Complete Cambridge IGCSE® OXFORDContents Syllabus matching grid voix Introduction. x 41 Number 1-56 Ll Arithmetic 2 1.2. Number facts and sequences 7 1.3. Approximations and estimation 13, 1.4 Standard form 18 1.5 Ratio and proportion 20 1.6 Percentages 7 1.7 Speed, distance and time 35 18 Calculator 4 1.9 Using aspreadsheet on computer 46 Revision exercise 1A 49 Examination-style exercise 1B _ 51 Algebras 57-101 21 Negative numbers 37 22. Directed numbers 58 23. Formulae a 24 Brackets and simplifying 65 25° Linear equations 68 2.6 Problems solves by linear equations B 2.7. Simultaneous equations 78 2.8 Problems solved by simultaneous equations 82 29° Factorising 85 2.10 Quadratic equations 88 2.11 Problems solved by quadratic ‘equations on Revision exercise 2A 7 Examination-style exercise 2B _ 99 Mensuration 102-132 3.1 Area 103 32 Thecircle 107 33 Arclength and sector area 111 34 Chord of acircle 4 35 Volume 17 3.6 Surface area 124 Revision exercise 3A 127 Examination-style exercise 3B 129 Geometry 333-170 4.1 Fundamental results 134 4.2. Pythagoras’ theorem 138 43° Symmetry 41 44 Similarity 144 45 Circle theorems 154 4.6 Constructions and loci 161 47, Nets 164 Revision exercise 44 166 Examination-style exercise 4B 167 Algebra2 171-205 5.1 Algebraic fractions a 5.2. Changing the subject, ofa formula 174 53. Variation 181 54 Indices 187 55 Inequalities 191 5.6 Linear programming 196 Revision exercise SA 201 ‘Examination-style exercise 5B _ 202 Trigonometry 206-235 6.1 Right-angled triangles 206 62 Scale drawing 217 63 Three-dimensional problems _ 218 64 Sine, cosine, tangent for any angle 220 65. Thesinerule 222 66 Thecosine rule 225 Revision exercise 6A 229 ‘Examination-style exercise 6B 231 Graphs 236-269 7.1 Drawing accurate graphs 237 72. Gradients 239 73. Theformy=mx+e 241 74 Plotting curves 244 7.5 Interpreting graphs 251 7.6 Graphical solution of equations 252 7.7 Distance-time graphs 257 7.8 Speed-time graphs 259 Revision exercise 7A 263 ‘Examination-style exercise 7B 26510 Sets, Vectors and Functions 270-305 8.1 Sets 270 8.2 Logical problems 276 83° Vectors 279 84 Column vectors 285 85 Vector geometry 291 8.6 Functions 295 Revision exercise 8A 300 Examination-style exercise 8B 302 Matrices and Transformations 306-337 9.1 Matrix operations 306 9.2. The inverse of a matrix 309 9.3. Simple transformations 312 9.4 Combined transformations 322 9.5. ‘Transformations using matrices 326 Revision exercise 9A 333 Examination-style exercise 9B _ 335 Statistics and Probability 338-380 10.1 Data display 339 10.2 Mean, median and mode 349 a 10.3. Cumulative frequency 359 104 Simple probability 363 10.5 Exclusive and independent events 367 10.6 Tree diagrams 369 Revision exercise 10A 374 ‘Examination-style exercise 10B _ 375 Investigations, Practical Problems, Puzzles 381-403, 11.1 Investigations 381 11.2 Practical problems 397 11.3 Puzzles and experiments 399 Revision Tests 404-433 Examination-style Paper2__ 414-418 Examination-style Paper4 419-424 Answers 425-479 Index 480-485 ‘Access your support website for extra homework questions and exam revision material ‘wwwoxfordsecondary.com/9780198378358Cambridge IGCSE® Mathematics 0580: Extended EL: Number ELL Identify and use natural numbers, integers (positive, negative and zero), prime ‘numbers, square numbers, common factors and common multiples, rational and irrational numbers, real numbers. 19 E12 ELS EL4 ‘Use language, notation and Venn diagrams to describe sets and represent relationships between sets. Definition of sets eg, A = (x: isa natural number}, B=((uy):y=mx+ eh, C= fea x= B,D=(b,6 00) Calculate squares, square roots, cubes and cube roots of numbers. Use directed numbers in practical situations. 270-279 57-61 ELS. EL6 EL ‘Use the language and notation of simple vulgar and decimal fractions and percentages in appropriate contexts. Recognise equivalence and convert between, these forms. ‘Order quantities by magnitude and demonstrate familiarity with the symbols=,4.>.<, =.= ‘Understand the meaning and rules of indices. Use the standard form A x 10" where mis a positive or negative integer, and 1 < A < 10. 37 191-194 18-20 ELS. ‘Use the four rules for calculations with whole numbers, decimals and vulgar (and mixed) fractions, including correct ordering of operations and use of brackets. 25 EL E110 ‘Make estimates of numbers, quantities and lengths, give approximations to specified numbers of significant figures and decimal places and round off answers to reasonable accuracy in the context of a given problem. Give appropriate upper and lower bounds for data given to a specified accuracy. Obtain appropriate upper and lower bounds to solutions of simple problems given data to a specified accuracy. 13,17-18 1417 ELM ELIZ ‘Demonstrate an understanding of ratio and proportion. Use common measures of rate. Calculate average speed. Calculate a given percentage of a quantity. Express one quantity as a percentage of another. Calculate percentage increase or decrease. Carry ut calculations involving reverse percentages. 20-23, 25-26, 35-38 27-31 ELIS ELM ‘Use a calculator efficiently. Apply appropriate checks of accuracy. Calculate times in terms of the 24-hour and 12-hour clock, Read clocks, dials and timetables. 41-46 ELIS Calculate using money and convert from one currency to another. 23-24 Syllabus matching gridEL.16 | Use given data to solve problems on personal and household finance involving | 31-34 earnings, simple interest and compound interest. Extract data from tables and charts EL.17 | Use exponential growth and decay in rdation to population and finance. 248 and graphs: E2A | Use tters to express generalised numbers and express basic arithmetic processes | 61-65, 174-181 algebraically. Substitute numbers for words and eter in formulae, Construct and transform complicated formulae and equations ¥2.2 | Manipulate directed numbers. Use brackets and extract common factors. 65-68, 85-88 Expand products of algebraic expressions. Factorise where possible expressions ofthe form: ax-+ be + hay + Kby, a? ~ bia + 2ab +B ax? + br E23 _| Manipulate algebraic factions. Factorise and simplify rational expressions. 1i-i74 E24 | Use and interpret positive, negative and zero indices. Use and interpret 187-191 fractional indices. Us the rules of indices E25 _| Solve simple linear equations in one unknown, Solve simultaneous linear (68-85, 88-97 equations in two unknowns. Solve quadratic equations by factorsation, completing the square or by use ofthe formula, Solve simple linear inequalities. E26 | Represent inequalities graphically and use this representation in the solution of | 194-200 simple linear programming problems. E27 | Continuea given number sequence. Recognise patterns in sequences and 10-13 relationships between diferent sequences. Find the nth term of sequences (including quadratic and cubic sequences, exponential sequences and simple combinations ofthese. [E28 | Express direct and inverse variation in algebraic terms and use this form of | 181-187 expression to find unknown quantities E29 | Interpret and use graphs in practical situations induding travel graphs and 248, 251-252, conversion graphs. Draw graphs from given data. Apply the idea of rat of change to | 257-263 easy kinematics involving distance-time and speed-time graphs, acceleration and deceleration, Calculate distance travelled as area under a linear speedtime graph. 2.10 | Construct tables of values and draw graphs for functions ofthe form ax’, where | 237-238, isa rational constant, and n= -2,-1,0, 1,2, 3,and simple sums of not more | 244-248, than three of these and for functions ofthe form a’, where ais a positive integer. | 252-257 Solve associated equations approximately by graphical methods. Draw and interpret graphs representing exponential growth and decay problems. F2.11_| Estimate gradients of curves by drawing tangents. 244-247 1E2.12 | Use function notation eg. f(x) = 3x5,» 3x5 to describe simple functions. | 295-300 Find inverse functions £3). Form composite functions as defined by glx) = gf). ES: Geometry 1E3.1_| Use and interpret the geometrical terms point line, parall, bearing rightangle, | 134-138, acute, obtuse and reflex angles, perpendicular, similarity and congruence. Use and | 164-165 interpret vocabulary of triangles, quadrilaterals, circles, polygons and simple slid figures including nes. Syflabus matching grid3.2 | Measure lines and angles. Construct a triangle given the three sides using | 161-164 ruler and pair of compasses only. Construct other simple geometrical figures from given data using ruler and protractor as necessary. Construct angle bisectors and perpendicular bisectors using straight edge and pair of compasses only. E33 _| Read and make scale drawings. 217-218 E34 | Calculate lengths of similar figures. Use the relationships between areas of 144-154 similar triangles, with corresponding results for similar figures and extension to volumes. E35 _| Recognise rotational and line symmetry (including order of rotational 141-144, symmetry) in two dimensions. Recognise symmetry properties ofthe prism | 154-160 (including cylinder) and the pyramid (including cone). Use the following symmetry properties of circles: «+ equal chords are equidistant from the centre + the perpendicular bisector ofa chord passes through the centre + tangents from an extemal point are equal in length. E36 | Calculate unknown angles using the following geometrical properties: 134138, «+ angles ata point 154-160 «+ angles ata point on a straight line and intersecting straight lines + angles formed within parallel lines + angle properties of triangles and quadrilaterals «+ angle properties of regular polygons «angle in a semi-circle + angle between tangent and radius of a circle + angle properties of irregular polygons «+ angle at the centre ofa circle is twice the angle at the circumference «+ angles in the same segment are equal + angles in opposite segments are supplementary; cyclic quadrilaterals. E3.7 | Use the following loci and the method of intersecting loci for sets of points in| 161-164 two dimensions which are: + ata given distance from a given point + ata given distance from a given straight line «+ equidistant from two given points + equidistant from two given intersecting straight lines. ‘E4: Mensuration 4.1 | Use current units of mass, length, area, volume and capacity in practical situations | 25-26, 126-127 and express quantities in terms of larger or smaller units 42 _| Carry out calculations involving the perimeter and area of a rectangle, triangle, | 103-107 parallelogram and trapezium and compound shapes derived from these. Syllabus matching gridE43 | Carry out calculations involving the circumference and area ofa ctl. 107-116 Solve problems involving the arc length and sector area as fractions of the circumference and area of a ctcle E44 | Carry out calculations involving the volume ofa cuboid, prism and cylinder and | 116-127 the surface area ofa cubold anda cylinder. Carry out calculations involving the surface area and volume ofa sphere, pyramid and cone. FAS _| Carry out calculations involving the areas and volumes of compound shapes. [103-127 ES: Coordinate geometry 5.1 | Demonstrate familiarity wth Cartesian coordinates in two dimensions 239-243 E52 | Find the gradient of straight line Calculate the gradient ofa straight line from | 239-243 the coordinates of two points on it 1ES3 | Calculate the length and the coordinates of the midpoint ofa straight line from | 239-240 the coordinates ofits end points. ESA _| Inerpret and obtain the equation ofa straight-line graph in the form y=max+ e. [239-243 S.5_| Determine the equation ofa straight line parallel toa given line. 239-243 S6 | Find the gradient of parallel and perpendicular lines. 239-243 E6: 6.1 Interpret and use three-figure bearings. 214-217 1E6.2 | Apply Pythagoras’ theorem and the sine, cosine and tangent ratios for acute | 138-140, angles tothe calculation ofa side or ofan angle ofa rightangled triangle. Solve | 206-214, trigonometrical problems in two dimensions involving angles of elevation and | 220-222 depression, Extend sine and cosine values to angles between 90° and 180. E63 _| Solve problems using the sine and cosine rules for any triangle and the formula | 222-228 area of triangle = % ab sin C E64 | Solve simple trigonometrical problems in three dimensions including angle | 218-220 between aline anda pane. 7 Matrices and transformations 7.1. | Describe a translation by using a vector represented by . #(7). ABora. Add | 27-290 and subtract vectors, Multiplya vector by a scala. , 72__| Reflect simple plane figures in horizontal or vertical lines. Rotate simple plane | 312-322 figures about the origin, vertices or midpoint of edges ofthe figures, through multiples of 90°. Construct given translations and enlargements of simple plan figures. Recognise and describe reflections, rotations, translations and enlargements. £73 | caesatethe magnitude ofa vector Jas Ya Represent vector by 279-204 directed line segments. Use the sum and difference of two vectors to express given vectors in terms of two coplanar vectors. Use position vectors. Syflabus matching grid7.4 | Display information in the form of a matrix of any order. Calculate the sum and | 306-311 product (where appropriate) of two matrices. Calculate the product of a matrix and a scalar quantity. Use the algebra of 2x 2 matrices including the zero and identity 2 x 2 matrices. Calculate the determinant |A| and inverse A” of a non-singular matrix A, E75. | Use the following transformations ofthe plane: reflection (M),rotation (R), | 322-333 translation (7), enlargement (E), and their combinations. Identify and give precise descriptions of transformations connecting given figures. Describe transformations using coordinates and matrices (singular matrices are excluded). ES: Probability E8.1 | Calculate the probability ofa single event as either a fraction, decimal or 363-368 percentage. E82 _| Understand and use the probability scale from 0 to 363-368 E83 | Understand thatthe probability of an event occurring = 1 — the probability of | 363-368 the event not occurring 8.4 _| Understand relative frequency as an estimate of probability. 363-368 E85 _| Calculate the probability of simple combined events, using possibility diagrams | 369-373 and tree diagrams where appropriate. Statistics 9.1 | Collet, classify and tabulate statistical data, Read, interpret and draw simple | 339-363 inferences from tables and statistical diagrams. 9.2 | Construct and read bar charts, pie charts, pictograms, simple frequency 339-348, distributions, histograms with equal and unequal intervals and scatter diagrams. | 354-359 9.3 | Calculate the mean, median, mode and range for individual and discrete data | 349-352 and distinguish between the purposes for which they are used. 9.4 | Calculate an estimate of the mean for grouped and continuous data. Identify the | 353-354 ‘modal clas from a grouped frequency distribution. 9.5 | Construct and use cumulative frequency diagrams. Estimate and interpret the | 359-363 ‘median, percentiles, quartiles and inter-quartile range. 1E9.6 | Understand what is meant by positive, negative and zero correlation with 354-359 reference toa scatter diagram. E9.7_| Drawa straight line of best fit by eye. 354-359 Syllabus matching gridAbout this book “This revised edition is designed to provide the best preparation for your Cambridge IGCSE ‘examination, and has been completely updated for the latest syllabus. Finding your way around ‘To get the most out of this book when studying or revising, use the: © Contents list to help you find the appropriate units. © Index to find key words so you can turn to any concept straight away. Exercises and exam-style questions ‘There are thousands of questions in this book, providing ample opportunities to practise the skills and techniques required in the exam, © Worked examples and comprehensive exercises are one of the main features of the book. The ‘examples show you the important skills and techniques required. The exercises are carefully ‘graded, starting from the basics and going up to exam standard, allowing you to practise the skills and techniques. © Revision exercises at the end of each unit allow you to bring together all your knowledge on a particular topic. © Examination-style exercises at the end of each unit consist of questions from past Cambridge IGCSE papers. © Examination-style papers: there are two papers, corresponding to the papers you will take at the end of your course: Paper 2 and Paper 4. They give you the opportunity to practise for the real thing. © Revision section: Unit 12 contains multiple-choice questions to provide an extra opportunity to revise. © Answers to numerical problems are at the end of the book so you can check your progress. Investigations Unit 11 provides many opportunities for you to explore the world of mathematical problem-solving through investigations, puzzles and games. Links to curriculum content Atthe start of each unit you will ind alist of objectives that are covered in the unit. These objectives, are drawn from the Extended section of the Cambridge IGCSE syllabus. What's on the website? ‘The support website contains a wealth of material to help solidify your understanding of the ‘Cambridge IGCSE Mathematics course, and to aid revision for your examinations. All this material can be found online, at www.oxfordsecondary.com/9780198378358Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) was the son of a German labourer and is thought by many to have been the greatest all-round mathematician of all time, He considered that his finest discovery was the method for constructing a regular seventeen-sided polygon. This was not of the slightest ‘use outside the world of mathematics, but was a great achievement of the human mind, Gauss would not have understood the modern view held by many that mathematics must somehow be ‘useful to be worthy of study. Identify and use natural numbers, integers, prime numbers, square numbers, common tors and common multiples, rational and irrational numbers, real numbers. Calculate squares, square roots, cubes and cube roots of numbers. Use the language and notation of simple vulgar and decimal fractions and percentages in appropriate contexts. Recognise equivalence and convert between these forms. Se ees ae eon eee Use the four rules for calculations with whole numbers, decimals and vulgar (and mixed) fractions, including correct ordering of operations and use of brackets. ‘Make estimates of numbers, quantities and lengths, give approximations to specified ‘numbers of significant figures and decimal places and round off answers to reasonable Pectcom unite Give appropriate upper and lower bounds for data given to a specified accuracy. Obtain appropriate upper and lower bounds to solutions of simple problems given data to a specified accuracy. Demonstrate an understanding of ratio and proportion. Increase and decrease a quantity a given ratio. Use common measures of rate. Calculate average speed Calculate a given percentage of a quantity. Express one quantity as a percentage of another, Calculate percentage increase or decrease, Carry out calculations involv reverse percentages. Use a calculator efficiently. Apply appropriate checks of accuracy. Calculate times in terms of the 24-hour and 12-hour clock. Read clocks, dials and timetables. Calculate using money and convert from one currency to another. Use given data to solve problems on personal and small business finance involving earnings, simple interest and compound interest. Extract data from tables and charts, Use exponential growth and decay in relation to population and finance. Continue a given number sequence. Recognise patterns in sequences and relationships between different sequences. Find the nth term of sequences (including quadratic and cubic sequences, exponential sequences and simple combinations of these).1.1 Arithmetic Decimals Example Evaluate: a) 7.6419 b) 34-024 ©) 722x021 4) 0.84+02 ©) 3.6 + 0.004 b) 340 = 0.24 3.16 No decimal points in the working, ‘3 figures after the points in the question and in the answer! 4) 084+02=84+2 €) 36+ 0,004 = 3600 +4 4.2 Multiply both numbers by = 900 10 so that we can divide by awhole number. Exercise 1 Evaluate the following without a calculator: 1.764031 2. 15+7.22 3. 7.004 +0.368 4. 0.06 + 0.006 5.42+42+420 6. 384-262 7.114 -9.73 8461-3 9.17 -0.37 10. 87+192-38 1125-78495 1236-87449 13. 20.4 — 20.399 14. 26x06 15, 0.72 0.04 16. 27.2 0.08 17.0102 18. (0.017 19.2136 20. 231x034 21. 0.36 x 1000 22.0.34% 100000 23.3.6 +0.2 24,0592+08 25. 0.1404 + 0.06 26. 3.24+0.002 —27.0.968-+0.11 28, 600+ 0.5 29. 0.007 +4 30. 2640 + 200 31. 110055 32. (11 +24) x 0.06 33. (04) +0.2 34. 77+ 1000 35. (0.3)? + 100, 36, (0.1)' +0.01 37, 92X46 3g, 180x4 439, 055x081 40, 63% 600% 02 23 36 45 3607 = =Exercise 2 1. A maths teacher bought 40 calculators at $8.20 each and a number of other calculators costing $2.95 each. In all she spent $387. How many of the cheaper calculators did she buy? 2. Ata temperature of 20°C the common amoeba reproduces by splitting in half every 24 hours. If we start with a single amoeba how many will there be after (a) 8 days (b) 16 days? 3. Copy and complete. ‘34+ 6? + 30%= 31? OP e er tos 4, Find all the missing digits in these multiplications. a) 5° b 7 os 9x x x od 6 cc 5. Pages 6 and 27 are on the same (double) sheet of a newspaper. What are the page numbers on the opposite side of the sheet? How many pages are there in the newspaper altogether? 6. Use the numbers 1, 2,3, 4,5, 67, 8, 9 once each and in their natural order to obtain an answer of 100. You may use only the operations +,—,%,+. 7. The ruler below has eleven marks and can be used to measure lengths from one unit to twelve units, CITT TT TTT ttt Design a ruler which can be used to measure all the lengths from one unit to twelve units but this time put the minimum possible number of marks on the ruler. 8, Each packet of washing powder carries a token and four tokens can be exchanged for a free packet. How many free packets will I receive if Tbuy 64 packets? 9. Put three different numbers in the circles so that when you add the numbers at the end of each line you always get a square number. 10, Put four different numbers in the circles so that when you add the ‘numbers at the end of each line you always get a square number. 11. A group of friends share a bill for $13.69 equally between them. How many were in the group? “ aFractions ‘Common fractions are added or subtracted from one another directly only when they have a common denominator. Example Evaluate: a) 342 Exercise 3 Evaluate and simplify your answer. 26. Arrange the fractions in order of size: 3 a 742 » 32.8 2°23 °3°6 Number27, Find the fraction which is mid-way between the two fractions given: 23 57 oes 14 es Yee 9p MS 9 ° 34 39 28, In the equation below all the asterisks stand for the same number. ‘What is the number? [3-3] 29. When it hatches from its egg, the shell ofa certain crab is cm across. ‘When fully grown the shell is approximately 10 cm across. Each new shell is one-third bigger than the previous one. How many shells doesa fully grown crab have during its life? 30, Glass A contains 100 ml of water and glass B contains 100 ml of juice. A 10 ml spoonful of juice is taken from glass Band mixed thoroughly with the water in glass A.A 10 ml spoonful of the mixture from A is retumed to B. Is there now more juice in the water or more water in the juice? Fractions and decimals ‘A decimal is simply a fraction expressed in tenths, hundredths etc. Example 1 ‘Change 8) Ztoadecimal —) 035toafraction —_¢)_ toa decimal 7 1 a) gr divide8into7 b) 035=7>=>5 6) jrdivide 3 into 1 0.875 03333 7 g7 0875 8)7.000 13 (03 recurring) 3).070'0'000 a 3 ™ aExample 2 a) Convert 0.7 toa fraction, ‘This recurring decimal has one place recursion so we ‘multiply it by 10 and set out our working as follows: 10x: 7.77777... 11] 1x: 0.77777... [2] [1-2 9x: 7.00000. Therefore: 1x: 7 9 b) Convert0.23 toa fraction. 100 x: 23.232323... [1] Here we have two place recursion so we multiply it by 100: 1x: 0.232323... [2] [1-2]: 99 x: 23.000000. Therefore: 1x: 2 99 Exercise 4 In questions 1 to 24, change the fractions to decimals. ut 22 34 a2 4 5 a 4 9 5 5 1 2 a 92 10. = 10 8 2 6 2 3 4 5 1B. 5 as.4 16, > 7 7 9 u 19,24 20.12 a22 222 3 10 16 7 In questions 25 to 40, change the decimals to fractions and simplify. 25.02 26.0.7 27..0.25 29. 0.36 30. 0.52 31. 0.125 33.084 34, 2.35 35. 3.95 37.32 38. 0.27 39. 0.007 Number 5.4 62 2 8 un? n= .5 . 2 iat 18, 28 5 3 23, 28 pe 7 100 28. 045 32. 0.625 36. 1.05 40, 0.00011Evaluate, giving the answer to 2 decimal places: La 2 8 Tash al. 42. = +075 43. --024 4474342 473 3 9 son 1 51 8 4.1 ) 45, 5x02 46. 2x5 47, +02 48.(2-*)+04 3% 84 i ( 73 Arrange the numbers in order of size (smallest first). 1 4 20,4 7 ents 51033, =.03,— - 0.71, —, 0. . 103, 49. 59033, 75 50. 5.03.5 51. 0.71, 40.705 52. 7509375 Convert the following recurring decimals to fractions. 53.0.6 54.04 55. 0.12 36. 0.43 57. 0.134 58. 0.731 59, 0.25 60. 0.617 1.2 Number facts and sequences Number facts © An integer is a whole number, eg. 2, ~ © A prime number is divisible only by itself and by 1, eg, 2,3, 5, 7.11, 13, ‘The multiples of 12 are 12, 24, 36, 48, ... ‘The factors of 12 are 1, 2,3, 4, 6,12. ‘A square number is the result of multiplying a number by itself, e.g. 5 x 5=25, so 25 is a square number. © A cube number is the result of multiplying a number by itself three times, e.g. 5x 5x 5= 125, so 125 isa cube number. Example Find the Highest Common Factor (HCF) and Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) of 80 and 50. First write both 80 and 50 as the product of prime factors. 80=2X 40 =2x2%20=2x2%2%10=2x2%2x2x5= 50=2% 25=2x5x5=2xF ‘The HCF is found by looking at the prime factorisation and examining the elements that are in both numbers. 80 and 50 both have a 2 and a5 in the prime factorisation so the HCF is2 x 5=10. ‘The LCM is found by taking the HCF and multiplying it by the bits in each prime factorisation that are eft over. For 80, we do not use 2 for the HCF and for 50 we do not use a 5. So the LCM = HC x 2 x5 =10x 8 x 5= 400. x5 uber fas and sequences P|Exercise 5 1. Which of the following are prime numbers? 3, 11, 15, 19, 21, 23, 27, 29, 31, 37, 39, 47, 51, 59, 61, 67, 72,73, 87, 99 2. Write down the first five multiples of the following numbers: a) 4 b) 6 ° 10 du ©) 20 3. Write down the first six multiples of 4 and of 6. What are the first two common multiples of 4 and 6? [.e. multiples of both 4 and 6] 4, Write down the first six multiples of 3 and of 5. What is the lowest common multiple of 3 and 5? 5. Write down all the factors of the following: a) 6 bo 9 10 4) 15 m4 f) 32 6.a) 15263 a prime number? By how many numbers do you need to divide 263 so that you can find out? b) 1s527aprime number? ©) Suppose you used a computer to find out if 1147 was a prime number. Which numbers would you tell the computer to divide by? 7. Make six prime numbers using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9 once each. 8, Write the following numbers as the product of prime factors: a) 24 ») 60 ) 9 @) 144 ©) 1000 f) 880 9. Find the Highest Common Factor of a) 24and 60 b) 90and 144 ©) 60and 1000 @) 24and880 €) 90and 1000 f) 24,60 and 144 10. Find the Lowest Common Multiple of a) 24nd 60 b) 60and 90 ©) 144and 1000 b) 24nd 880 4) 90and 1000 f) 24and 1000 Rational and irrational numbers © A rational number can always be written exactly in the form © where a and b are whole numbers. y . 54222 2 50 All these are rational numbers. a © Anirrational number cannot be written in the form z V2, V5, 7,92 are all irrational numbers. = =© Inger i isirrational unless n isa square number In this triage the lenghh of the hypotenuse is exadiy V5. Ona L caloulator, /5 = 2.236068. 0 is value of /5 is not exact and is ‘correct to only 6 decimal places. Exercise 6 1. Which of the following numbers arerational? as b) 5 o Wy «a8 vp 2 1432 © 314 0% gn by 343" 7 dD 2 w 2H D) VB 2a) Writedown any retional number between 4 and 6. b)Writedown any irrational number between 4 and 6, . ©) Findarationa number between /2 and V3. = d) Write down any rational number between rand y10. WB a 3. a) Foreach shape state whether the perimeter is rational 8 orirraional. b) Foreach shapestate whether the area is rational or 2 irretionel. Square Tenge 4. 0] ediagram showsa cirde of radius 3. cm drawn insidea ‘gjuare. Write down the exact value of the following and state whether the answer is rational ornot: a) thedrounference ofthe dire b) thediamsterof the circle ©. thearaofthesuare ) theawaofthearde ©) theshededaren. 5.0 ink of two irrational numbers x andy such that ~ isa rational number a 6. Explain the diflerence between a rational number and an irrational numba: 7.a)_Isitpossbleto multiply a rational number and an irrational ‘number to give an answer which is rational? b)_Isitpossble to multiply two irrational numbers together to givea rational answer? Q._Ifeither orboth are possible, givean example. Nurber facts and sequences, |