424

Digital Mobilr Commu.llicatiollS alld thr TETRA SYSleItI

A.4

ERLANG C TABLE (FOR BLOCKED-CALLS- QUEUED)

A.4.1

Overview of Basic Concepts

Call request queuing is supported wilhin TETRA and Erlang C table is therefore useful
for trunking capacity estimation under call queuing strategy. With the Erlang C system. a
call arriving at a busy system is queued rather than blocked immediately as in the Erlang
B system. A queued call wi ll only be lost if it cannot be connected within a certain
queuing time To which is usually imposed by the switching system. The queued call
requests do nol. unlike Erlang B. immediately contribute to a ncw arrival process and
therefore a modified equation applies to Erlang C formu la as shown below .
c
( A.3)

NOIe thm the Erlang C equation gives the probability of queue. PQo that an arriving caU
finds a busy system and has 10 wail. (I Po is the probabi lity that call requests are being
serviced). The equatio n does not say how long the wait time is and for this another
equation is employed. The probability that a qllelled call waits for more than I is given by
(A.4)

where A. C and T are as defined for Erlang B fo rmula. On the o ther hand, the probability
that all cal/s, including those serviced immediately. are delayed for more than I is given
by PQ- PU" The unde rlying assumptions of traffic source behaviour for Erlang B also apply
to Erlang C. with some additional poi nts 3 5 noted be low.

The queue size is assumed to be sufficiently large (ideally infinite) and queued calls
are served o n first-come first-served basis.

Erlang C function makes sense only if p < I (or A < C) otherwise the queue would
overflow as the system cannot cope with the call requests.

r:ample: An 8-channe l trunked TETRA system operates under a call queuing strategy
with up to 5% of call connections delayed. Determine the additional number of channe ls
required for lowering the de layed calls to I % o r less. What percent of the delayed calls
waits beyond the mean call holding time T. before and after increasing the channel?

Soll/tio,,: Given C = 8 and Po = 0 .05 (5%). from the Erlang C table on the next page, the
offered traffic can be found to be A = 3.87 . If Po has to be reduced to 0.01 ( 1%). for
approximately the same offered traffic the number of channels can be found to be 10. This
corresponds to the nearest safe value of A = 4.08 from the table. Hence two additionaJ

channels would be required. The probability of queued calls waiting for more than Ti s
given by equation A.4. Since the waiting time is equal to the mean call holding time T.
equation A.4 reduces to ~K""'j giving. Pw = 0.016 for C = 8, and Pw = 0.0022 for C = 10.
Hence. with 8 channels 1.6% of the queued calls wait for more than the mean call holding
ti me. As expected. this figu re is reduced to 0.22% after the channel is increased to 10.

Ap~tld jces

A.4.2

425

Erlang C Table

The table gives the o ffered traffic load A in Edongs corresponding to lhe number of Iraffi c
channe ls C in a lrunk (column I) and C3.11 queuin g probabililY PQ in percentage (lOp row).
Delay Probability. PQ

Channels

"
"""
""
""
""
"'"22
2J
""
,.
"
""30
""
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,.
"
.,'"
)8

..

O.~':f,

1'1>

0.00
0.10

om

0.02

O. I ~

0.18

OJ)
0.66

0.4)
0.81

1.07

I .~

I.~~

1.76

0.02

0 .03

050

0.21
05S

0.24
0.60

0.16
0.65

0.91
1...19

0.99
150

1.06
1.59

2.~

2. IS
2.7S

2,0 1
2.S4
3. 10
).68

2.30

1.92
2.49

2.87
3.46
4.08

3.08
).70
4.34

2.6.\
3.25
3.88
4.54

4.28
4.90

4.71
B6

S.OO

S.21

S.53
6.17
6.&.1

6.03
6.71
7.39

1.50
8.18

8.(19

6.60

1.~

7.) 1

1.76

8.Q.l

,""S
9.20

"so

9. 16
9.97

U"

13.6

13.9

14.4

14.6

IS.4

15.2
16.0

1M
16.2

,,

16.0
16.8

17.1

11.7

18.4

16.S
17.6
18.4
192
::0.0

17.1

17.9

19.2

18.7
19.6

::0.9
2 1.8

::0,)

II.S
19A
::!o.2
21.1

22.8

21.2

21.9

22.7

2.\.6

::!O.I
21.6

2 1.1
2!.0

22.8

22.S

22.8
2.1.6
24.5

2.3.6
:!4.4
2.!'i.)
26.2
27.1

'"

2.1.3
24.1

22.1
22.9
".
24.6

28.1

26.2
21. 1
28.0
28.9

~.9

2S.8
26.6
21.4
28.3

2S.3
26. 1
27.0
27.8
28.7

27.9
28.8
29.1
30.6

29.0
29.9

".

30.7

JJ.7

32.6

29.1

'"..
""3

In

19.-1

W.O

19.~

W.2

20.8

W.O

21.0

W .1

21.7

215

2~5

21.6
22.4
23.2

::!O.4
21.3
22.1
22.9
:!.l.7

22.)
23. 1

!.1.3
24.2

24.0
24.8

24.S
25.4

23.9

25.0
25.8
26.6

25.7
::!6..'l
21,)

21. 1
29.0
29.8

34.8
3S.6

9.41

8. 10
8.93
9.76
10.6

143
IS .2

18.4

34.0

7.~S

13.8
14.6

IS.O

34.8

7.1.1

13.1

18.8
19.6

n.1

.-"

12.8

17.6

33.5

6.02

125

18.4
19.2

33.1

." '" ."

.,.

I3.S

9.5 1
10hl
11.0

6.8 1
7.53
S.26

SSS

6.26

5.67
6.47

122

16J
11.0
11.8
18.6

3 1.9

S.39

S.22

'.99

13.0

16.4
11.2

3D
)). 1
34.0

~.29

12.)

16.0
16.8

32,)

4, 85

12.0

IS5

315

4. 17

4,11

4.41
S.2 1
6.OJ
6.8S

II.S

14.6
IS.4
16.1
16.9
11.1

30.2
3 1.1

4.Q.l

.... ....

4.10

11. 1
11.9
12.7

IS.2

30.6
31.4

3.S(!

2.6 1

J.>o

10.6

14.7

29.8
30.7

J.)8

3.62

3.73

L )9

2.10
2.8S

10.7
11.5

14.0

28.6
29.4

2.86

2.31

3.01

1.23

9.91

13.9

27.1

2.7S
).4)
4. 14
4.87
S.61

""

0.74

L..

10.5
11.3

13.2

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2.53

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,." ,...

9.7S

14.1
14.9
IS.6

21.0

2.24

1.47

000

9.82

]2.2
12.9
13.7
14.S

~.~

0."

O. I ~

0."

9.21

11.7
125
1).2

25.4

1.12
1.66

0.79
1J2
1.91

0 .10

9.00

s.n

11 .0
11.7
12.4

~.6

0.4 1

3. 19
3.87
4S7

6.09

0..,

0.>0

9."

957
10.)

9.94
10.7
IIA

0'"

6.98
7.71
1.46

8.80
952
10.2
11.0

8.87

42

.."

S.90

S.67
6')S

21.4
28.2
29.0

...,

om

",.

17.9
18.7
19.5

8.27

11.-1

"'.
'"

10.8

!..1.6

'"

25.4
26.2

27.1

11.6
12.4

13.3
14.1

15.0
IS.8
16.7
I1.S

"'. ,

...
14.9

OS,

IS.7
16.6

"3

,,-'

13.1

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"3

19.2

::0.1
~ I .o

21.9

2.S.4
'63
~7.2

"29.7..

30.'

)I.S

32.6

30.'

)1.4

JO.O

29.5

HS

.lO')

JO.S

3 1.2

3 1.1

32.1

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)J.)
34. 1

32.9
B.7
34.6
3M

32.S
3).4
34.2
3S.1
3S.9

)2.9
)).S
.W.6
)5.5

36.3

36.8

37.2

~. 2

27.0
21.8

28.7
295
JO.)
31.2
32.0

J6_'

32.4
3).2
.W.l

32.)
)).2

I Ll

12.0
12.8
13.7
14.6

1l.4

26.3
27.2
28.0
28.9
29.S

" .0

10.2

11.1
18.1
19.0
19.9

2'0.8
21.7
22.6

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24.4

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29.8
~ 1 .7

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".,
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,,.
,., ,., " . "'.0 .,.
".,
,... .,"'.,. .,.

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36.2

35.9

)1.1

38.1

)7.7

39.9

31.6

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4 1.7

37..2
38.1

...

39.9

4 2.7

426

Digital Mobile C Ql1IlnulficlUiOlIS alld till' TETRA Systt m

Erlang C Table (continued from page 425)

Delay Probabilily. Po

Channels

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15.()

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41.7

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5 1.8
5~.0

5.\3
~

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57.7
511.0

"'.
60.'
61 .1

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.W.8

40~

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41 .4
J2 ,!
J.\. I

41.9

",

" .7

4 1.5

4 1.6
42.4

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....
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45 .7

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SO.,
SI.7

,,-'
SS.~

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50.9
57.8
58.6

"'.7

..

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"'.7

45.6

4.1.7

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."
46A

45 .4

45.0
45.9

" .J

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~,

67.!

",

71.7

n6

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5 1.8

52.J

52.'1

5~.b

SH

S~.8

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,... ",
",
"'.
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56.:

57.1

511.0
58.8
59.7

55.s

55.9

S6.'

.....,

M.'
66.7

67.6

ro..

71.1

r-.O

n.Q

n.s

H .O
H.II

57.7

58.8

59'"
60 ..\

"'.7

60.5
6 1A

63.2

6.1.9
6"-1

65.'
66.7
67.6
68.S

"70....\
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no
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67.4

68 ..\

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ro ,

7 1.0
7 1.9

71.11

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60.'
6 1.7

6! .6

....
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M .'

66. ~

67.1

7S.6
76. ~

77.2

'43

7.\.~

75 . ~

,.,

74.1
75.0
75.8

76. 1

773

78..1

77.0

78.~

79. ~

77.4

8O.'

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78.1

77.'1
78.8

....
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"'.7

4~.1I

" .7

SJ.7

56.2

S5.5
56 ...
57 ..\

"'"., 60.'
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6!3
6.1A

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55.8
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57.7
58.6

59.5
60..
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6 1.9

6.1.2

6~ . 8

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6.\.7

6.~.0

655

M.9

".R

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.,.
...68.:,
67.9

....

"'7

7 1.0

n.4

7 1.9
7:. 8
7.\.7
74.6

7.\..1

6S.2

67~1

68.'

ro.,

10.0

7"

51.0
51.0

5 1.8
51.'

52.6

55..\

SO.,
SO.

SO..

SI.1

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".,

49.0

5.1. 1

5J3

47~1

4S.1
49.:

47.1

017.6
48.5
49.5

5 1.0
5 1.9
5:"

74~\

73.4

..

SLl

SO.,
SO.,

....
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SO. ,

7:A

7.'>.!
76.1
77.0

74.5

4'1.2

7 1.6

75.4
76 ..\

74.7

48.~

4.1.6

JJ. I

49.1

"ro.7. ",
73A
",
74 ~\

7.\.'

4 7~1

47A
48 . .1

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"'.
58.!
5'1.1

73.6

nA

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62.1

63'

74.1
75.6

6 1 .~

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55.0

55A

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no

...

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51.9

MO

'".
"10.

47.6

5 1.1

6.\.0
6.1.S

68.2

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47.1

5~ .0

55 ..1

. ...,

42.8

49.8

5.\.6

4~.1

~ .7

St.S

6.1 . ~

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47.4

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4 1.!
42.0
4:'9
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4.\.11

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66A

4S.7

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42.4
4.\ ..1

SO.,
SO.,

62.,\

M.'

6.~~~

.....

47.6

60.

6J.7

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60.'

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6-1.6

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6 1.2
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4SA

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4S .'1

55.!
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56.9

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50.11

4.\.4

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.18.1
.18.'1

30'
79.'

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411. ~

.....

65

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4~.6

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63

15'.l

2.Yl-

67.8

68.7

10.'
7IA

55.7

S6.'

5n
58 ..1
59.2
60 '
6 1.0
6:.0

....
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6.'-&

no
78.8

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W.

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83.4

78 ~\

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79.2

8 1.0
82.()
8!.9

11.3
72.2

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86..1

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6.1 . ~

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70.7

7 1.6
72.6
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74. 1

75.4

75.0
76,0

773

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73. 1

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67.6
68.'

76.9
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57.6

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74.2
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52.9
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78.'

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81.6
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8.1.4

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81.1

81.0
8.1.0

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85.'

85 .)

116.7
87.7

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88. 1

88.'

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