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Dynamics Unit - 3 Relative Motion With Solutions

This document provides information about relative motion. It defines relative motion as the motion of one object as seen from another that is also in motion. Examples are given such as motion between two cars or parts of a mechanical linkage. Relative motion is described for both particles moving in one and two dimensions. Key equations are provided for calculating relative position, velocity, and acceleration between two particles in terms of their absolute motion. The document also discusses relative motion for rigid links, with an example of calculating the velocity and acceleration of one point on a rigid link relative to another as it rotates.

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Al Chemist Shahed
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639 views12 pages

Dynamics Unit - 3 Relative Motion With Solutions

This document provides information about relative motion. It defines relative motion as the motion of one object as seen from another that is also in motion. Examples are given such as motion between two cars or parts of a mechanical linkage. Relative motion is described for both particles moving in one and two dimensions. Key equations are provided for calculating relative position, velocity, and acceleration between two particles in terms of their absolute motion. The document also discusses relative motion for rigid links, with an example of calculating the velocity and acceleration of one point on a rigid link relative to another as it rotates.

Uploaded by

Al Chemist Shahed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MMAN1300

Engineering
Mechanics

Unit 3
Relative Motion

MMAN1300 Engineering Mechanics: Unit 3 Relative Motion

3-1

Contents
Relative motion
Relative motion of two particles along a straight line (1-D)
Relative motion in 2-D
Relative motion of rigid links

MMAN1300 Engineering Mechanics: Unit 3 Relative Motion

3-2

Relative Motion

Section 2/8 M&K(D))

We have been describing particle motion using coordinates referred to fixed reference axes.
The particle displacements, velocities and accelerations so far determined have been absolute.
Examples of relative motion applications:

two cars

missile and a plane

fluid particles and a point on a turbine blade the analysis of the relative velocities of fluids
and mechanical systems are useful for the design of turbines, pumps, etc.

two parts of a mechanical linkage, eg. piston and crankshaft in a car engine the analysis of
the relative velocities and accelerations are useful for linkage design (see Kinematics of rigid
bodies).
Relative motion of two particles along a straight line (1-D)
Consider two particles A and B eg. 2 cars on a road

x A is the position of particle A


xB is the position of particle B
xB / A is the position of particle B relative to particle A

Note: x A and xB are with respect to fixed (or absolute) axes. xB / A is with respect to a moving axis.

xB xA xB / A

xB / A xB xA

Note the order of the subscripts!

Differentiating with respect to time:

vB vA vB / A
aB aA aB / A

In 2-D and 3-D motion, the positions, velocities and accelerations of the particles need to be
described in terms of vectors.
MMAN1300 Engineering Mechanics: Unit 3 Relative Motion

3-3

Relative motion in 2-D

rB rA rB / A

rA rB rA / B

rA is the position of particle A


rB is the position of particle B
rB / A is the position of particle B relative to particle A
rA / B is the position of particle A relative to particle B

If

rB rA rB / A

and

rA rB rA / B ,

then rA / B rB / A

Differentiating with respect to time:

vB v A vB / A ,

v A / B vB / A

aB a A aB / A ,

a A / B aB / A

In relative motion, it is often convenient to draw a velocity vector diagram

MMAN1300 Engineering Mechanics: Unit 3 Relative Motion

3-4

Example 1: Relative motion


Two ships pass in the night

v A 2 m/s

30o

v B 3 m/s
a A 0.5 m/s2 in the same direction of v A
aB 0.5 m/s2 in the direction of v B

Find the relative positions, velocities and accelerations of ship B relative to ship A.
Relative position

rB / A rB rA

where

rA 300i 200 j

and

rB 200i 300 j

rB / A 200i 300 j 300i 200 j

We add or subtract like terms only, that is, group the i terms and group the j terms

rB / A (200 300)i (300 200) j

rB / A 100i 100 j

Relative velocity
vB / A vB v A

v B 3i m / s
v A 2 cos 30i 2 sin 30 j
1.73i 1.0 j m / s
v B / A 3i 1.73i 1.0 j
= (3 1.73)i 1.0 j 1.27i 1.0 j

Check the answer against a velocity vector diagram (to see if it makes sense)
vB/A

vA
vB

MMAN1300 Engineering Mechanics: Unit 3 Relative Motion

3-5

Relative acceleration
aB / A aB a A
a B 0.5i m / s 2
a A 0.5 cos 30i 0.5 sin 30 j
0.43i 0.25 j m / s
a B / A a B a A 0.5i 0.43i 0.25 j
= (0.5 0.43)i 0.25 j 0.93i 0.25 j

Check the answer against an acceleration vector diagram (to see if it makes sense)

aB/A
aA
aB

MMAN1300 Engineering Mechanics: Unit 3 Relative Motion

3-6

Example 2: Relative motion


For the instant shown in Figure 1, car A is rounding the circular curve at a constant speed of 50km/h,
while car B with an instantaneous speed of 60km/h is slowing down at the rate of 8km/h per second
(i.e., 2.22 m/s2). Determine:
(a) the velocity of car A relative to car B,
(b) the acceleration that car A appears to have to an observer in car B.

MMAN1300 Engineering Mechanics: Unit 3 Relative Motion

3-7

MMAN1300 Engineering Mechanics: Unit 3 Relative Motion

3-8

MMAN1300 Engineering Mechanics: Unit 3 Relative Motion

3-9

Relative motion of rigid links


When examining the rotation of rigid links, and we want to examine the rotation of point B relative to
point A, imagine A is fixed and B is rotating about A. Hence, we are dealing with circular motion.

Example
A rigid link AB is rotating with an angular velocity and an angular acceleration . Find v B / A and
aB / A .
Imagine A is fixed and B is rotating in circular motion about A.

Velocity is always tangential to the circular path, which is perpendicular to the link AB .

v r

v B / A AB e t

The acceleration will have both a normal and tangential component.


at v r AB
an 2r 2 AB

aB / A at e t ane n AB et 2 AB e n

aB / A

AB
2

AB

MMAN1300 Engineering Mechanics: Unit 3 Relative Motion

3-10

Example 3: Relative motion


A rigid link AB is 225 mm long and has a roller at each end. The rollers are constrained to move in
the guides. The end A has a constant velocity of 2.2 m/s in the direction shown. At this instant
35o , find the angular velocity of AB .

MMAN1300 Engineering Mechanics: Unit 3 Relative Motion

3-11

MMAN1300 Engineering Mechanics: Unit 3 Relative Motion

3-12

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