) The use of the computer to design a patt ancl to produce engineering drawings Iwo dimensional CAD is Confined (0 the layout anc! graphic representation of pants using traditional standard industry conventions Drawings are representations of a part ploited on paper Whereas 20 CAD is limited to detailing and drafting 3D € AD or solis modeling, is usually the starting point for design (Fig, 1 # Engineering design graphs The use of graphical communi cation in the clesign process Fngineeting drawings tepresent design ideas configurations specifications and analyses for many different kines of engineering projectsaie es FIGURE 16 Solid Model of an Assembly r The kind of drafting designs model the mechanical response of the de done on a dlafiing hoard using paper ms Fach chapter in the text covers a spevilc area of modeling is used to «reate a Lfelike scale moclel of manual and CAD procedutes used in engineering graphics Inv this text manual drafting is confined to the creation Irawings via 31) model ol a part” A model can be created via physical modeling (F anxVor by compater modeling (Figs. 1 6 3D CAD systems and parametric modeleis CAD models you can investigate a satiety of and 17) us with FIGURE 17 FIGURE 15 Scale Physical Model of the Advanced FIGURE 18 3D Design Model Used for Engineerin Electronics Assembly Facility sineening Analysis6 Pave One ENGINEERING AND DESIGN, ‘nical drawing Encompasses all forms of graphic com ‘munication: manual, mechanical, freehand, instrument and computer-generated drawings used by the engineer de signer, or drafter co express and to develop technical designs for manufacturing, production, or construction. \Mlustration The use of artistic methods and picto- vial techniques 10 represent a part or a system for use by nontechnical personnel, Technical illustrations are used widely in service, parts, owners, and other types of manuals Sales and advertising also use technical illustrations Technical sketching The use of freehand graphics 10 create drawings and pictorial representations of ideas It is one of the most important tools available to the engineer and designer to express creative ideas and preliminary design solutions 1.4 THE HISTORY OF ENGINEERING DRAWING Technical drawings have been employed throughout history © communicate ideas. Some of the earliest evidence of the use of drawings comes from the construction of the ancient pyramids and temples, with drawings dating to as far back a5 1400 o.c. Drawings were used in ancient Rome to display bridge designs and other construction projects. Leonardo DaVinci employed pictorial sketches to develop and explore different inventions and designs. ‘The beginning of modern technical drawing dates back to the early 18005 Until that time graphic communication was mote artistic in nature and used pen ink anc! color washes to display pictovial graphic images of a product or construc tion projects, By the 1900s, drawings were used for the production and manufacture of a wide variety of industrial products. Engineers were learning how to mass-produce products and how 10 communicate engineering designs more effectively with engineering drawings A series of standards and conventions was established to aid the transfer of information between the engineering/ design department and manulacturing/production or con- struction. Communication between companies, industries, and countries was also made easier by standardization Today, we have avery strict, standardized method of display- ing graphic information, Before the mid-1800s, instruments for graphical repre- sentation were limited to measuring scales, the compass, dividers, paper, and ink. Ink was replaced by the pencil The square evolved into the parallel bar and then into the rafting machine The newest iool in engineeting design and dhafting is 20 and 3 CAD systems 1.5 TYPES OF DRAWINGS: ARTISTIC AND TECHNICAL Drawing is a too! used by engineers and industrial designers 10 design a product solve a problem, or produce a product, Almost everything around us began as an idea and then as a drawing: the buiklings in which we live and work, the appliances in our homes—dishwashers, can openers dryers, toasters; our means of transpottation.-cais, trains ships, airplanes; our systems that suppwt ile plumbing, electric- lay; even what we wear was conceived and brought into being by the effective use of engineering drawings. Few items get manufactured or produced without an engineering awing There ate two types of drawings artistic and technical Antitic drawings are ouside the scope of this text Usough technical illustiations (Figs 1/9 ancl 1 10) use autistic tech niques an autistic drawing has many techniques ancl expres FIGURE 1 10 A Technical Illustration of a Space StationCaer sions not used in technical chawings Fitst of all whereas an antistc chawing is usually interpreted differently by everyone who sees ita technical cbawing must communicate the same message to every user «1 readlet of the drawing li lint the interpretation to only one possible conclusion the technical diawing is controlled by accepted stanclardls. caw ing conventions and projection techniques Fingineeting dhawings are used to tansler technical infor mation the dawing must contain all information requited tw bring the concept proxluct ot idea inte reality Diners sions notes views atul specifications are requited for a complete drawing ferhnical diawings must contain every ‘thing needed for proper interpretation of the design because design and manulactuiing may be lucated far apart often in diflerert countries 1.6 TYPES OF TECHNICAL DRAWINGS this text is concerned primarily with engineering drawings ‘of mechanical parts machined parts castings and weld ments. Vatious types of drawings ate assoxiated with me chanical design and engineering Ihe following are consid ered standard types of diawings i industry Fcsion sker hes Sketches are initial design ideas vequire ments calulations and concepts and are used to convey the design parameters o the layout desi Jay net slvanings make detail drawings ot ass Layout drawings are made to develop the ial design Lhey must show all the information needed to nbly dhawings Asseambhy Assembly chawings show a number of detail parts or subassemblies that aie joined together to perlorm a specific funtion Petuil thuvings A detail drawing relays all the information needed to determine te fival form of a part I must show a complete andl exact description of the part including shapes dimensions tolerances surface finish and heat Uucatment either specifed ot implied dhawings Casting drawings are usually not re quited and the normal piactive is to show the necessary casting dimension along with the machining dimensions on. the detail drawing When a separate casting drawing is used it contains only information needed for casting but 19 limensions for machining ot finishing adricatcn Fabrication drawings ate created fo parts with petmanently fixed pieves the method! of fasten ing is called out on the drawing with syinbols o1 by other siandard methods Welded and siveted pants requite labrica tion drawings INTRODUCTION 10 ENGINEERING GRATIS AND DESIGN 7 1.7 THE DESIGN PROCESS The design process (Fig 1 {1) starts with a concept ot an idlea_ The fst stage of a project hegins with the identification cof a particular need for a product’ Many times. the proxluct is identified by a need in industy government the military or the private secior the second stage involves the cieation of a satiety of ‘options or design ideas. these ideas may be in the toiny of sketches and include mathematical computations. Ihe thi stage is the refinenient of the preliminary designs Possible solutions to the problem are identified the fourth stage involves refinement ar selection of a particular design Here the project is put in a more formal finalized state using assembly drawings and models this stage requires close attention to how the part is. to be nanulactuied and produced (design for manufacturability (DFM) tn the fifth stage detail drawings are prepared the result is a complete set of working drawings Uhe sixth stage in the design process is the manulactusing ane! production of a product or the constuction of a system) fy manulactuting, dlesigh andl layout time is allocate! for producing dies tals, ligs and fixnues Duuing the design press the enginects an! designers Layout of design me 2a System constuction ‘acchtecture Stucturat ‘Manufacturing ana production FIGURE 111. The Design ProcessBrace ENGINEERING AND DESIGN. THE DESIGN PROCESS Even as you read this text, new ideas to give you new sources ‘of pleasure of new sources of frustration are being conceived. Engineers create systems, devices, and processes useful to and sought afer by our society The process by which these goals are achieved n engineering design is a planned sequence of events, Teas been said that “necessity is the mother of invention.” ‘Need is the motivating factor 1m most designs, When Levi Strauss fis made what became known as blue jeans, they didn have the rivets at the pockets. In 1872, Levi was contacted by a tailor from Reno, Nevada, who had started siveting the pants he made for his customers, The two men decided to patent this new innovation and in 1873, were awarded the frst patent for pocket rivets, No 139,121 Pe eaay20 10 jibe CS i ‘The patent certificate for rivets on jeans. Sometimes design is an accident. In 1878, a Procter & Gamble worker forgot to urn off the machine that sired the Sap. The soap that resulted had alo of air bubbles and was so light it could float. He had just invented Wwory. soap, by accident! ‘Curiosity. sometimes drives design. The design of the microwave oven came about because Perey Spencer was curi- jus about the amount of heat that was generated from ‘magnetrons, the tubes used in radar during World War Ul, He ould warm fis hands by holding them close to the magne- trons. It was not until he found candy melted in his coat pocket thatthe idea of using the microwave to cook entered his mind. Many experiments later, che highfrequency dielectric heating apparatus—a microwave ovenl—was invented, Spencer sbtained a patent for tin 1953. Today, microwave ovens are an Integral part of home, work, and school—all because Spencer For years, te have dreamed about “smart homes" Imagine all the electrical appliances tp your home connected so they lecteonically communicate with each other, AS you return ‘ome, your house “senses” your arrival, opens the garage door, anlocks the house, tums on the lights, and turns on the elezision to your fivorite program. As we approach the age hen this is indeed possible, i is also easy t0 imagine the amount of information and technology that is needed t0 brodluce such a system. fa design is to bea success and not a fusteation, it must be simple and easy 10 operate, no matter how muich information tr technology is used. The designer must be able to transmit precise, clear instructions to the user. Much of our technology today makes devices simples to use, but requires reams of documentation inthe development stage. {nformation manage~ ‘ment and our ability t communicate will determine whether ovr future designs are a joy ot «frustating mess of words and ‘The microwave was born out of curiosity.1.8 DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY Desc rip orthographic pro jection t aphics procedure esc the proper tep \ Paral! N\A cated FIGURE 114 30 Design of a Holding Tank Surface modeling was used to solve for the intersection of the four cylindrical legs and the sprerical tank FIGURE 112 Descriptive Geometry Problem10 Parr cme ENGINEERING AND DESIGN a3 4 y 5 le 60°, 7 a 4 DEVELOPMENT z a Re 1234567654321 1 7 a DEVELOPMENT + FIGURE 1.15. Development Problem 1.9 CAREER FIELDS IN INDUSTRY Fingineets and designers are employed in a variety of engineering. fields clecttonic chemical ceramic manulacturing mechanical nuclear, solar petrochemical mining and metallurgical engineering All of these fields enyploy designers and alters 1» refine idleas and Ining the design to completion The following list provides an over view sf the possible fields of employment for engineers designers, and drafters: Mechanical Product design Manufacturing design: jgs and fixtures, dies, assemblies, and details Hlectronc-Elecrical Gireuits, printed circuit boards Incegrated circuits Electrical, electromechanical Computers Applications for Electronic and Mechanical Design Marine ‘Aerospace Transportation Mining Architectural, Engineering, and Construction (AE&C) ivi: facilites, dams, airports, roads, mapping Structural buildings, plants povwer genetation Piping, solar nuclear, chemical, process, power hyklo electic Arhitective Commercial residential landscape Fev Musto Product literature aclvettising sales presentation service manuals display In mechanical engineering, designers anc engineers make assembly diawings of jigs fixtures dies and other types of manufacturing ads to create and produce machine pats arxl new mechanical designs (Fig. 116) this one of the laigest employment areas for an engineer ot a designer Ihe me chanical engineer is concerned with the conceptual develop iment and the engineering calculations (designs) smvolved in eating and developing mechanical clevices including itews to be used im machinery automobiles, mechanical equip ment (Fig 117) and aerespace products (Fig. 1 18) Architectural engineering and! construction is comprised primarily ot civil engineering structural design piping sign and architecture Civil engineering and mapping employ engineers anc designers to levelop highways, roads railways and alnports Sewage treatment plants water sys temis and dams are all created! y civil engineets. ping design includes such diveise felts as fossil fuel power plant dlesign nuclear power plants (Fig 1/19) solar powet ancl a wide range of other areas that requite industial piping systems use in the produxtion of chemicals petioctiemical products (Fig 1.20) toad anel heserages Am hitecture (Fig. 1 21) is the design and constuction of tesicential or counmen il buildings (larger stra tures can be included) Souctal engineering includes the design ancl onstruction of buiklings (Fig 22) manulacturing facil ties airport tetminals and power plants 1 name a few(hays 1 ISERODIC TON 10 ENGINEERING LRAT S AND DESI 14 FIGURE 1.18 3D Model of an Experimental Helicopter FIGURE 1.19 Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant FIGURE 1.20 Petrochemical Facility FIGURE 1.21 Architectural Design FIGURE 122 Construction of a Corporate Office Facility12 raom ENGINEERING AND DESIGN FIGURE 124. Printed Circuit Board Design Electronic and electrical engineering includes the layout ‘of power systems for generation, t and utilization of electrical energy, circuits and the design of printed circuit boards (Fig 1.24), integrated cireaits (Fig 125), and computer products Electrical engineering con smission (Fig. 1.23} ion of elect son power generation and the util cal energy Electronic engineeting, on the other hand, covers smaller devies consumer electronics citcuit des heckled mictoprxessors integrated cincuit design and com FIGURE 1.25 Integrated Circuit Design FIGURE 1.26 Technical illustration Mining engineering, aerospace engine: tation engineering all use combi tonic, and electrical designs Technical illustration (Fig, 1.26) is an area where the artistic and mechanical aspects of diafting and design merg Fechnival illustrations are pictorial drawings, needed for manuals, of products, buildings, or other items This text is concerned primarily with mechanical design, Mechanical design and engineering are important because they involve the production of devices and designs for a vatiety of applications Marine engineeting includes the dlesign and manulacture of marine vessels (Figs 1 1.28) Aerospace engineering in and other mechanical devices includes the design of automobiles trucks buses, and tuains andl their individual components. and! requites ext ve mechanical design (Vi ind transpor nations of mechanical, elec and ines Transportation engineering Jes the design ofFIGURE 127. Marine Vessel Design FIGURE 128 Physical Model of a Marine Vessel 1.10 COMPUTERS AND ENGINEERING DRAWING Computerintegtated manufacturing (CIM) is the integsa tion of all phases of proxluction from design to manutact cengineets do engineeing and has profoundly altered the » (Fig 130) Computeraided engineering (CAE) computeraided manufacturing (CAM) anil (AD. are collectively called computerintegrated manufacturing, 10 the use of computers (CIM) The tetm CADICAM telex he dle productivity CAM puter nu 3) and! preuction process 10 improve Jules mumetical control (NC) com I control (NO) (F control (DNC) machining 31), and direct 21 robot () a4 FIGURE 1.29 3D Computer-Aided Design FIGURE 130 Computer Control on the Factory FloorFIGURE 1.31 CNC Machining The use and integration of computers in all phases of the design-through-manufacturing process and their significance to the tremely important to the future of en design. Descrip sitions, and dimensioning standards apply to drawings ew concurrent. engineering environment are ex neering and industrial tive geometry, projection techniques, draftin and models completed manually and with the co Orthographic projections will still be used on the produc tion floor, regardless of how the part was designed Solid mode re design-through-manufacturing will continue to aid in the visualizat in the er 1.11 COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN ad computer to develop analyze, ino design CAD commands at the computer (Fig 1.32) puter graphics. The con the or by entering creates an image with the computer program. In many systems, the image is formed from basic geometries/entities/ boxes, prismatic solids, torroids, etc. The entities can be easily modified—enlarged or reduced in size, moved to another loc rored, copied etc By using different mar image ate created. CAD de the 3D data refining, and manipu certain kinds of information, CAM and CIM apply pulations, the required details of the graphic yn refers to the establishment and definition of ase; CAD drafting involves primarily defining provide ting the same database to utilize the same database as_was initially created FIGURE 1.32 Personal Computer CAD System rent engineering Concur rent engineering is sometimes called simu ing because manulacturing anc! design are considered simul aneousl As an engin« ast be able to understand the system’ hardware configura tion and its software capabilities. CAD/CAM systems are of a designer using a CAD system, you designed to be operated as purchased, and programmin ability is not required. However, you van program them 10 stomize them for your particular needs In must be familiar with the following 1. Draft 2 Engineering-discipline-specific conventions 3 Particular piping, clecttical electronics clectromechanical civil structwtal standards 4 Soltware istics of yout CAD system It must he stressed that ( AD is an engineering and desi engineering hanged, not the content, Regardless of the type of system The method Many agencies control the standards used in engineering and design American National Standards Institute (ANSD), the Department of Defense (DOD) sianularls ancl he military standards (MIL) ate standards in the United States. The Internati Organization (ISO) JIS) are also used it many companies (Standards fandarls and Japanese standardsANSI standards are available 1 engineers and designers at theit place of employment It is important to become familiar with these stanclardls ANSE Y14 contains tion on diafting practices dimensioning projeaion de sctiptive geometry geometric tolerancing and a wide variety cof other areas assoxiated with engineering and design ‘tandauls ate used because chawings ate a standard form ‘of communication between individuals. departments. com panies and counties They communicate design require ments {standards ate lolle wed each dhawing will mean the same thing 10 everyone who reads and uses it, Ihe teal purp se of a drawing is eventually to get the pant made conecily A diawing that no one understands is worthless Some companies have not adopled ANSI standatds are using oldes standards or have not upclated all of their older drawings to the newer standards Always be aware of this when reviewing chawings His text uses ANSI standards as a hasis for its diawings conventions practices anc! instruc tional methodology All projects completed tom the book ate 19 be caw using the latest revisions of ANSI standatds conventions and diawing practices 1.13 STANDARDS OF MEASUREMENT the United States is the only major industeial country in the world still using feet inches and decimal equivalems Howeser many large companies such as Ford IBM_ John Deere General Motors Honeywell and most electtonic medical instrument have converted completely to the niettis system that is called Systeme Internationale (SI) the Fnglish system wits ate snow called US eustomary units Because you may encounter both measurement systems nn the job this text uses a balanced approach and applies Doth systems Piping architectwte and structural engineer ing use units of feet inches and fractions. in most cases The standatd of measurement for mettic drawings is the millimeter the US decimal incl unit is used on many of the illustations and on many of the exercises and problems at the end of the chapters In some cases yout insttuctor may wish yout fo convert the units of measurement Irom one system to another and computer manuactarers 1.14 ORGANIZATION OF THE TEXT this text is organized into six pais Pant One eosers the basis of engineering ancl design introduti et engineer 15 INFRODC TION LO ENGINEERING GRAFIICS AND DESIGN ing graphics (Chapter 11 design engineering ( hapuer 2) the design process (Chapter 3) vomputess in engineering dlesign and manulactuning (Chapter 4) and patameitic design (Chapter 5) Fatt vo covets basic ghaphical materials and provedures equipenent materials. and techniques for engineering graph tes (Chapter 6) leering and annotation (Chapter 7) geomet tie consttuctions (Chapter 8) anel sketching (Chapter 9) Fant Hee conets drawing basis muliview dawing (hapter 10) sections (Chapter 11) auxiliary views (hap ter 12) and pictorals (Chapter 13) Yaw Four covers processes and! documentation manu facturing provesses (Chapter 14) dimensioning (hapter 15) and geomettic dimensioning and tolerancing (Chap ver 16) Patt Five vovers mechanical paris procedures and lay cout threads and fasteners (Chapter (7) springs (hapter 18) geats shalts and hearings (Chapter 19) cams ( hapter 20) fluid power (Chapter 21) welding dawings ( hapter 22) and working diavwings (Chapter 23) Patt Six covers engineeting glaphical analysis points and lines (hapiet 24) planes (haptet 25) evolutions (hap tet 26) intersections (hapter 27) developments (Chapter 28) vector analysis (Chapter 29) and: design projects (Chapter 30) Ue main boely ofthe text is followed by four appendixes In Appendix A you will find thiee glossaties mechanical, CADVCAM. and parametiic design Appendix B contains abbreviations standards and genetal abbieviations Appen dix presents catalog pauts and relerence matetal threads, twist drills bolts screws nuts washers sivets and retaining rings pins hushings Wovxlilf keys. sheet metal gages struetural shapes and sizes fits and tolerances Const the appendixes when working on projects from the text Fach chapter in the text has the same sequence Chey start with an introduction an! continue with an explanation of the material be covered Chapter objectives introduce the chapter ‘At the end of each chapter is a quiz composed of Tie on Valse Fil in the Blanks questions In Chapters 6 29 the quiz is followed by exercises ard problems the exerises are designed 10 he completed a specific intervals You will be prompted at certain places sithin eacls chapter to complete the corre sponding exercises which test your knowledge f the wate fal just covered All exercises ate resented! oma grid format using 25 in units and can he transletted ditectly without the use of dimensi ms to an 8} x 1 in A size grid lined sheet of paper Ifmetiics are prefered use mettic grid pape with appropriate dissions The prfblems can he asigned in many dlillerent waysas sketches ink dhawings manual dhrawings oF CAND projects Unlike the exereises. which are Confined to an 84 x Ll in A size format the size ol paper dlepenuls on the project requirements and Answer the Following16 rom ENGINEERING AND DESI quiz ‘True or False 1 CAD systems and calting hoards may be is mixed use in engineering Hices an fms 2 Fingioeesing on technical duawings wete used 1 communi cate technical ideas only in the twentieth century 4 Antistie dhawings ate wsed extensively 10 sonununicate Kleas {a engineering, CIM cDesn really involve computers in design tnanlac tuning lle 5 Descriptive ge metry and engineering glaphics ave totally separate fields 6 CAD systems ate based on interactive computer graphics 7 An extensive knowledge of computer programming is needed 10 use CAD ellecively B here ate literally milous of jobs in rmannvfactaring ant engineering that depend! on engineering graphics in some rom the Fill in the Blanks 9 is the ter used 1 lescrtbe the tase of graphical communi ation it the desig process 10 the wwe win types of chawings ae and un use attistic metho and pictorial techies te tepresent a pant or systent for use by nntech neal petsonnel 12 is the integration of all phases of proshution hom design to mantlactuing sing the computer LS echnical Create heawings “4 ivoles any type of design activity that wses the computer to develop analyze vetify or enhan e an ‘engineering design 6 and ate three clit ferent agencies that conitol the standatds for engineering drawing inthe United States 16 is completed wy a deafting ty atd using paper pencil and caving instruments is the nse af fteehaal graphics 1 ‘Answer the Following LZ Des tibe why CAE CAD CAM and CAD/CAM ate collec tively called (IM 18. Describe atleast we diflerent engineering disciplines and the types of job they ental 19 Explain how technical sllustation differs from engineering drawing 20 Explain why standards are imp wtant in engineering graph 21 Explain and descibe the basi dlesign provess 22 What types. [problems ae solved by the use of deseriptive geometry tecinigqes? 23 What is the dillerence heween a casting dtawing and a fabnication drawing? 21 How has the “ompurer changed engineesing atl engineeting sgraphi's? ontepts inve hed in the