(Pulau Pinang)

CES 424
DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Topic 5
Deformation

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 1 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

LEARNING OUTCOMES
(Pulau Pinang)

At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

1) Determine the elastic deflections of a structure by using

geometrical method known as Moment-Area method.
2) Determine the elastic deflections of a structure by using
energy method known as Virtual Work Method

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 2 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Deflection Diagrams & Elastic Curve

(Pulau Pinang)

Deflections of structures can come from loads, temperature,

fabrication errors or settlement

In designs, deflections must be limited in order to prevent
cracking of attached brittle materials

A structure must not vibrate or deflect severely for the comfort
of occupants

Deflections at specified points must be determined if one is to
analyse statically indeterminate structures

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 3 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Deflection Diagrams & Elastic Curve

(Pulau Pinang)

In this topic, only linear elastic material response is considered

This means a structure subjected to load will return to its
original undeformed position after the load is removed

It is useful to sketch the shape of the structure when it is loaded
in order to visualise the computed results & to partially check
the results

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 4 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Deflection Diagrams & Elastic Curve

(Pulau Pinang)

This deflection diagram represent the elastic curve for the points at
the centroids of the cross-sectional areas along each of the
members.

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 5 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Deflection Diagrams & Elastic Curve

(Pulau Pinang)

If the elastic curve seems difficult to

establish, it is suggested that the
moment diagram be drawn first and
then construct the curve

Due to pin-and-roller support, the

displacement at A & D must be zero

Within the region of ve moment, the

elastic curve is concave downward

Within the region of +ve moment, the

elastic curve is concave upward

There must be an inflection point where

the curve changes from concave down
to concave up

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 6 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Deflection Diagrams & Elastic Curve

(Pulau Pinang)

In Figure (a), the roller at A allows

free rotation with no deflection while
the fixed wall at B prevents both
rotation & deflection

In Figure (b), no rotation or deflection

occur at A & B

In Figure (c), the couple moment will

rotate end A, this will cause deflections
at both ends of the beam since no
deflection is possible at B & C. Notice
that segment CD remains undeformed
since no internal load acts within

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 7 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Deflection Diagrams & Elastic Curve

(Pulau Pinang)

In Figure (d), the pin at B allows

rotation, so the slope of the deflection
curve will suddenly change at this point
while the beam is constrained by its
support

In Figure (e), the compound beam

deflects as shown. The slope changes
abruptly on each side of B

In Figure (f), span BC will deflect

concave upwards due to load. Since
the beam is continuous, the end spans
will deflect concave downwards

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 8 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

(Pulau Pinang)

Moment Area
Method
CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 9 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Moment Area Theorem

(Pulau Pinang)

This method were initially developed by Otto Mohr and later

stated formally by Charles E. Greene in 1873.

Concept: determine the slope of the elastic curve & deflection

that due to bending.

Advantage: deals with beams that subjected to series of

loadings or having different moments of inertia.

Disadvantages: can only be used to determine the angles or

deviations between 2 tangents on the beams elastic curve.

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 10 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Moment Area Theorem

(Pulau Pinang)

Theorem No. 1 : B/A =

AM

EI

dx

The change in slope between any two

points on the elastic curve equals the
area of the M/EI diagram between
these two points.

The notation B/A is referred to as the

angle of the tangent at B measured
with respect to the tangent at A.

The
angle
is
measured
counterclockwise from tangent A to
tangent B if the area of the M/EI
diagram is positive (clockwise if the
area of M/EI diagram is negative i.e.
below the x axis)

B/A is measured in radians

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 11 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Moment Area Theorem

(Pulau Pinang)

Theorem No. 2 : t B/A = x

B

M
dx
EI

The vertical deviation of the tangent at a point (A) on the elastic curve with respect
to the tangent extended from another point (B) equals the moment of the area
under the M/EI diagram between the two points (A and B). This moment is
computed about point A (the point on the elastic curve), where the deviation is to
be determined.

tA/ B t B/A
CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 12 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Moment Area Theorem

(Pulau Pinang)

Procedure of Analysis
Step 1: Draw M/EI diagram

Determine the support reactions and draw the beams M/EI diagram

If the beam is loaded with concentrated forces, the M/EI diagram will consist of a
series of straight line segments.
Step 2: Draw elastic curve diagram

Draw an exaggerated view of the beams elastic curve. Recall that points of zero
slope occur at fixed supports and zero displacement occurs at all fixed, pin, and
roller supports.
Step 3: Apply Moment Area Theorems

Apply Theorem 1 to determine the angle between two tangents, and Theorem 2
to determine vertical deviations between these tangents.

After applying either Theorem 1 or Theorem 2, the algebraic sign of the answer
can be verified from the angle or deviation as indicated on the elastic curve.

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 13 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 1
(Pulau Pinang)

Determine the slope at points B and C of the beam shown below.

Take E = 200GPa and I = 360(106)mm4. (Theorem 1).

10 kN

B
A

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

C
5m

5m

Slide 14 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 1
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 1.
Draw M/EI diagram. Draw normal BMD by assuming EI is a constant value.
10 kN
MX

MX + = 0
MX = - 10 (X)

M0 = 0 kNm #
M5 = - 50 kNm #
M10 = - 100 kNm #

Step 2.
Draw Elastic Curve diagram then draw a tangent line at point A, B and C.

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 15 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 1
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 3.
Apply Moment Area Theorem (Theorem No. 1)

B/A =

AM

EI

dx

B/A can be determined by calculating the area from M/EI diagram between A and B

1 50 kNm
50kNm
B = B / A =
( 5m )
( 5m )
EI
2
EI

375kNm 2
=
= 0.00521rad
EI

C = C / A =

1 100 kNm

(10m)
2
EI

500kNm 2
=
= 0.00694 rad
EI

Note : The ve sign indicates that the angle is measured clockwise from A

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 16 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 2
(Pulau Pinang)

Determine the deflection at points B and C of the beam shown in the figure below.
Values for the moment of inertia of each segment are indicated in the figure. Take
E = 200 Gpa. (Theorem 2).

500 N.m
IAB = 8 x 106 mm4
A

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

IBC = 4 x 106 mm4

C

B
3m

4m

Slide 17 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 2
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 1.
Draw M/EI diagram. Draw normal BMD by assuming EI is a constant value.
Take I = 4 x 106 mm4 then Member AB = 2I and member BC = I
M
500 N.m
2EI

EI
X

Step 2.
Draw Elastic Curve diagram then draw a tangent line at point A, B and C.

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 18 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 2
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 3.
Apply Moment Area Theorem (Theorem No. 2)

t B/A = x
B

M
dx
EI

t B/A can be determined by calculating the area from M/EI diagram between A and B

250Nm

B = t B/A =
(4m) (2m)
EIBC

2000Nm 3
B =
= 2.5mm
EIBC
250Nm

500Nm

C = t C/A =
(4m) (5m) +
(3m) (1.5m)
EIBC

EIBC

7250Nm 3
C =
= 9.06mm
EIBC

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 19 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 3
(Pulau Pinang)

Determine the slope at points C of the beam shown in the figure below. Take E =
200 GPa., I = 360 x 106 mm4

40 kN
C

2m

4m

2m

Note:
When dealing with unsymmetrical loadings, you may need to combined both theorem 1 & 2.
CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 20 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 3
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 1.
Draw M/EI diagram. Draw normal BMD by assuming EI is a constant value.
MX + = 0

20
EI

M
EI

60
EI

MX = 10 (X)
10 kN

MX
X

M0 = 0 kNm #

M2 = 20 kNm #

2m

M6 = 60 kNm #

Step 2.

4m

2m

Draw Elastic Curve diagram then draw a tangent line at point A, B and C.
Since the deflection is actually very small

tB/ A
=
L AB

C = C/A
CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 21 of 95

t B/A
=
C/A
L AB
Topic 5 Deformation

Example 3
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 3.
Apply Moment Area Theorem (Theorem No. 1 & No. 2)

M
EI

20
EI

Theorem 2;

3
X

2m

4m

2m

Theorem 1;

t B/A = x
B

60
EI

M
dx
A EI

C/A =

B/A

1
2
1
60kN.m
1
60kN.m
(2m) (2m)
+ 2m + (6m) (6m)

3
2
EI
3
2
EI

800kN.m 3
=
EI

2
1
20kN.m 20kN.m

= (2m)
=
C/A 2
EI
EI

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

M
dx
EI

Since

C =

t B/A
C/A
LAB

800kN.m 3 20kN.m 2
C =

(8m )EI
EI
80kN.m 2
C =
= 0.00111rad
EI
Slide 22 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 4
(Pulau Pinang)

Determine the deflection at points C of the beam shown in the figure below. Take E
= 200 GPa., I = 250 x 106 mm4

6 kN/m

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

8m

Slide 23 of 95

8m

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 4
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 1.
Draw M/EI diagram. Draw normal BMD by assuming EI is a constant value.
Member AB From Left
(0<x<8)
MX + = 0
MX = -25 (X)
M0 = 0 kNm #
M8 = -192 kNm #

Member BC From Right

(0<x<8)
MX + = 0
MX = -6(X)(X/2)
MX = -3X2
M0 = 0 kNm #
M8 = -192 kNm #

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 24 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 4
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 2.
Draw Elastic Curve diagram then draw a tangent line at point A, B and C.

C = tC/A '
C = tC/A 2t B/A

' t B/A
16 = 8

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 25 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 4
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 3.
Apply Moment Area Theorem (Theorem No. 2)
A

Theorem 2; tC/A

M
= x dx
EI
C

t B/A = x
B

M
dx
EI

3
1
192kN.m 1
1
192kN.m
tC/A = (8m) (8m)
+ (8m) + 8m (8m)

4
3
EI
3
2
EI

tC/A

11264kN.m 3
=
EI

1
1
192kN.m
t B/A = (8m) (8m)

EI
3
2

t B/A

2048kN.m 3
=
EI

11264
2048
2

EI
EI
7168
C = = 0.143m
EI
C =

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 26 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

(Pulau Pinang)

Review
Problems
CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 27 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Problem 1
(Pulau Pinang)

Calculate displacement and slope at point D of the beam shown in the Figure P1
using the Moment-Area Theorems. Take E = 200 GPa., I = 60 x 106 mm4 .
20 kN
A

B
C
5m

D
8m

7m

Figure P1

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 28 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Problem 2
(Pulau Pinang)

Calculate displacement and slope at point D of the beam shown in the Figure P2
using the Moment-Area Theorems. Take E = 200 GPa., I = 60 x 106 mm4 .
20 kN

20 kN
A

B
C
5m

D
3m

E
7m

5m

Figure P2

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 29 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Problem 3
(Pulau Pinang)

Calculate displacement and slope at point D of the beam shown in the Figure P3
using the Moment-Area Theorems. Take E = 200 GPa., I = 60 x 106 mm4 .
20 kN.m
B

A
C
8m

D
7m

5m

Figure P3

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 30 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

(Pulau Pinang)

Virtual Work
Method
CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 31 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Virtual Work Method

(Pulau Pinang)

Introduction to Principle of Virtual Work

The principle of virtual work was developed by John Bernoulli in
1717 and is sometimes referred to as the unit-load method. It
provides a general means of obtaining the displacement and slope
at a specific point on a structure, be it a beam, frame, or truss.

The concept is based on principle of conservation of energy.

Consider the external work done by a unit virtual load applied to a
structure in equilibrium that moves due to the deformations
associated with a real-load system. By the principle of
conservation of energy, the external work is equal to the internal
strain energy done by the internal virtual forces under-going real
deformations.
CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 32 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Virtual Work Method

(Pulau Pinang)

Introduction to Principle of Virtual Work

If we take a deformable structure of any shape or size & apply a
series of external loads P to it, it will cause internal loads U at
points throughout the structure

It is necessary that the external & internal loads be related by the
equations of equilibrium

As a consequence of these loadings, external displacement, will
occur at the P loads & internal displacement, will occur at each
point of internal loads U

In general, these displacement do not have to be elastic, & they
may not be related to the loads

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 33 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Virtual Work Method

(Pulau Pinang)

Principle of Virtual Work

In general, the principle states that:

Works of External Loads = Works of Internal Loads
P = U

Consider the structure (or body) to be of arbitrary

shape as shown.

Suppose it is necessary to determine the

displacement of point A on the body caused by
the real loads P1, P2 and P3

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 34 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Virtual Work Method

(Pulau Pinang)

Principle of Virtual Work

It is to be understood that these loads cause

no movement of the supports

They can strain the material beyond the elastic

limit

Since no external load acts on the body at A

and in the direction of , the displacement ,
can be determined by first placing on the body
a virtual load such that this force P acts in
the same direction as .

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 35 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Virtual Work Method

(Pulau Pinang)

Principle of Virtual Work

We will choose P to have a unit magnitude,

P =1

Once the virtual loadings are applied, then

the body is subjected to the real loads P1, P2
and P3.

Point A will be displaced an amount

causing the element to deform an amount dL

As a result, the external virtual force P

internal load u ride along by and dL
therefore, perform external virtual work of
on the body and internal virtual work
u.dL on the element

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 36 of 95

&
&
1.
of

Topic 5 Deformation

Virtual Work Method

(Pulau Pinang)

Principle of Virtual Work

In a similar manner, if the rotational displacement or slope of the tangent at a point
on a structure is to be determined.
Virtual Loadings

1 . = u . dL
Real Displacements
Where
M = 1 = external virtual unit couple moment acting in the direction of .
u = internal virtual load acting on an element in the direction of dL.
= external rotational displacement or slope in radians caused by the real loads.
dL = internal deformation of the element caused by the real loads.

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 37 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Virtual Work Method

(Pulau Pinang)

Applying Principle of Work & Energy (Bending)

Based on principle of conservation of energy Ue = Ui compatibly equation can be
developed.
therefore
Where

1. =

mM
dx
EI

OR

1. =

mM
dx where
EI

1 = external virtual unit load acting on the beam or frame in the stated direction of .
m = internal virtual moment in the beam or frame, expressed as a function of x and
caused by the external virtual unit load.
= external joint displacement of the point caused by the real loadsacting on the
beam or frame.
M = internal moment in the beam or frame , expressed as a function of x and caused
by the real loads.
E = modulus of elasticity of a the material.
I = moment of inertia of cross-sectional area, computed about the neutral axis

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 38 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Virtual Work Method

(Pulau Pinang)

Principle of Virtual Work

Since Works for External Loads = Works for Internal Loads
Virtual Loadings

1 . = u . dL
Real Displacements
Where
P = 1 = external virtual unit load acting in the direction of .
u = internal virtual load acting on an element in the direction of dL.
= external displacement caused by the real loads.
dL = internal deformation of the element caused by the real loads.

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 39 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Virtual Work Method

(Pulau Pinang)

Applying Principle of Work & Energy (Axial Force)

Based on principle of conservation of energy Ue = Ui compatibly equation can be
developed.
therefore

nNL
1. =
AE

where

Where
1 = external virtual unit load acting on the truss joint in the stated direction of .
n = internal virtual normal force in a truss member caused by the external virtual unit
load.
= external joint displacement caused by the real loads on the truss.
N = internal normal force in a truss member caused by the real loads.
L = length of a member.
A = cross-sectional area of a member.
E = modulus of elasticity of a member.
CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 40 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Virtual Work Method

(Pulau Pinang)

Temperature Changes in Trusses

In some cases, truss members may change their length due to temperature. The
displacement of a selected truss joint may be written as;

1. = nTL
Where
= External joint displacement caused by temperature change
= Coefficient of thermal expansion for member
T = Temperature changes in member

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 41 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Virtual Work Method

(Pulau Pinang)

Fabrication Errors in Trusses

Errors in fabricating the lengths of the members of a truss may occur. Truss
members may also be made slightly longer or shorter in order to give the truss a
camber. The displacement of a truss joint from its expected position can be written
as;

1. = nL
Where
= External joint displacement caused by fabrications errors
T = Differences in length of member from its intended size as caused by
fabrication error

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 42 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Virtual Work Method

(Pulau Pinang)

Effect of Support Settlements

Axial Force

nNL
1. =
+ Settlement
AE
Bending

1. =

1. =

mM
dx + Settlement
EI
m M
dx + Settlement
EI

Note:
+ve if the settlement direction is same with the virtual load direction
-ve if the settlement direction is opposite the virtual load direction.
CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 43 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

(Pulau Pinang)

Virtual Work
Method for Beam

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 44 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 1
(Pulau Pinang)

Determine the displacement of point B of the steel beam as shown. Take E = 200
GPa, I = 500 x 106 mm4
12 kN/m

B
10 m

Step 1.
Draw free body diagram for Real load and Virtual Load.
Real Load, M

MA

Vistual Load, m

HA

1 kN

MA

12 kN/m
HA

VA

10 m

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

VA

Slide 45 of 95

10 m

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 1
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 2.

Step 4:

Calculate Moment equation for the beam with

real load at all salient points

Calculate Displacement at point B using virtual

work equation

12 kN/m
MX + = 0

Limit

Real Load (M)

Virtual Load (m)

0<X<10

6X2

MX = -12 (X)(x/2)

MX

1. =

MX = - 6X2 #

Step 3:

10

Calculate Moment equation for the beam with

virtual load at all salient points

MX + = 0

15x10 3
1kN. B =
(200x10 6 )(500x10 6 )

MX = -1 (X)
X

1kN. =

( x)( 6x 2 )
dx
EI

1 10 3
1kN. = 6x dx
EI 0

1 kN
MX

mM
dx
EI

MX = - X #

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

B = 0.15m = 150mm( )
Slide 46 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 2
(Pulau Pinang)

Determine the displacement of point B of the steel beam if support A settle by

10mm. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 500 x 106 mm4
12 kN/m

B
10 m

Step 1.
Draw free body diagram for Real load and Virtual Load.
Real Load, M

MA

Vistual Load, m

HA

1 kN

MA

12 kN/m
HA

VA

10 m

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

VA

Slide 47 of 95

10 m

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 2
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 2.

Step 4:

Calculate Moment equation for the beam with

real load at all salient points

Calculate Displacement at point B if support

settle by 10mm using virtual work equation

12 kN/m
MX + = 0

Limit

Real Load (M)

Virtual Load (m)

0<X<10

6X2

MX = -12 (X)(x/2)

MX

MX = - 6X2 #

1. =

mM
dx + Settlement
EI

Step 3:
Calculate Moment equation for the beam with
virtual load at all salient points
1 kN
MX + = 0
MX = -1 (X)

MX
X

MX = - X #

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

10

1kN. =

( x)( 6x 2 )
dx + 10mm
EI

1 10 3
1kN. = 6x dx + 10mm
EI 0

15x10 3
1kN. B =
+ 10mm
6
6
(200x10 )(500x10 )
B = 0.15m + 0.01m = 160mm( )
Slide 48 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 3
(Pulau Pinang)

Determine the slope, at point B of the steel beam as shown.

Take E = 200 GPa, I = 60 x 106 mm4
3 kN

B
5m

5m

Step 1.
Draw free body diagram for Real load and Virtual Load.
Real Load, M
3 kN

Vistual Load, m
1 kN.m

MA

MA

HA

10 m

HA

VA

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

5m

Slide 49 of 95

5m

VA

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 3
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 2.
Calculate Moment equation for the beam with real load at all salient points
0<x<10
3 kN
MX + = 0
MX = -3 (X)
X

MX

MX = - 3X #

Step 3:
Calculate Moment equation for the beam with virtual load at all salient points
0<x<5

5<x<10
MX + = 0
MX

1 kNm

MX + = 0

MX = 0

MX = 1

MX = 0 #

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

5
X

Slide 50 of 95

MX

MX = 1 #

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 3
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 4.
Calculate Angular Displacement at point B using virtual work equation
Limit

Real Load (M)

Virtual Load (m)

0<X<5

3X

5<X<10

3X

1. =

m M
dx
EI

1kNm. =

1kNm. =

10 (1)(-3x)
(0)(-3x)
dx +
dx
5
EI
EI

1 10
- 3x dx
EI 5

- 112.5
(200x10 6 )(60x10 6 )
B = 0.009375 rad = 0.009375 rad (

1kNm. B =

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

)
Slide 51 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 4
(Pulau Pinang)

Determine the vertical displacement of point C of the beam as shown. Take E = 200
GPa, I = 150 x 106 mm4
8 kN/m

20 kN

C
A

4m

4m

Step 1.
Draw free body diagram for Real load and Virtual Load.
Real Load, M

Vistual Load, m
20 kN

1 kN

8 kN/m
HB
VA
4m

4m

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

VB

HB
VA
4m

Slide 52 of 95

4m

VB

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 4
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 2.
Calculate Moment equation for the beam with real load at all salient points

8 kN/m

20 kN
HB

VA

MA + = 0

FY+ = 0

FX+ = 0

8VB = 8(4)(2) + 20(4)

VA + VB = 8(4) + 20

- HB = 0

VB = 18 kN #

VA = 34 kN #

HB = 0 #

VB

4<x<8
0<x<4
8 kN/m

8 kN/m

20 kN

MX + = 0

MX + = 0

MX = 34(X) 8(4)(X 2) 20(X 4)

MX = 34 (X) 8(X2/2)
34 kN

MX
X

MX = 34X 4X2 #

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

34 kN

MX

MX = 144 18X #

Slide 53 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 4
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 3.
Calculate Moment equation for the beam with virtual load at all salient points
1 kN
HB
VA

MA + = 0

FY+ = 0

FX+ = 0

8VB = 1(4)

VA + VB = 1

- HB = 0

VB = 0.5 kN #

VA = 0.5 kN #

HB = 0 #

VB

4<x<8
0<x<4

0.5 kN

1 kNm

MX
X

MX + = 0

MX + = 0

MX = 0.5(X)

MX = 0.5(X) 1(X 4)

MX = 0.5X #

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

0.5 kN

4
X

Slide 54 of 95

MX

MX = 4 0.5X #

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 4
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 4.
Calculate Vertical Displacement at point C using virtual work equation
Limit

Real Load (M)

Virtual Load (m)

0<X<4

34X 4X2

0.5X

4<X<8

144 18X

4 0.5X

1. =

mM
dx
EI

1kN. =

8 (4 - 0.5x)(144 - 18X)
(0.5x)(34X 4x 2 )
dx +
dx
4
EI
EI

1 4
1 8
2
1kN. = (0.5x)(34X 4x ) dx + (4 - 0.5x)(144 - 18X)dx
EI 0
EI 4

1kN. C =

426.6667
(200x10 6 )(150x10 6 )

C = 0.0142m = 14.22mm( )
CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 55 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 5
(Pulau Pinang)

Determine the slope at points C of the beam shown in the figure below. Take E =
200 GPa., I = 360 x 106 mm4
40 kN
C

2m

4m

2m

Step 1.
Draw free body diagram for Real load and Virtual Load.
Real Load, M

Vistual Load, m
40 kN
1 kN.m

HA
VA

HA

2m

4m

2m

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

VB

VA

Slide 56 of 95

2m

4m

2m

VB

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 5
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 2.
Calculate Moment equation for the beam with real load at all salient points
Step 3.
Calculate Moment equation for the beam with virtual load at all salient points
Step 4.
Calculate Angular Displacement at point B using virtual work equation

1. =

mM
dx
EI

1kNm. =

1kNm. =

6 (1- X/8)(10X)
8 (1- X/8)(-30X + 240)
(-X/8)(10X)
dx
dx +
dx +
2
6
EI
EI
EI

1 2
1 6
1 8
(-X/8)(10X
)dx
+
(1X/8)(10X)d
x
+
(1- X/8)(-30X + 240)dx

0
2
6
EI
EI
EI

80
(200x10 6 )(360x10 6 )
= 0.001111 rad ( )

1kNm. =

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 57 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 6
(Pulau Pinang)

Determine the slope at points B and C of the beam shown in the figure below. Take
E = 200 GPa and I = 360 x 106 mm4
30 kN

B
5m

C
5m

Step 1.
Draw free body diagram for Real load and Virtual Load.
Real Load, M
3 kN

MA
HA
VA

Vistual Load, m
1 kN.m

MA

10 m

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

1 kN.m

MA

HA
VA

Vistual Load, m

HA

5m

Slide 58 of 95

5m

VA

5m

5m

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 6
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 2.
Calculate Moment equation for the beam with real load at all salient points
Step 3.
Calculate Moment equation for the beam with virtual load at all salient points
Step 4.
Calculate Angular Displacement at point B and C using virtual work equation

1. =

mM
dx
EI

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 59 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Problem 1
(Pulau Pinang)

Calculate displacement and slope at point D of the beam shown in the Figure P1
using the Virtual Work Method. Take E = 200 GPa., I = 60 x 106 mm4 .
20 kN
A

B
C

5m

8m

7m

Figure P1

Limit

Real Load (M)

Virtual Load (m)

Virtual Load (m)

0<X<5

15X

0.35X

0.05X

5<X<13

5X + 100

0.35X

0.05X

13<X<20

5X + 100

0.65X + 13

0.05X + 1

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 60 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Problem 2
(Pulau Pinang)

Calculate displacement and slope at point D of the beam shown in the Figure P2
using the Virtual Work Method. Take E = 200 GPa., I = 60 x 106 mm4 .
20 kN

20 kN
A

B
C
5m

3m

5m

7m

Figure P2
Limit

Real Load (M)

Virtual Load (m)

Virtual Load (m)

0<X<5

20X

0.6X

0.05X

5<X<8

100

0.6X

0.05X

8<X<15

100

0.4X + 8

0.05X + 1

15<X<20

20X + 400

0.4X + 8

0.05X + 1

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 61 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Problem 3
(Pulau Pinang)

Calculate displacement and slope at point D of the beam shown in the Figure P3
using the Virtual Work Method. Take E = 200 GPa., I = 60 x 106 mm4 .
20 kN.m
B

A
C

8m

5m

7m

Figure P3

Limit

Real Load (M)

Virtual Load (m)

Virtual Load (m)

0<X<8

10X2 + 128X

0.25X

0.05X

8<X<15

32X + 640

0.25X

0.05X

15<X<20

32X + 640

0.75X + 15

0.05X + 1

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 62 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

(Pulau Pinang)

Virtual Work
Method for Frame

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 63 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 7
(Pulau Pinang)

Determine the horizontal displacement of point C of the beam as shown. Take E =

200 GPa, I = 150 x 106 mm4
15 kN
4m
C
D
5m
A
B
8m

Step 1.
Draw free body diagram for Real load and Virtual Load.
Real Load, M

15 kN

Vistual Load, m
1 kN

HA

MA

VA
CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

HA

MA

VA
Slide 64 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 7
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 2.
Calculate Moment equation for the frame with real load at all salient points
0<x<4

0<x<8

15 kN

15 kN

MX + = 0

MX + = 0

4m

MX = -15 (X)
X

MX

MX = 15(X 4 )

MX = - 15X #

MX = 15X 60#
MX

0<x<5

15 kN
4m

MX + = 0
X

MX

MX = - 15 (4)
MX = - 60 kNm #

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 65 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 7
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 3.
Calculate Moment equation for the frame with virtual load at all salient points
0<x<5
4m

MX + = 0

1 kN

MX = - 1 (X)
MX

MX = - X #

0<x<8
4m
1 kN
5m

MX + = 0
MX = - 1(5)
MX = - 5 kNm#

MX
X

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 66 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 7
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 4.
Calculate Horizontal Displacement at point C using virtual work equation
Limit

Real Load (M)

Virtual Load (m)

0<X<4

15X

0<X<5

60

0<X<8

15X 60

1. =

mM
dx
EI

1kN. =

5 (-60)(-X)
8 (15X - 60)(-5)
(-15x)(0)
dx +
dx +
dx
0
0
EI
EI
EI

5
8
1 4
1kN. =
(-15x)(0)d x + (-60)(-X)dx + (15X - 60)(-5)dx

0
0
EI 0

750
(200x10 6 )(150x10 6 )
C = 0.025m = 25.0mm( )

1kN. C =

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 67 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 8
(Pulau Pinang)

Determine the vertical displacement at points C of the two-member frame shown in

the figure below. Take E = 200 GPa., I = 160 x 106 mm4
40 kN
B

20 kN/m

60 0

5m

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

2m

Slide 68 of 95

3m

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 8
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 1.
Draw free body diagram for Real load and Virtual Load.
Vistual Load, m

Real Load, M
40 kN

1 kN
B

B
C

VB

20 kN/m

VB

A
VA

60 0

HA
5m

2m

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

VA

3m

Slide 69 of 95

60 0

HA
5m

2m

3m

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 8
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 2.
Calculate Moment equation for the frame with real load at all salient points
Member AB (0<x<10)

MX

MX + = 0
- MX + 173.21 Sin 600(x) 63 Sin 300(x) - 15 (x)(x/2)= 0

173.21

MX = 118.50X - 7.5X2

63
Member BC (3<x<5)

Member BC (0<x<3)
40 kN

MX + = 0

MX

MX + = 0

MX - 103 (x)= 0

MX + 40(x-3) - 103 (x)= 0

MX = 103.0x #

MX = 63x + 120 #

103

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

MX

Slide 70 of 95

103
Topic 5 Deformation

Example 8
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 3.
Calculate Moment equation for the frame with virtual load at all salient points
Member BC (0<x<5)

Member AB (0<x<10)

MX
x
0

MX

0.5

0.5

MX + = 0

MX + = 0

- MX + (0.5) X Cos 600(x)= 0

MX - 0.5 (x)= 0
MX = 0.5x #

MX = 0.25X #

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 71 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 8
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 4.
Calculate Vertical Displacement at point C using virtual work equation
Limit

Real Load (M)

Virtual Load (m)

0<X<10

118.50X 7.5X2

0.25X

0<X<3

103X

0.5X

3<X<5

63X + 120

0.5X

1. =

mM
dx
EI

10

1kN. =

3 (0.5X)(103 X)
5 (0.5X)(63X + 120)
(0.25X)(11 8.50X - 7.5X 2 )
dx +
dx +
dx
0
3
EI
EI
EI

1 10
1 3
1 5
2
1kN. = (0.25X)(11 8.50X - 7.5X )dx + (0.5X)(103 X)dx + (0.5X)(63X + 120)dx
EI 0
EI 0
EI 3
1kN. C =

7160
(200x10 6 )(160x10 6 )

C = 0.22375m = 22.375mm( )
CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 72 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 9
(Pulau Pinang)

Determine the slope at points C of the two-member frame shown in the figure
below. The support at A is fixed. Take E = 200 GPa., I = 235 x 106 mm4
30 kN/m

C
3.6 m

60 0

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 73 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 9
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 1.
Draw free body diagram for Real load and Virtual Load.
Vistual Load, m

Real Load, M
30 kN/m

1 kN.m

3.6 m

60 0

HA
VA

MA

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

C
3.6 m

60 0

HA
VA

Slide 74 of 95

MA

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 9
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 2.
Calculate Moment equation for the frame with real load at all salient points
Step 3.
Calculate Moment equation for the frame with virtual load at all salient points
Step 4.
Calculate Angular Displacement at point C using virtual work equation
Limit

Real Load (M)

Virtual Load (m)

0<X<3

54X 356.4

0<X<3.6

15X2

1. =

mM
dx
EI

1kNm. =

2
3.6 (-15X )(1)
(54X - 356.4)(1)
dx +
dx
0
EI
EI

- 1059.48
(200x10 6 )(235x10 6 )
= 0.0225 rad ( )

1kNm. =

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 75 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

(Pulau Pinang)

Review
Problems
CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 76 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Problem 1
(Pulau Pinang)

Calculate vertical displacement and slope at point D of the frame shown in the
Figure P1 using the Virtual Work Method. Take E = 200 GPa., I = 60 x 106 mm4 .
15 kN/m
C

3m

1m

4m

3m

3m

Limit

Real Load (M)

0<X<5

17.925X

5<X<10

12.075X + 150

0<X<5

21X

5<X<8

7.5X2 + 96X187.5

0<X<6

11.875X + 100.5

6m

Figure P1

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 77 of 95

Virtual Load (m)

Topic 5 Deformation

Problem 2
(Pulau Pinang)

2m
2m

A
Purlins
30 0
B

4m
15 kN/m

Figure P2 shows a rigid-jointed frame that is

subjected to wind loads. The wind load is
transferred to the members at the girts and
purlins from the roof segments (AB) and simply
supported wall (BC). The frame is roller
supported at A and pinned at C. Using the Virtual
work method, determine horizontal displacement
at B.

Girts

Take E = 200 GPa., I = 60 x 106 mm4 .

4m

Figure P2

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 78 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Problem 3
(Pulau Pinang)

Calculate vertical displacement, horizontal displacement and slope at point C of the

frame shown in the Figure P3 using the Virtual Work Method.
Take E = 200 GPa., I = 60 x 106 mm4 .
40 kN
A

C
B

20 kN/m

8m

3m

3m

6m

Figure P3
CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 79 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

(Pulau Pinang)

Virtual Work
Method for Truss

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 80 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 1
(Pulau Pinang)

The cross-sectional area of each member of the truss is A = 400 mm2 and E = 200
GPa.
1. Determine the vertical displacement of joint C if a 8-kN force is applied to
the truss at C.
2. If no loads act on the truss, what would be the vertical displacement of
joint C if member AB were 5 mm too short?

8 kN

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 81 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 1
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 1.
Calculate all member forces of the truss
FY+ = 0

FAC
C

-3 + 0.6FAC = 0

8 kN

FAC = 5 kN #

8 kN A
FAB

3m
HA

A
VA

FX+ = 0

-3 kN

FAB + 0.8FAC 8 = 0

B
4m

4m

MA + = 0

FY+ = 0

FX+ = 0

8VB = 8 (3)

VA + VB = 0

8 - HA= 0

B
FAB
3 kN

VB = 3 kN # VA = - 3 kN # HA = 8 kN #

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

FAB = 4 kN #

FBC

VB

Slide 82 of 95

FY+ = 0
3 + 0.6FBC = 0
FBC = - 5 kN #

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 1
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 2.
Apply 1 kN unit vertical load at C Calculate all member forces

FY+ = 0
0.5 + 0.6FAC = 0

1 kN

FAC = -0.833 kN

FAC

FX+ = 0

C
0 kN A
FAB

3m
HA

0.5 kN

A
VA

FAB + 0.8FAC = 0
FAB = 0.667 kN
#

B
4m

4m

FBC

VB

MA + = 0

FY+ = 0

FX+ = 0

8VB = 1 (4)

VA + VB = 1

HA = 0

VB = 0.5 kN

VA = 0.5 kN #

HA = 0 kN #

B
FAB
0.5 kN

FY+ = 0
0.5 + 0.6FBC = 0
FBC = - 0.833 kN
#

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 83 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 1
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 3.
Apply Virtual Work Method in Tabulation form

nNL
1. =
AE

Member

N (kN)

n (kN)

L (m)

nNL(kN2.m)

AB

0.667

21.344

AC

-0.833

-20.825

BC

-5

-0.833

20.825

Total =

21.344

1kN. CV

21.344kN 2 .m
=
(400x10 6 m 2 )(200x10 6 kN/m 2 )

CV = 2.668x10 4 m = 0.267mm( )

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 84 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 1
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 4.
If no loads act on the truss, what would be the vertical displacement of joint C if member AB were 5 mm
too short?

1. = nL
1kN. VC = n AB L AB
1kN. VC = (0.667kN)( 0.005m)
VC = 3.335x10 3 m = 3.335mm( )
Step 5.
If applied loads act on the truss is considered, and member AB were 5 mm too short, then vertical
displacement at C is,

nNL
+ n L
AE
= 0.267mm 3.335mm = 3.068mm( )

1. VC =
VC

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 85 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 2
(Pulau Pinang)

A pin-jointed plane truss ABCDE, pinned supported at A and E as shown. The truss
is subjected to a vertical concentrated load of 10 kN at B and 15 kN at C.

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 86 of 95

1200 mm2

1800 mm2

1. Used Method of Virtual work and

determine the vertical deflection at C.
Member EB has been fabricated 5mm
too short. Take E = 200 GPa.
2. Remove the loads on the truss and
determine the vertical displacement of
point B if members AB and BC
experienced a temperature increase of
T = 1100C. Take E = 200GPa and =
1.8 x 10-6/ 0C
3. Remove the loads on the truss and
determine the vertical displacement of
point B if member EB is fabricated 19mm
too long.

1.2 m

A
1800 mm2

1800 mm2
B 10 kN

1.2 m

15 kN

1.2 m

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 2
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 1.
Used Method of Virtual work and determine the vertical deflection at C. Member EB has been fabricated
5mm too short. Take E = 200 GPa.

Real Load FBD

VA

HE

Virtual Load FBD

VA

HE

E
1.2 m

HA

A
VA

B
1.2 m

1.2 m

HA

1.2 m
10 kN

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

A
VA

15 kN

B
1.2 m

C
1.2 m
1 kN

Slide 87 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 2
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 2.
Tabulate the member forces (Real loads and Virtual Loads) in tabulation form.
Member

L (m)

E(kN/m2)

A(m2)

N (kN)

n (kN)

nNl/EA(kN.m)

AB

1.2

200X106

1.8X10-3

-40

-2

0.000267

BC

1.2

200X106

1.8X10-3

-15

-1

0.00005

BD

1.2

200X106

1.8X10-3

-15

-1

0.00005

BE

1.697

200X106

1.2X10-3

35.355

1.414

0.000353

CD

1.697

200X106

1.2X10-3

21.213

1.414

0.000212

DE

1.2

200X106

1.2X10-3

15

0.000075

Total =

0.001007

1. VC =

nNL
+ nL
AE

1kN. VC = 1.007x10 3 kN.m (1.414x5x1 0 3 )

VC = 6.063x10 -3 m = 6.063mm( )
CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 88 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 2
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 3.
Remove the loads on the truss and determine the vertical displacement of point B if members AB and BC
experienced a temperature increase of T = 1100C. Take E = 200GPa and = 1.8 x 10-6/ 0C

1. = nTL

Virtual Load FBD

VA

HE

1kN . BV = n ABTL AB + nBCTLBC

1.2 m

HA

A
VA

B
1.2 m

C
1.2 m

1kN. BV = ( 1)(1.8x10 6 )(110)(1.2 ) + 0

BV = 2.376x10 4 m = 0.2376mm( )

1 kN

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 89 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Example 2
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 4.
Remove the loads on the truss and determine the vertical displacement of point B if member EB is
fabricated 19mm too long.

1. = nL

Virtual Load FBD

VA

HE

1kN . = nEB LEB

1.2 m

HA

A
VA

B
1.2 m

C
1.2 m

1kN. BV = (1.414kN)( 19mm)

BV = 26.87mm( )

1 kN

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 90 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

(Pulau Pinang)

Review
Problems
CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 91 of 95

Topic 5 Deformation

Problem 1
(Pulau Pinang)

A pin-jointed plane truss ABCDE, pinned supported at A and roller supported at E as

shown. The truss is subjected to a vertical concentrated load of 40 kN and
horizontal concentrated load of 10 kN at C.
40 kN

2. Remove the loads on the truss and determine

the horizontal displacement of point B if
members AB and BC experienced a
temperature increase of T = 1100C. Take E =
200GPa and = 1.8 x 10-6/ 0C
3. Remove the loads on the truss and determine
the horizontal displacement of point B if
member BD is fabricated 19mm too long.
CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Slide 92 of 95

3m
1200 mm2

4m

C
1200 mm2

10 kN

1200 mm2

1200 mm2

1. Used Method of Virtual work and determine

the vertical deflection at D when member AD
has been fabricated 5mm too short and
member BD experienced a temperature
increase of T = 1100C. Take E = 200 GPa and
= 1.8 x 10-6/ 0C

1
1
A
4m

4m

Topic 5 Deformation

Problem 2
(Pulau Pinang)

A pin-jointed plane truss ABCD, pinned at A and supported on rollers at D as shown.

The truss is subjected to a uniformly distributed load of 5 kN/m acting vertically
downward on member BC and a horizontal concentrated load of 20 kN at B. AE is
constant for all members.
C
20 kN B

30 0

4m

1. Determine the horizontal displacement of

the truss at C using virtual work.
2. If in addition to the loads shown, member
BD is cooled 300C, re-calculate the
horizontal displacement at C. Given the
thermal expansion coefficient, = 1x105/0C and the axial rigidity, AE = 12,000 kN.

60 0

A
D
3m

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Topic 5 Deformation

Problem 3
(Pulau Pinang)

A pin-jointed plane truss ABCDE, pinned at A and B as shown. The truss is

subjected to 450 inclined loads at D and E with 10 kN and 20 kN respectively. Given
A = 1800 mm2 and E = 200 GPa.
10 kN

1. Used Method of Virtual work and determine

the Determine the horizontal displacement of
the truss at E using virtual work.
2. Comment for the horizontal displacement at E
when the member CE is fabricated 10 mm too
long, while the external loads are still in place.

45

2.1 m
20 kN
D

45

2.1 m

1.8 m

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1.8 m

Topic 5 Deformation

(Pulau Pinang)

References

Hibbeler R.C, (2012), Structural Analysis, 8th Edition in S.I. Units, Pearson,
Singapore
Hibbeler R.C, (2009), Structural Analysis, 7th Edition in S.I. Units, Pearson,
Singapore
Hibbeler R.C, (2006), Structural Analysis, 6th Edition in S.I. Units, Pearson,
Singapore
UiTM Structural Division (2003), Basic Structural Analysis, Cerdik Publications
Sdn. Bhd.
UiTM Structural Division (2003), Basic Structural Mechanics, Cerdik Publications
Sdn. Bhd.
Mc Cormac N., (1999), Structural Analysis, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons.

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Topic 5 Deformation