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H Assignment 2

The document discusses different types of stepper motors, including their construction and operation. There are three main types: variable reluctance, permanent magnet, and hybrid. Permanent magnet stepper motors are more efficient and cheaper than variable reluctance motors. They provide higher torque and have a holding torque when windings are not energized. Hybrid stepper motors combine advantages of permanent magnet and variable reluctance motors, providing more torque and efficiency. Control of stepper motors involves switching winding excitation in sequences to achieve full, half, or micro step rotation.

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85 views5 pages

H Assignment 2

The document discusses different types of stepper motors, including their construction and operation. There are three main types: variable reluctance, permanent magnet, and hybrid. Permanent magnet stepper motors are more efficient and cheaper than variable reluctance motors. They provide higher torque and have a holding torque when windings are not energized. Hybrid stepper motors combine advantages of permanent magnet and variable reluctance motors, providing more torque and efficiency. Control of stepper motors involves switching winding excitation in sequences to achieve full, half, or micro step rotation.

Uploaded by

Isuru Kodikara
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE3032-Electrical and machines III

Assignment 02

Name

: K. A. H. Lakshika

Index No

: 120332M

Date of submission

: 02/11/2015

Stepper Motor
Introduction
Stepper motor is basically brushless, synchronous DC motor which have specially designed. It converts
sequence of electrical pulse in to mechanical motion. They cannot startup as a conventional motor. It needs
driving circuit, which is giving excitation pulses to the phase winding to operate. The driving circuit is driven by
controller using stepping sequence. Specialty of this motor is, it cannot rotate continuously, but step by step. To
go to next step, it needs next pulse. This system runs as an Open loop control system. Therefore sensors are not
required hence this can be can be used as an Open loop control system. Hence system become simple.
The following are their main advantages associated with stepper motors and the way they work:
Perfect synchronization of step angle with the applied electrical pulses.
Full torque can be applied at lower speed
Minimum wear and tear ( increased operating life)
It can be started, stopped or reversed in a sudden fashion without losing steps throughout its operation
Controlling is comparatively easier
Wide range of rotational speeds.
However there are a few disadvantages too with stepper motors, albeit most are quite negligible.
Comparatively low speed
Low torque
Fixed step value for given motor

So they are used every day in both industrial and commercial application considering, their low cost,
high reliability, high torque at low speeds and a simple, rugged construction that operates in almost any
environment. So we can see these motors are employed in plotters, disc drives, printers, robotic arms, CNC
machines and others of the type.
Based on the construction of the magnetic circuit there are three main types of motors:
1.
2.
3.

Variable reluctance reactive type


Permanent magnet active type
Hybrid type

Permanent magnet active type

The mechanism with PM stepper motors make them comparatively more efficient and cheaper than the
variable reluctance typ. This type of motor can provide higher torque and also has the property of holding
torque, when the windings are not energized. Steps are large, 45 to 120 degrees, because the number of
permanent magnets that can be mounted on the rotor is much smaller than the number of teeth found on
the stator of a VR motor.
Construction
Here the teeth on the rotor are made of permanent magnet material with poles set up in a radial fashion, the stator
construction being similar.

Operation
When the stator windings are energized, magnetic fields that are generated interact with the PMs flux, generating
torque to move the rotor.
The speed or torque of a permanent magnet type motor is changed by the number of poles used in stator,
If we use a large number of poles in stator then the speed of motor will increase and vise versa.
Basic control
To control stepper motor it needs switching signal to each stator winding in to a pattern such that to out required
rotation performance. According to switching pattern there are three basic switching operations.
1. Full step operation
Single phase on operation (only one phase windings are energized at a time)
Two phase on operation ( two phases are energized at a time)
2. Half step operation ( according to the order of One phase ,Two phase then 2nd phase only
energized)
3. Micro step operation ( it can divide a motors basic step up to 256 times)

Single phase on operation

Two step operation

Half step operation

Variable reluctance reactive type

This type of construction allows for achieving small to medium step angles and operation at high control
frequencies. However a motor of this type cannot hold its position, i.e. has no holding torque, when no
current flows through the stator windings. Then rotor is free to move when
Construction
This type of stepper motor have uniformly distributed teeth, made of soft iron (provides a tendency to align the
rotor axis along the direction of the resultant air-gap field), on both the stator and the rotor, control windings being
mounted on the stators teeth, while the rotor is passive.

Operation
If a current is applied to a one of the stator coils, a magnetic flux flows in the stator core, which is concentrated
in the gap between the rotor and stator teeth, such manner that the magnetic field lines should follow a minimum
reluctance path. The rotor will position itself to minimize the size of the gap.

Basic control
The function principle of the VR motor is shown with the pictures below. The three stator coils (two poles per
coil) are energized in succession, which causes the rotor teeth to align with the next pair of pole pieces. Note:
Only the energized stator poles are shown in each picture.

Hybrid type

The system incorporates the advantages of both PM and VR types and utilizes a special arrangement of
permanent magnet poles. The operations of the hybrid type produce more dynamic torque resolutions and high
efficiency compared to the PM and the VR types.
Construction
The hybrid stepper motor is a combination of the VR motor and the PM motor. The rotor of the hybrid stepper
motor is a toothed cylinder of soft-iron pole pieces. Between each opposing pair of pole-pieces is a permanent
magnet. The two pole shoes are with an offset of half the width of a tooth. The soft-iron stator core also is toothed,
and is wound with two coils, W1 and W2, shown below.

Operation
Operation is similar to the PM motor. Torque is created in the hybrid motor by the interaction of the magnetic
field of the permanent magnet and the magnetic field produced by the stator.
Basic control
Control of hybrid stepper motor is almost like the control of PM stepper motor. It can illustrate as sequence of
steps in following figure.

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