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Breaker Failure Protection

Breaker failure protection is needed when a circuit breaker fails to interrupt fault current as intended. It ensures that backup protection elements will open other circuit breakers to isolate faulted sections of the system. Local breaker failure protection is preferable to remote backup protection because it can clear faults more quickly, without dropping loads between circuit breakers, and reduces risks of system instability. Local protection monitors the line breaker directly and trips adjacent breakers if the line breaker fails to clear a fault within a set time.

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157 views3 pages

Breaker Failure Protection

Breaker failure protection is needed when a circuit breaker fails to interrupt fault current as intended. It ensures that backup protection elements will open other circuit breakers to isolate faulted sections of the system. Local breaker failure protection is preferable to remote backup protection because it can clear faults more quickly, without dropping loads between circuit breakers, and reduces risks of system instability. Local protection monitors the line breaker directly and trips adjacent breakers if the line breaker fails to clear a fault within a set time.

Uploaded by

vipulkumarjain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Breaker Failure Protection

It need when circuit breaker fail to interrupt fault current.


Protection systems are coordinated so that the circuit breaker(s)
nearest the fault are opened to interrupt, or clear, the fault, with
minimum impact to the remainder of the power system. This
critical
operation
requires
that
the
circuit

breaker interrupt, or clear, fault current.


While infrequent, circuit breakers occasionally fail to trip, or fail to
clear a fault. Depending on the power system network
topology other circuit breakers must then be called upon to trip
and isolate the sources contributing to the fault.
Referring to Figure assume a fault exists between breakers 3 and
4. Protective relays associated with breakers 3 and 4, designed to
detect faults on the line between these breakers, operate and
command breakers 3 and 4 to trip.
In this example, Breaker 3 fails to interrupt the fault
current. Therefore, all sources that continue to supply fault
current through Breaker 3 must be interrupted. Assuming sources
at stations A and C, locally, breakers 2, 5, and 7 must be opened,
or remotely, breakers 1, 6, and 8 must be opened.
To implement remote breaker failure backup protection for
Breaker 3, the protective relays at breaker 1, 6, and 8 must have
overreaching elements that sense faults anywhere on the line
between breaker 3 and 4, and operate after a time delay, typically
about 0.5 seconds. This time delay is required to allow time for

the local line protection on breaker 3 to operate, and for the


breaker to successfully clear the fault, recognizing that the local
protective relay scheme on breaker 3 may include time delayed
tripping to coordinate with other protective relays.
Local breaker failure protection, on the other hand, receives a
signal directly from the line protection relays at the same station
as the impaired breaker, indicating when the trip command is
sent to the breaker. The local breaker failure protection only
needs to wait for the breaker to successfully clear the fault. If
local breaker failure protection for Breaker 3 detects a breaker
failure, it commands breakers 2, 5, and 7 to trip to clear the fault.
Remote back up therefore has several disadvantages
all tapped loads between breakers, 1-2, 5-6, and 7-8 are
dropped causing widespread customer outages.
the lengthy back up clearing time will cause excessive
system voltage dip duration, additional damage to faulted
equipment, possible damage to unfaulted equipment, and
may lead to system instability.
due to possible infeed effects from the other lines, it may be
difficult to set the relay at 1 to detect faults on the entire
length of the adjacent lines.
the settings required at 1 to provide sufficient reach to
detect faults out to the remote ends of the adjacent lines,
may be so sensitive that the line is susceptible to tripping
under heavy load during extreme disturbances, which could
initiate or exacerbate a wide-area cascading outage.
An alternative to remote back up is local backup, and
its subset breaker failure relaying. Local breaker
failure protection eliminates the disadvantages of
remote back up protection.
Using the example in Figure 1 again, when the protective
relay on Breaker 3 senses a fault on line 3-4 and issues a trip

to Breaker 3, local breaker failure protection starts a timer. If


the timer times out, and the fault is not cleared by Breaker 3,
then the local breaker failure scheme sends trip signals to
adjacent breakers 2, 5, and 7.
Benefits
If there are sources at buses A and C, tapped loads between
breakers 1-2, 5-6, and 7-8 can still be served.
The total clearing time for the fault is reduced substantially
compared to the remote back up method.

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