FUNDAMENTALS OF

GRAPHICS COMMUNICATION
CHAPTER 01

INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHICS
COMMUNICATION
 INTRODUCTION – WHAT IS
GRAPHIS COMMUNICATION?
 It is an effective means of
communicating technical ideas and
problem solutions.
 In engineering design
› Visualize
› Sketch
› Geometric Models
› Analysis
› Detail Drawing – 3D Drawing
› Record
 INTRODUCTION – WHAT IS
GRAPHIS COMMUNICATION?
 This is how engineers and technologists
communicate as they design new products
and structures for our technological world.
 Clear, precise language with definite rules
that must be mastered.
 Influence the way you think and approach
engineering problem.
 Thinking in the language of Graphics you
will visualize problems clearly and find
solutions with greater ease.
 INTRODUCTION – WHAT IS
GRAPHIS COMMUNICATION?
 92 % of design process is graphically
based. Other 8 % is mathematical,
written or verbal communication.
 Figure 1 shows a breakdown of how
engineers spend their time.
 Analysis of figure 1.
 Why does graphics come into every
phase of engineers job?
FIGURE. 1
 INTRODUCTION – WHAT IS
GRAPHIS COMMUNICATION?
 Look at jet aircraft in figure 2.
 It is designed for specific task and with specific
parameters.
 Can you describe the design, structure of
aircraft verbally?
 Millions of parts
 Each part has to be designed and
manufactured.
 Just imagine trying to manufacture jet aircraft
through verbal communication.
 Graphic communication Figure 3.
FIGURE. 2
 INTRODUCTION – WHAT IS
GRAPHIS COMMUNICATION?
 Designer has to think about many features that
cannot be communicated verbally.
 The mind of designer uses a visual, non verbal
language.
 “Visual image” can be reviewed and modified to test
solutions before communication to others.
 As designer creates image on computer he is
translating the mental image into a drawing or model.
 This drawing or graphic will create a similar picture in
the mind of others.
 These images in the mind of designer are converted
into real objects.
 ENGINEERS
 Creative people using technical means to solve
problems. They design products, systems,
devices and structures to improve our living
conditions.

 Problem solution begins in mind of engineer.

Tools, computers hardware and software are
powerful sources of help. They aid the
visualization process.

 Great impact in the field of engineering.

 TECHNOLOGISTS
 They work with engineers and are concerned with the
practical aspects of engineering in planning and
production.

 They must also know how to communicate

graphically by sketching design problems and
solutions, analyzing designs and specifying
production procedures.

 Sharing information through graphical means is

becoming important specially as non technical people
are becoming involved in design/manufacturing
process.
 PRACTICAL EXERCISE 1.1
 FIGURE 1.47
 Try to describe the part using written
instructions.
 Other person should be able to make
sketch
 Verbally describe the sketch to other
person who tries to make sketch using
your instructions.
 IMPORTANCE OF GRAPHICS
IN DESIGN PROCESS
 1. VISUALIZATION
 2. COMMUNICATION
 3. DOCUMENTATION
 A drawing is a graphical representation of
objects and structures done by freehand,
mechanical or computers methods.
 Abstract multiview drawing. Figure 6
 Sophisticated computer model. Figure 7
 Special knowledge and skill to represent
complex technical ideas with sufficient
precision for mass production.
FIGURE. 7
 VISUALIZATION
 The ability to see in the mind the solution to
problems
 Mentally picture things that do not exist
 Design engines with good visualization can
picture things and also control those images.
 Move, change, look at the image as if they were
holding it in their hands.
 “ Pyramids, buildings and rockets exist not
because of geometry, theory of structures or
thermodynamics but because first they were a
picture-literally a vision, in the minds of those
who built them”.
 COMMUNIATION
 Sketching is done for capturing the
mental image.
 Then refine your sketch so that it can
be communicated to others
 Others must be able to visualize our
design.
 Add detail to sketch, then make 3 D
model using CAD software.
 DOCUMENTATION
 After design solution is finalized
graphics is most effective way to
permanently record that solution.
 Earlier these were 2 D drawings copied
through a process called blueprinting.
 Trend now is to refine the 3 D model
which is then directly used by
machines.
FIGURE. 10
FIGURE. 11
THE TRADITIONAL
DESIGN PROCESS
 ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION
› FINITE ELEMENT MODEL
 CONCURRENT
ENGINEERING
 The design process is shifting from
linear segmented activity to team
activity involving all areas of business
and using computers.
 This integrated team approach is called
concurrent engineering.
 FIGURE 14
 GEOMETRIC MODELING
 Trend in industry is for engineers to be
expert geometric modelers.
 Geometric modeling is the process of
creating computer graphics to
communicate, document, analyze and
visualize the design process.
 CNC code for machines.
FIGURE. 15
 PRACTICE EXERCISE 1.2
 FIGURE 1.17
STANDARDS AND
CONVENTIONS
 Effectiveness of the language of graphics
is due to standards.
 Agreed upon standards of signs and
symbols
 For writing letters are signs and the
grammar the science.
 Standards and conventions are the signs
of graphics language.
 Communication of thoughts between
people easier.
STANDARDS AND
CONVENTIONS
 Graphics language must follow a set of
standards and conventions in order to
make communication effective.
 Just like the English language graphics
language has evolved over the years.
 Still changing due to impact of new
technologies.
 Conventions are commonly accepted
practices, rules or methods.
 Example of Convention.
FIGURE. 16
STANDARDS AND
CONVENTIONS
 Standards are set of rules that govern how
technical drawings are represented.
 Example of dimensioning in mechanical
drawings.
 Standards allow clear communication of
technical ideas.
 American National Standard Institute ANSI sets
standards for engineering and technical
drawings in USA.
 Standards are used so that everyone gets the
same meaning who reads them.
FIGURE. 17
 ALPHABET OF LINES
 Referred to as line styles when used
with CAD.
 Two line weights sufficient to follow
standards, 0.6 mm and 0.3 mm.
 Thin and Thick lines.
 Standard line styles and their
applications.
 ALPHABET OF LINES
 FIGURE. 18
 TECHNICAL DRAWING
TOOLS
 Graphics language has evolved over
the years into sophisticated set of
standards and conventions.
 Tools have also evolved over the years.
 Three types of drawings
› Free Hand sketches
› Instrument Drawing
› Computer Drawing
 COMPUTER AIDED
DRAWING TOOLS
 CAD Software can create virtually any
type of technical drawing.
 CAD is used for computer aided
drafting, 2D Drawing and three
dimensional modeling.
 Hardware devices used in combination
with software.
 Hardware are the physical devices.
 THE CENTRAL PROCESSING
UN IT
 Hardware device that runs the computer
programs and controls the various
attached input and output devices.
 CPU Circuit board called a Motherboard,
housed in rectangular box to protect the
circuitry and facilitate connection of the
other devices.
 CPU are based on Microprocessor chip.
 Higher the clock speed (MHz) the more
capable the CPU.
FIGURE. 21
FIGURE. 22
 COMPUTER OPERATING
SYSTEM
 Software Program that controls the
internal operations of the computer.
 Memory, storage devices, input and
output devices and data transmission.
 Software comprises written and coded
instructions that govern operations of the
computer.
 Operating system is software interface
between use and CPU.
 Microsoft Windows, UNIX and LINUX.
 DISPLAY DEVICES
 Type of output device, through which
information flows out of the computer to the
user.
 Classified by their type, resolution, size and
color capabilities.
 Sizes measured diagonally.
› Vector Device
› Raster Device
 Resolution (PIXELS), high pixels, high
resolution, high expense, memory and
processing power..
 INPUT DEVICES
 Input devices are used to interact with
the operating software.
› Tablet
› Scanners
› Keyboard
› Mouse
› Joysticks
› Voice Recognition Devices
FIGURE 26
 OUTPUT DEVICES
 Printers
 Plotters
 Inkjet Printers
 Laser Printers
FIGURE. 29
 STORAGE DEVICES AND
MEDIA
 Used to store information and retrieve it
when needed.
 CAD drawing is stored in electronic medium.
 Storage devices are a combination
input/output devices.
› Disk drives
› Fixed Hard Disk Drives
› Tape Drives
› Optical Storage Drives
› Removable Hard Disk Drives
FIGURE. 31
FIGURE. 32
 TRADITIONAL TOOLS
 Evolved over time from ancient Greece.
 Developed for geometry.
 Traditional tools are devices to assist human
hand in making technical drawings.
› Wood and Mechanical Pencils
› Instrument Set, Compass, Dividers
› 45, 30-60 degree triangles
› Scales
› Protractors
› Erasers
› Irregular Curves
› Circle Templates
FIGURE. 33
 PENCILS
 Mechanical Pencils used more commonly.
 Use drafting lead or thin lead
 Lead diameters correspond to ANSI standard
line thickness as 0.6 – 0.3 mm.
 Several thin lead pencils are required for
technical drawings.
 Line Weight refers to relative darkness of the
line.
 Mechanical and wood lead pencils are graded
for hardness 4H to 9H. Soft range from 2B to
7B.
FIGURE. 34
FIGURE. 35
 SCALES
 Scales are used to measure distances on
technical drawings
 Usually 6 to 12 inches made of metal,
wood or plastic.
 Triangular sales are common because
they have variety of measuring scales.
› Mechanical Engineers Scale
› Civil Engineers Scale
› Metric Scale
› Architectural Scale
FIGURE. 38
FIGURE. 40
 EXERCISE PROBLEMS
 WORKBOOK PROBLEMS 1.1 – 1.2 – 1.3
 PROBLEMS
 Important Historical Engineers
 Important Revolutionary Product
 3 New Products
 1.6 -1.7 – 1.9 – 1.10
THANK YOU!