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Real Roots of Cubic Equation

The document summarizes the method of solving a cubic equation using Tschirnhaus-Vieta approach. It provides the following key steps: 1) Use substitutions to reduce the cubic equation to a "depressed cubic" equation. 2) Transform the reduced cubic equation to match a trigonometric identity involving cosines. 3) Solve for the roots of the cubic equation in terms of the angles defined by the trigonometric identity. The roots are given as functions of the angle solutions and a shift term, providing the real roots when the condition that the discriminant is negative is satisfied.

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521 views4 pages

Real Roots of Cubic Equation

The document summarizes the method of solving a cubic equation using Tschirnhaus-Vieta approach. It provides the following key steps: 1) Use substitutions to reduce the cubic equation to a "depressed cubic" equation. 2) Transform the reduced cubic equation to match a trigonometric identity involving cosines. 3) Solve for the roots of the cubic equation in terms of the angles defined by the trigonometric identity. The roots are given as functions of the angle solutions and a shift term, providing the real roots when the condition that the discriminant is negative is satisfied.

Uploaded by

guilhermeluz95
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Real Roots of Cubic Equation

(Tomas Co, 10/7/2014)

Objective: Given a cubic equation,   +   +  +  = 0, find the condition when the


equation would yield three real roots, and find the roots.

Method: Use the Tschirnhaus-Vieta approach.

Let

3   2  9 + 27 


= and  =
3 27
1. Condition for all roots being real: < 0
(if > 0, only one real roots, see page 4 for this case)
2. Evaluation of the roots:

 = 2
3
3
 = arccos 


!=
3
Then the roots are
1
"# =  cos   + !
3
1
" =  cos  % + 2&' + !
3
1
" =  cos  % + 4&' + !
3

Example:

Consider the equation

  10  + 7 + 1 = 0

Then = 26.3333,  = 49.7407,  = 5.9255,  = 0.2966 and ! = 3.3333


Yielding the roots: {9.2299, 0.1215,0.8917}.

1
Derivation of Formulas:

1. First, reduce the cubic equation to a depressed cubic equation.

- Let  = 0 + !, then the original equation becomes


  + 2! !  + ! + 
0  + 3! + 0  + 3!  + 0 + 1!  + 2=0
  
- By setting ! = /(3), the coefficient of 0  becomes zero, yielding
0  + 0 +  = 0 (1)
where = (3   )/(3 ) and  = (2  9 + 27 )/(27 ).

2. Next, consider the following trigonometric identity

cos(36) = cos(26) cos(6) sin(26) sin(6)


= (cos(6) sin(6) ) cos(6) (2 sin(6) cos(6)) sin(6)
= cos(6) 3 cos(6) sin(6)
= cos(6) 3 cos(6) (1 cos(6) )
cos(36) = 4 cos(6) 3 cos(6)
Or
4 cos(6) 3 cos(6) cos(36) = 0 (2)

3. Transform the reduced cubic (1) to match the trigonometric identity (2).

Let 0 =  cos(6) and substitute to (1) to obtain

 cos(6) +  cos(6) +  = 0

Then multiply the equation by 4/ to match the first term in (2),

4 4
4 cos(6) + cos(6) +  = 0
 
To continue to match with (2), we need

4
= 3  = 2
 3

This yields,

3
4 cos(6) 3 cos(6) =0


2
So comparing with identity (2), we conclude that

3
cos(36) =


Due to the periodicity of cosines, we have three distinct solutions for 6 if we let

3
 = arccos 


and set 36# = , 36 =  + 2& and 36 =  + 4&, or

  + 2&  + 4&
cos(6# ) = cos  ; cos(6 ) = cos  ; cos(6 ) = cos 
3 3 3

4. Transform back to the desired solution for .

 = 0 + ! =  cos(6) + !
That is, the roots are

"# =  cos(6# ) + ! =  cos  +!
3
 + 2&
" =  cos(6 ) + ! =  cos  +!
3
 + 4&
" =  cos(6 ) + ! =  cos  +!
3

Note: Since  = 2: /3, we need < 0 to have  be real. Further, with  real we
will also have  = arccos(3/( )) be real.

3
If ; > <, only one Real Root:


 = 2
3

3
> = asinh 1 2


>
"# = 2 sinh 1 2
3 3

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