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Reshaping of Land Profile - Cut and Fill: Cut: - It Has The Advantage of Giving Undisturbed Soil Over The Whole of The

The document discusses several topics related to construction including: 1) Land reshaping often requires cutting and filling to level sites before construction. Cutting removes soil while filling adds soil. 2) Reinforced concrete framed buildings have columns, beams, floor slabs, and walls as their major structural elements. Columns support beams and transfer loads to foundations. 3) Foundations come in different types including pad footings, strip foundations, raft foundations, and combined foundations to distribute loads from structures to the earth.

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WaiKeung Hui
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77 views5 pages

Reshaping of Land Profile - Cut and Fill: Cut: - It Has The Advantage of Giving Undisturbed Soil Over The Whole of The

The document discusses several topics related to construction including: 1) Land reshaping often requires cutting and filling to level sites before construction. Cutting removes soil while filling adds soil. 2) Reinforced concrete framed buildings have columns, beams, floor slabs, and walls as their major structural elements. Columns support beams and transfer loads to foundations. 3) Foundations come in different types including pad footings, strip foundations, raft foundations, and combined foundations to distribute loads from structures to the earth.

Uploaded by

WaiKeung Hui
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Reshaping of land profile - cut and fill

Very few sites are level and therefore re-shaping works have to be carried out before
any construction work can be taken place.
A site may be leveled by: cutting, filling, or both.
Cut: - It has the advantage of giving undisturbed soil over the whole of the
site but would increase the cost of disposing the spoil
Fill:- Filling materials must be available and compaction must be properly
performed to prevent settlement.
Cut and fill: - if properly carried out, the amount of cut will be equal to the
amount of fill.
Major structural elements of a R.C. framed building
Columns are vertical members which carry the loads from beams and
transfer the loads down to the foundations.
Beams are horizontal member supporting floor slabs. They are further
subdivided into main beam and secondary beam.
Main beams span between columns and transfer the loads placed upon
them to the columns.
Secondary beams span between main beams and transfer their loadings
to the main beams. Their primary function is to reduce the spans of the
floor slabs.
Floor slabs provide platforms on which people can circulate and furniture
can be placed.
Walls wall can be classified into external walls and internal walls:
External walls are the envelope of the building to exclude rain, wind,
sunlight, etc.
Internal walls (partitions) are used to subdivide the floor space in a storey
of different uses. Some walls also help to take loadings

Typical R.C. Framed Structure


Advantages and disadvantages of Precast Concrete
Advantages of precast concrete
The units can be mass-produced and are therefore cheaper.
Cost of formwork can be reduced.
Easier to fix reinforcement and place concrete which to be done on ground
and under cover.
Units can be cured by accelerated techniques.
The quality of units can be strictly controlled.
Units can be cast before the site becomes available hence the construction
time can be reduced.
Temporary supports such as falsework and scaffolding are reduced to
minimum.
Precast units can be structurally load tested if required.
Precast units can be pre-tensioned.
Precasting produces less construction waste than insitu works and therefore
more environmental friendly.
Disadvantages of precast concrete
Uneconomical if only a small number of units are required.
Waterproofing of joints may be expensive.
The transportation of long units may be difficult.
Cranes may be required to load and unload the units on site
Foundation
Pad footing
A pad footing is an isolated foundation to spread and
transfer a concentrated load to the earth. The plan shape of
a pad footing is usually square.

Strip Foundation
A strip foundation is a foundation providing a continuous longitudinal ground bearing
Strip foundations are used to transfer the load from a wall, or from a succession of
closely spaced piers or columns, to the ground.
They consist of a continuous ribbon-shaped strip formed of reinforced concrete.
Main bars are placed transversely to resist bending while longitudinal bars are used
for the continuity of the strip foundation and to bridge soft spots in the soil.

Raft foundation
A raft foundation is a foundation continuous in two directions, usually covering an
area equal to or greater than the base area of the structure.
The structure moves together with the raft foundation when ground movements
occur such that cracking or damage can be prevented.
A raft foundation is also called a floating foundation.
Combined foundation
Rectangular footing is used supporting for two closely spaced columns.
Balanced base footing is used for eccentrically load column. This often happen in
perimeter column where the footing is limited by site boundary.

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