kl/R5]b !

kl/ro
!=! k[i7e"ld
g]kfn Ps ef}uf]lns ljljwtf ePsf] b]z xf] . ef}uf]lns ¿kdf ;fgf] /fi6«sf] ¿kdf
/x]klg oxfFsf] ef}uf]lns ljljwtf cltl/Qm cfkm\g} lsl;dsf] cnUu} df}lns ;fdflhs
;fF:s[tLs ljz]iftfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o; b]zsf ljleGg ;d'bfo, hft tyf
hghftLx¿sf] cfkm\g} df}lnstf, ;+:s[tL, k/Dk/f / l/ltl/jfhx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o;
g]kfn /fi6«sf] w/ftlno jftfj/0f tyf jg:ktLx¿df ljljwtf kfOG5 . h;df ljleGg
hflt, hghftL tyf efif eflifsf dfgj ;d'bfox¿ a:g] ub{5g\ . g]kfnsf]
Oltxf;nfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] oxfF a;f]af; ug]{ ljleGg hflt / ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿
ljleGg ;dodf pQ/ / blIf0faf6 g]kfn k|j]z u/]sf kfOG5 . o;/L ljleGg ;dodf
g]kfn k|j]z ug]{ qmddf ljleGg hflt ;d'bfox¿n] cfkm\gf] efiff, wd{ / ;+:s[tLnfO{
;+u} lnP/ cfP, ;do qmd;Fu} kl/jt{gx¿ klg eP . olx qmddf g]kfndf hflto
ljljwtf b]vf k¥of] . o; b]zdf ljleGg hft tyf ;d'bfosf] cfkm\g} df}lnssnf
;+:s[tL k/Dk/f / l/ltl/jfhx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . x/]s hflt hghfltx¿sf] cf–cfkm\g}
hghflto ljz]iftf, ;f+:s[lts hLjgz}ln / d"NodfGotfx¿ 5g\ . clwsf+z
hfthfltsf cf–cfkm\g} e]ife'iff / lglZrt ef}uf]lns jf;:yfg /x]sf] kfOG5 . olt w]/}
cf–cfkm\g} df}lns ;+:s[t, e]ife'iff hLjgz}ln / d'NOdfGotf af]s]sf] hflt hghftLx¿
g]kfndf a;f]af; ub}{ cfP klg oxfFsf ljljw hflt hghfltsf] ljrdf åGå tgfj
ePsf] b]lvb}g . /fli6«otf k|lt ;j}sf] Psdt b]lvG5 / Ps csf{ ljrsf] ;fdflhs
;lxi0f'tf /x]sf] kfOG5 . Ps hfltsf] snf ;+:s[tL, wd{ tyf l/ltl/jfhx¿nfO{ csf]{
hfltn] cle¿lrk"j{s cjnf]sg ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfnL ;dfhdf cg]stfdf Pstf
/x]sf] 5 .
ljleGg hfthfltx¿sf] ;femf km'njf/Lsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] g]kfndf lj=;+= @)%* sf]
/fhkqdf ^! hghfltdWo @^ hghfltsf] ljj/0f v'nfO{Psf] 5 . h;dWo du/, u'¿ª,
bg'jf/, tfdfË, /fp6], g]jf/, ef]6], jf]6], s'dfn, lnDj', /fO{, n]Krf, bdfO{, 3fGb|'s,
r]kfª, ;'g'jf/, hgufO{, /fhj+zL, yf¿, wfdL, /fhL, lh/]n, dfemL, ;]kf{, ysfnL /
1
s'dfn /x]sf 5g\ . lj=;+= @)%* sf] /fli6«o hgu0fgf cg';f/ g]kfnsf] s'n
hg;+Vofsf] #%=^Ü cyf{t ^% nfv ^@ xhf/ @ ;o ^% hghftLx¿sf] hg;+Vof
;+Vof /x]sf] 5 . ljleGg hghfltx¿dWo g]kfnsf] lxdfnL If]qdf d+uf]lnog d'nsf
/fO{, lnDj', ;]kf{, ef]6], tfdfª, ysfnL cflb hghfltsf] a;f]af; /x]sf] kfOG5 .
dWokxf8L e]udf du/, u'¿ª, g]jf/, s'dfn, bdfO{ cflbsf]a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 . To:t}
blIf0fL e]udf d]r], sf]r], r]kfª, lwdfn, bg'jf/, ofbj, yf¿, ;tf/, /fhj+zL,
d';ndfg, df8jf8L cflbsf] afx'Notf /x]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L ef}uf]lns If]q cg';f/
ljleGg hflt ;d'bfox¿sf] 5'§f5'§} j;f]jf; /xgfsf ;fy} logLx¿sf] efiff, wd{,
;+:s[lt klg leGgf leGg} /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf j;f]jf; ug]{ hghfltx¿sf] ;+:s[tL efiff, wd{ /xg;xg, l/ltl/jfh cflb
cj:yfx¿nfO{ cWoog cg';Gwfg u/L To;nfO{ ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g ug'{, ;Dk"0f{ hflt
;d'bfox¿sf] ;femf km'njf/Lsf] ¿kdf /fi6«nfO{ :yfoL agfpg' xf] . g]kfndf /x]sf
ljleGg hghfltx¿sf] hg;+Vof o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/ du/ !^,@@,$@! -
@)=!$Ü_ yf¿ !%,##,*&( -^=&%Ü_, tfdfª !@*@#)$ -%=^$Ü_, /fO{ ^,#%,!%! -
@=&(Ü_, u'¿ª %$#%&! -@=#( Ü_ lnDj' #%(#&( -!=%*Ü_ ;]kf{ !,%$,^@@ -)=^*Ü_,
lwdfn !(,%#& -)=)(_, ef]6] !(@^! -)=)*Ü_ ;'g'jf/ (%@%$ -)=$@ Ü_ /fhj+zL
(%*@! -)=$@ Ü_ /fp6] ^%* -)=)) Ü_ n]Krf #^^) -)=)@ Ü_ r]kfª -%@@#& -
)=@# Ü_ sf] hg;+Vof 5 . ->f]t M s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu @)^* .
clxn] ;Dd klxrfg ul/Psf hghfltx¿dWo d'Vot kxf8L If]qdf k/fk"j{s sfnb]lv
j;f]jf; ub]{ cfPsf] du/ hghflt xf] . du/x¿ d+uf]lnog d'nsf hghfltdf
kb{5g\ . du/x¿ O=k'= @#)) lt/ lkm/Gt hfltsf] ¿kdf g]kfndf k|jz] u/]sf lyP .
du/ gfdfs/0f x'g'df ljleGg lj4fgx¿sf ts{ o;k|sf/ /x]sf] kfOG5
u'¿ª du/ j+zfjnLdf k|l;4 dxfb]jdf] gfd dxf/flhsaf6 dxf/flh–dx/f, dx/f–
du/f x'Fb} du/ ePsf] s'/f pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 -of]uL, g/x/Lgfy / s[i0faxfb'/ u'¿ª
>L u'¿ª, j+zfjnL k[i7 @^_

2
;g\ !((# sf] k'0o dNnsf] tfd|kqdf klg dx/ zAbsf] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . e'uf]n
zf:qdf ;Ktu08sL k|b]znfO{ jfx| du/ft / o;}nfO{ dxnf]s elgPsf] s'/f pNn]v
5.
du/x¿ dWo Pl;ofaf6 cfPsf x]Ktfn x'g\ / Ozfsf] c7f/f}+ ztfAbLlt/ lxGb'df lblIft
ePsf x]Ktfn -du/_ If]lqo ePkl5 Hoflt e|i6 ePsf 7s'/L g} du/ ePsf] eGg] w/0ff
kfOG5 -zdf{ )#(, @^(_ . dx/ zAbaf6} ck|e+z eP/ du/ ePsf] -yfkf du/
@)!(_ df du/ftL P]ltxfl;s ¿k/]vf sf] jif{ ! c+s ! df pNn]v 5 .
o;/L du/ hfltsf] gfdfs/0f ;DjGwdf ljleGg lj4fgx¿af6 leGg leGg ljrf/x¿
/flvP klg g]kfndf a;f]af; ug]{ hghfltx¿ dWo d'Vo Ps hghftLsf] ¿kdf du/
hflt /x]sf] 5 .
clwsf+z du/x¿sf] a;f]af; n'lDjgL, /fKtL, wf}nflu/L, u08sL nufotsf c~rnsf
ljleGg lhNnfx¿df /x]sf] kfOG5 . n]v sfF8f tyf kxf8x¿df a:b} cfPsf du/x¿
jt{dfg ;dodf g]kfn clw/fHoe/ tyf e'6fg, l;lSsd / bfh{lnª nufPtsf If]qdf
;d]t 5l/Psf /x]sf 5g\ . ef]6, jd]{nL kl/jf/ cGt/utsf] efiff jf]Ng] du/, c7f/
du/ftL efiff / afx| du/ftL efiffdf ljefhg ul/Psf 5g\ . c7f/ du/ftL efiff
cGt/ut vfd efiff / sfOs] efiff kb{5g\ . of] efiff ljz]iful/ /f]Nkf, ¿s'd, ;Nofg,
/f]Nkf, u'NdL, afUn'ª, 8f]Nkf cflb lhNfnx¿df a;f]af; ug]{ du/x¿ jf]Ng] ub{5g\ .
To:t} kfNkf, :ofª\hf, lrtjg, tgx', c3f{vfFrL, tgx', wgs'6f cflb lhNnfdf j;f]jf;
ug]{ du/x¿ jfx| du/ftL efiff jf]Ng] ub{5g\ .
g]kfndf jfO;] rf}lj;] /fHox¿ /x]sf] ;dodf tfTsflng zfzsx¿sf ;+/Ifssf
¿kdf lrlgPsf du/x¿ jt{dfg ;do;Dd b]z tyf ljb]zdf ;'/Iffsf nflu
vl6O/x]sf 5g\ . ;f]emf, OdfGbf/, d]xg]lt / st{Jolgi6 hftsf] ¿kdf lrlgg] du/
hfltsf] zf/Ll/s agfj6 cGo hfltsf] eGbf km/s x'G5 . 5f]6f sb ePsf, y]Krf gfs
ePsf / /ftf ufnf / zl//df /f} sd x'g] o; hfltsf dlxnf k' ¿ifsf] ljz]iftf xf] .
du/ hfltsf] ;d'bfosf] ¿kdf kxf8 / s]xL dfqfdf lxdfnL If]qdf j;f]jf; u/]sf
5g\ . kl5Nnf ;dodf t/fOsf s]xL e'–dfudf a;fO{ ;/fO{sf dfWodaf6 du/x¿
a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . du/x¿ a9L ;+Vof a;f]af; ug]{ If]qsf k'/fgf af;LGbf

3
ePklg cGo hfltsf] t'ngfdf plgx¿sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhg}lts, z}lIfs tyf
gLltlgdf{0f txdf k'Ug ;s]sf 5}gg\ .
g]kfnsf] dWoklZrd ljsf;If]qsf] kxf8L lhNnf /f]Nkfsf] @)%* ;fnsf] hgu0fgf
cg';f/ @,!@,$*$ hg;+Vof /x]sf] 5 . To;dWo ^$!#! cyf{t #)=^%Ü du/x¿sf]
hg;+Vof /x]sf] 5 . o; cWoog If] lnjfª\ uf=lj=;=sf] lj=;+= @)%* ;fnsf] hgu0fgf
cg';f/ s'n #)!^ hg;+Vof /x]sf] 5 . h; dWo !^^# hg;+Vof du/sf] /x]sf] 5 .
t/ lj=;+= @)^% ciff9df g]kfn ;/sf/ :jf:Yo dGqfnon] xflQkfOn] /f]u lgjf/0f
sfo{qmd cGt/ut ;j} j8fx¿df ul/Psf] 3/w'/L ;j]{If0f cg';f/ o; uf=lj=;= sf]
s'n hg;+Vo9f #^!# dWo !(*# du/x¿sf] ;+Vof /x]sf] 5 . h;df !)%( hgf
dlxnf / (@$ k'¿if /x]sf 5g\ .
du/ hfltsf k'¿if / dlxnf b'j} k/L>dL / jlnof x'G5g\ . k'¿ifx¿ dhb'/L, d]nfsf]
sfd, v]t hf]Tg], vGg], bfp/f Nofpg], s8f ef/L jf]Sg] h:tf sfd ub{5g\ eg]
dlxnfx¿ 3/df vfgf ksfpg], ef8f dfem\g], /S;L hfF8 jgfpg], jRrf jRrL :ofxf/,
ufO j:t', jfv|f j:t', jfv|f, s'v'/f cflbsf] x]/rfx / bfgfkfgL v'jfpg] sfd ub{5g\ .
du/hfltsf k'¿ifx¿ ;}lgs÷k|x/L k]zf dg k/fpF5g\ . :s'ndf k9\b} u/]sf o'jsx¿
;}lgs÷k|x/Ldf hfg kfpg] xf] eg] k9g} 5fl8lbG5g\ . lolgx¿ Jojxf/df ;f]emf /
Odfgbf/ x'g] ePsfn] :jb]z tyf ljb]zdf pgLx¿nfO{ dxÎj lbG5g .
g]kfnsf cGo If]qdf j;f]jf; ug]{ du/x¿df h:t} oxfFsf du/x¿df klg ljleGg
;+:sf/x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . h:t} hGd ;+:sf/, s'n k'hf, l;d] e"ld k'hf, lbjfnL k'hf,
jRrf hGdfO;s]kl5 ul/g] ljjfx ;+:sf/ cflb . lo ;j} vfn] ;+:sf/x¿df hfF8 /S;L
/ df;'sf] dxÎj /x]sf] x'G5 . ;dfhdf x'g] ;j} vfn] ;+:sf/x¿df k'hf/f, wfdL emflqm
/ h]i7 JolQmsf] dxÎjk"0f{ :yfg x'G5 . dflg;x¿ lj/fdL x'Fbf :jf:Yo ;+:yf sd hfg]
ug]{ z'¿df wfdL, emfFlqm sxfF uO{ pkrf/ u/fpg] k|rng 5 . v]ltkftLdf /f]unfUbf,
ufOj:t' rf}kfof lj/fdL x'Fbf v/fgL km'Sg], cfvt x]g]{, kfTnf] kmfNg] u/LG5 .
b]ze/ 5/LP/ /x]sf du/hfltx¿ kl5Nnf ;dodf ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yfdf ;+ul7t
ePsf 5g\ . cfkm\gf] hflt, wd{, ;+:s[tLsf] /Iff, cfk;L ;DjGw jlnof] jgfpg o;
If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ du/x¿ k|]n k'g ;dfhsf gfdn] ;+u7g ePsf 5g\ . o; lnjfª\
4
uf=lj=;=df j;f]jf; ug]{ du/x¿df g]kfnsf cGo e'–efudf j;f]jf; ug]{ du/x¿df
h:t} cfkm\g} ;fdflhs ;f+:s[tLs ;+:sf/x¿ kfO ePsf] / du/ hfltsf] ;dflhs,
;f+:s[tLs cfyL{s cj:yfsf jf/]df xfn;Dd slx+ st}af6 cWoog ePsf] gkfOPsf]n]
o; ;d'bfodf ljut s]xL ;do b]lv 3'ndLn x'Fb} hfFbf du/ hfltsf] k/Dk/f /
pgLx¿sf] df}lns ;+:s[tLaf6 k|efljt eP/ o; If]qdf j;]sf du/ hfltsf]
;fdflhs–;f+:s[tLs / cfly{s cj:yf jf/]df ;Sbf] ;To tyf k|df0fx¿ h'6fO ;f]wkq
tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 .
!=@ ;d:ofsf] syg
g]kfn Ps ax'eflifs jx' wfld{s tyf jx' hflto b]z xf] . oxfF a;f]af; ug]{ clwsf+z
hghfltsf] cf–cfkm\gf] efiff, e]ife';f, wd{, k|yf, l/ltl/jfh ePsf] kfOG5 . o;/L cf–
cfkm\g} hflto ljz]iftf ePsf g]kfnsf ;j} hflt hghfltx¿sf] ;dfhzf:qlo
b[li6sf]0faf6 k|ofKt cWoog x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g eg] sltkon] d'nynf]sf] ;DjGwdf
cWoog u/]klg cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] cj:yfsf jf/]df cWoog ePsf] 5}g . ;fdflhs,
;f+:s[tLs, cfly{s, wfdL{s ljljwtf ePsf hftLx¿ dWo du/ hflt klg Ps xf] .
Pp6} du/ hfltsf ljrdf klg efiff ;+:s[tL / k|yf ;+:sf/ km/s km/s kfOG5 eg]
wfdL{s b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ s'g} 7fpFsf du/ hfltn] jf}4 t s;}n] lxGb' wd{ ckgfPsf]
kfOG5 . efiffsf b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dd o; hfltdf eflifs ljljwtf
ePsf] kfOG5 .

g]kfnL ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts ljsf;df du/ hftLsf] dxÎjk"0f{ e"ldsf ePklg

pgLx¿sf] cj:yf sdhf]/ b]lvG5 / klg k/Dk/fut b]lv jt{dfg;Dd ljBdfg
pgLx¿sf] ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[tLs ;+:sf/x¿n] ;du| g]kfnL ;f+:s[tLs ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f
u/]sf] 5 . lsgsL hghflto ;+:s[lt eg]sf] s'g} Ps hflt ljz]ifsf] dfq geO{ /fi6«s}
;femf ;DklQ xf] .
k/Dk/fut k]zf tyf Jojf;foaf6 dfyL p7g g;s]sf du/x¿ cfkm\gf] df}lns
;+:s[tLsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ eGbf klg cfwf/e't cfjZostfsf] k/Lk"lt{ ug]{ ;Gbe{df dfq}
l;ldt /xg k'u]sf 5g\ . df}lns nf]s;+:s[tL, l/ltl/jfh, ljjfx ;+:sf/, rf8kj{,
k'hfcfhf, lj:tf/} k/;+:s[tLs/0fsf] k|efjn] x/fpFb} hfg] :yLlt b]vfk/]sf] 5 eg]

5
cfhsf] kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df klg du/ hflt cGwljZjf; / ¿l9jfbL dfGotfaf6 u|;Lt
5 . csf]{lt/ x/]s ;+:sf/ut sfo{df hf8 /S;L clgjfo{ rflxg] cltly ;+:sf/df
/S;Ln] :jfut ug]{ ;+:sf/n] ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[tLs Pj+ cfly{s hLjgdf gsf/fTds
k|efj kf/]sf] b]lvG5 .
g]kfnsf ljleGg :yfgdf j;f]jf; ug]{ du/x¿sf] ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[tLs, cfly{s
cj:yf leGbfleGb} /x]sf] kfOG5 . o:t} oxfFsf clwsf+z hgtf u/LaLsf] /]vfd'gL
hLjg ljtfpg jfWo 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf o; /f]Nkf lhNnfsf du/ hftLx¿
k/Dk/fut k]zfaf6 dfly p7g\ ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . oxfFsf du/x¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf]
d'Vo >f]t s[lif ePtf klg v]tL of]Uo hldgsf] ck|ofKttf k/Dk/fut v]tLk|0ffnL,
pGgt dn ljpsf] cefj, l;+rfO{sf] ck|ofKttfsf sf/0f j9\bf] hg;+VofnfO{ s[lifn]
dfq wfGg ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . pTkflbt cGgsf] clwsf+z dfqf /S;L pTkfbg ubf{
k|of]u ug]{ x'Fbf pgLx¿df emg} ;d:of yk]sf] b]lvG5 . o; lnjfª\ uf=lj=;=sf du/
;d'bfox¿ ;d]t lo ;d:ofaf6 cnu /xg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . du/ hflt Pp6} ePtf klg
g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf, jftfj/0f tyf ;f+:s[tLs ;d'xx¿;Fu}sf] 3'nldnsf sf/0f
Pp6} hfltdf klg ljljwtf kfOG5 . o; hfltsf] ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[tLs / cfly{s
cj:yfsf] cWoog u/L o; hfltsf] ;fdflhs ;f+:s[tLs cj:yfsf] ljleGg If]qut
ljifodf yk vf]h cg';Gwfg / ;+/If0f ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . ;fy} o; cWoog If]q
/f]Nkf lhNnfsf] lnjfª\ uf=lj=;=sf du/x¿df cfkm\g} df}lnstf kfOg'n] ToxfFsf
du/x¿sf] df}lns ;fdfhLs ;f+:s[tLs kIf s] xf] < o; ;d'bfosf du/ hfltsf]
k|f/DeLs cj:yf / jt{dfg cj:yf s:tf] 5 < cfly[s ;fdflhs z}lIfs cj:yfdf
k5fl8 kg'{sf sf/0fx¿ s] s] /x]sf 5g\ < o; hfltsf] df}lnstf hf]ufpg s] ug'{ knf{
< pTkfbglzn e"ldsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5, To;df s;sf] :jfldTj 5 < pgLx¿nfO{
cuf8L j9\g s] n] /f]s]sf] 5 < cflb h:tf ;fdflhs Joj:yf leqsf kIfx¿ o;
cg';Gwfgsf ;d:ofx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
!=# cWoogsf] p2]Zo
du/ ;d'bfosf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s cj:yfdf ljljwtf /x]sf] 5 . leGg leGg
;d'bfodf j;f]jf; ug{] du/ hfltsf] ;fdflhs cfly{s k4lt klg leGg /x]sf] 5 .

6
t;y{ o; cWoogsf] p2]Zo cWoog If]qsf du/x¿sf] ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, cfly{s
kIf leq /x]sf lgDg s'/fx¿sf] cWoog ug]{ /x]sf] 5 .
-s_ cWoog If]q leq /x]sf du/x¿sf] kf/Ljf/Ls ;+/rgf, :jf:Yo tyf z}lIfs
cj:yfjf/] j0f{g ug'{ .
-v_ cWoog If]q leq /x]sf du/x¿sf /xg;xg e]ife'iff / rf8kj{sf ;DjGwdf
k|sfz kfg'{ .
-u_ cWoog If]q leq /x]sf du/x¿sf] cfly{s cj:yfsf] jf/]df k|sfz kfg'{ .

!=$ cWoogsf] dxÎj

g]kfn cg]sf}+ hflto / hghflto ljljwtf jf]s]sf] b]z xf] . s'g} klg hflt hghflt
jf ;d'bfosf] ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:stLs kIfsf] klxrfg ug'{ / JofVof ljZn]if0f ug'{
Pp6f dxÎjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . laleGg ;d'bfosf hflt hghfltx¿sf] cWoogn] pgLx¿sf]
cj:yf / To;df ;do cGt/fndf cfPsf] kl/jt{g, pgLx¿sf] ;d:ofx¿sf] jf:tljs
tYox¿sf] jf/]df hfgsf/L u/fpFb5 . cWoog cg';Gwfgaf6 kQf nfu]sf tYofx¿sf]
cfwf/af6 gLlt lgdf{0f, of]hgf th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug]{ tkm{ d2t k'¥ofpFb5 . To:tf
lsl;dsf :yfg jf hfthfltdf s'g} sfo{qmdx¿ nfu' ug{ of]hgfljb\ tyf ;DjGwLt
kIfnfO{ ;lhnf] kg{ hfg]5 . h;n] ubf{ ;/sf/L Pj+ u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx¿sf] ;do
/ cfly{s art x'g hfG5 .

du/x¿ g]kfnsf] P]ltxfl;s zf;ssf] ¿kdf /x] klg O{ltxfF;df o; kIfnfO{ dxÎj
lbP/ n]v]sf 5}gg\ . du/x¿ zf;ssf] ¿kdf /x]sf] k|df0f /x] klg clnlvt ¿kdf
;'Gg kfO{G5 . du/x¿ ldx]glt / kl/>dL /x] klg pgLx¿sf] jf:tljstf kQf nufpg]
o; cWoogsf] p2]Zo dxÎj x'g]5 . o; zf]wkqn] o; cWoog If]qsf du/x¿sf]
;fdflhs hLjg z}ln, df}lns ;f:s[lts k/Dk/f, ;do cGt/fndf To;df cfPsf]
kl/jt{g, hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu ckgfO{Psf cfly{s lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;d]t k|sf;
kfg]{5 .

7
 kl/R5]b–b'O{
k"j{ ;flxTosf] k'g/fjnf]sg
g]kfndf a;f]af; ug]{ du/x¿sf] ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[tLs / cfly{s cj:yf jf/] ljleGg
:jb]zL tyf lab]zL la4fgx¿n] ljleGg n]v /rgf / k':tsx¿ k|sflzt u/]sf 5g\ .
h;sf] ;+lIfKt j0f{g o; k|sf/n] ul/G5 .
du/ ;d'bfosf] cfly{s cj:yf jf/]df x]bf{ of] ;d'bfo s[lifdf lge{/ /x]sf] kfOG5 .
cfkm\gf] hLjg ;~rfngsf nflu s[lif k]zfnfO{ g} k|d'vtf lbPsf] kfOG5 eg] v]lt ug]{
qmddf ds}, sf]bf], ux'F, kmfk/, cfn' nufpFb5g\ ;fy} gub]jfln cGt/ut tf]/L / s]xL
kmnkm"n v]tL klg u/]sf 5g\ . pQ/L If]qdf a;]sf o; hfltsf dflg;x¿n] ;'Gtnf
nufPsf 5g\ . d'Votof l;+rfO{sf] Joj:yf gePsf] sf/0f ds}, sf]bf], ux'F, kmfk/ g}
logLx¿n] ug]{ cGg jfln xf] . -lj:6–!(&^_
du/x¿sf] a;f]af; ug]{ d'Vo If]q kxf8L If]q xf] . o; If]qdf l;rfO{sf] cefj 5 .
oxfFsf] hldgnfO{ b'O{ efudf laefhg ul/Psf] 5 . != af/L @= v]t . af/L eGgfn]
l;+rfO{sf] ;'ljwf gePsf] If]qnfO{ hgfFp5 . af/Ldf ux'F, ds] sf]bf] / cfn' v]lt u/LG5
eg] v]tdf wfg v]tL u/LG5 . kxf8L If]qdf l;+rfO{ sd dfqfdf x'g] / v]tsf] sd x'g]
ePsfn] wfg v]lt yf]/} dfq u/LG5 . -Hitchock 1995_

o; ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿n] ug]{ d'Vo k]zf s[lif xf] . s[lifsf nflu rflxg] dnsf nflu
lolgx¿n] ufO{, e}+;L, e]8f, jfv|f cflb kfNg] ub{5g\ . s]xL du/ ;d'bfodf ufO{
e}+;Laf6 k|fKt b'w / l3p ljlqm ul/ cfkm\gf] cfo j[l4 ub{5g\ . pQ/L e]udf a;f]af;
ug]{ du/ hfltsf ;d'bfox¿n] e]8fjfv|f, rf}/L cflbaf6 pg lgsfn]/ pgaf6 ag]sf
nQf sk8fx/ t/fO{;Dd ljlqm ub[5g\ . of] g} lolgx¿sf] cfo >f]t a[l4 x'g] k|d'v
k]zf xf] . o;/L k|fKt x'g] /sdaf6 cfkm"nfO{ rflxg] b}lgs a:t'sf] cfk"lt{ ug]{ ub{5g\ .
du/x¿ ;}lgs k]zfnfO{ cToGt] dg k/fpFb5g\ . 3/df afa' cfdfn] 5f]/f hGd]kl5
cflz{jfb lb+bf ;}lgsdf elt{ eP/ 7"nf] kbdf hg]{n, sg]{n, ;'j]bf/ d]h/, ;fx]j cflb
aGg' kb{5 eGg] ub{5g\ . o;} cg';f/ zfl//Ls tGb'¿:t ePsf du/ o'jfx¿ ;}lgsdf
egf{ x'g'nfO{ klxnf] /f]hfO dfG5g\ . o; hfltsf k|fon M o'jfx¿ lj|l6;, ef/tlo /
g]kfnL ;]gf tyf k|x/Ldf egf{ x'G5g\ . ;fRr} eGg] xf] eg], lo ;d'bfosf] k|d'v cfo
8
>f]t g} z}lgs k]zf xf] . o;} k]zfaf6 cfPsf] wgn] hxfg kl/jf/ kflnPsf x'G5g\ .
hflu/df /xFbf tnaaf6 k|fKt wgaf6 3/ Jojxf/ ;~rfng u/]sf x'G5g\ eg] hflu/
kZrft k]G;gaf6 k|fKt /sdn] hLjg ;~rfng u/]sf x'G5g\ . ;}lgssf] dflyNnf
kbx¿ ;'j]bf/, d]h/, hg]{n, sg]{n cflb kbdf log} hfltsf o'jfx¿ k'u]sf x'G5g\ .
;g\ !((% lt/ lj|l6; uf]vf{ ;}lgs la|l6;sf] ;'/Iffsf] k|d'v d]¿b08 g} ag]sf] lyof] .
la|l6; ;/sf/n] axfb'/L :j¿k lbg] leS6f]l/of qm; g]kfndf olx du/ ;d'bfon] k|fKt
u/]sf 5g\ . -Hitchock 1995_

-Hitchock 1995_ sf cg';f/ Bang an hill sf du/x¿sf jf/]df lj:t[t cWoog

u/]sf 5g\ . h; cg';f/ du/ ;d'bfodf /x]sf dfdfr]nL, km'k'r]nL ljr ljjfx ug]{
k|rng 5 . logx¿ tLjt / ad]{nL kl/jf/sf] efiff jf]Nb5g\ . logLx¿sf] d'Vo k]zf
s[lif / kz'kfng xf] . s[lifdf wfg, ux'F, ds}, hf}+, sf]bf], kmfk/ cflb pTkfbg ub{5g\
eg] ufO{, e}+;L, jfv|f, s'v'/f, ;'Fu'/ cflb kz'kfng ub{5g\ .
lji6 -!(&^_ sf cg';f/ g]kfnsf du/x¿ ef]6, jd]{nL kl/jf/ cGtu{t kb{5g\ . o;}
u/L g]kfnsf] klZrld efiffdf j9L dfqfdf a;f]af; ug]{ du/x¿ g]kfnsf] k"j{ b]lv
klZrd;Dd km}lnP/ /x]sf 5g\ . logLx¿sf] d'Vo If]qnfO{ jfx|du/ft elgG5 . h;df
n'DjLlg, /fKtl / e]/L c~rn kb{5g\ . lolgx¿sf] k|d'v k]zf s[lif /x]sf] 5 . o;sf
cnfjf kz'kfng, sf7sf] sfd, ejg lgdf{0f, 9'+ufsf] sfd cflb ub{5g\ . lolgx¿ k|foM
u/L uf]vf{nL ;]gfdf egf{ x'g rfxfG5g\ . pgLx¿n] ljjfx ubf{ s]6Lsf] 3/df ;f}uft
k7fpFb5g\, k7fPsf] ;f}uft s]l6kIfaf6 :jLsf/ ePkl5 ljjfx kSsf ePsf] dflgG5 .
lxGb' wd{ dfGg] du/x¿ jRrf hGdLPkl5 !) lbg ;Dd ;'ts jfb{5g\ / !! cf}+ lbgdf
jRrfsf] gfd /fVg] ub{5g\ . glhssf] gtf]bf/ dbf{ !# lbg ;Dd h'7f] jfg]{ ub{5g\ .
a|fDx0f k'hf/L gckgfpg] du/x¿n] h'jfO{ jf efGhfnfO{ wfld{s sfo{ ;DkGg ug{
nufpFb5g\ . logLx¿ dfG5] d/]kl5 nf; uf8\g] k|rng 5 .
a/fn du/ -@)%)_ sf cg';f/ g]kfnsf du/x¿ kfFr ;d'xaf6 g]kfn k|j]z u/]sf
lyP . h;df klxnf] ;d"x klZrd e]uaf6 cfPsf dgfªjfsf ;Gtfgx¿ g} ;j{k|yd
@#)) O=k'= lt/ k|j]z u/]sf lyP . To:t} bf]>f] ;d'x cf;fdaf6 / kfFrf}+ ;d"x blIf0f
e]uaf67 g]kfndf k|j]z u/]sf lyP . du/ hfltsf] pTklQ lrgsf] l;d eGg] :yfgaf6
ePsf] / logLx¿nfo{ :yfgLo dflg;x¿n] …tfg;fª yfkfÚ eGby] lsgd]n tf;gfsf]
9
cy{ pQ/ / cfªsf] cy{ df eGg] x'G5 . du/ ;dfhdf ljleGg ;+:sf/ / rf8kj{df
gflrg] gfrx¿ ;f]/7L, 3fF6', sf]5f / of}gfr x'g\ . du/x¿sf ljleGg y/ /
pky/x¿sf jf/]df atfPsf 5g\ . hf] o; k|sf/ 5g\ M cfn] du/, 3lt{ du/, yfkf
du/, k'g du/ / /fgf du/ .
zdf{, @)%@ sf cg';f/ du/x¿sf] j;f]jf; d'Votof du/ftsf gfdn] k|rlnt 5 .
jt{dfgdf kfNkf, kj{t, u'NdL, /f]Nkf, /f]Nkf, ¿s'd, ;Nofg, 8f]Nkf, c3f{vflRf cflb
lhNNff / n'lDagL, e]/L / /fKtL c+rndf du/ jl:tsf] jfx'Not /lxcfPsf] 5 . lo
If]qdf ;]gfx¿sf] k|e'Tj x'g' cufl8 oxfsf du/x¿ xtf{ stf{ lyP . du/x¿sf
k/Dk/fut 3/x¿ 9'Ëf df6f]n] jg]sf leq jflx/ uf]j/ df6f]n] kf]t]sf] / v/ / 9'Ëfn]
5fPsf] x'G5 . 3/df jfb{ln / sf}zL lgsflnPsf] x'G5 . e'O{tfnfdf cu]gf r'nf]
/flvPsf] / Pp6f s'gfdf 3/sf b]jtf /flv k'hf ug{] u/]sf] kfO{G5 . x/]s jif{sf] h]7
dlxgfdf s'n k'hf x'G5 . o; hfltsf] ljjfx ;+:sf/ b'nfxn] b'nlxnfO{ pkxf/ k7fpg]
/ ;f] pkxf/ b'nflx tkm{jf6 :jLsf/ eP kl5 dfq ljjfx kSsf ePsf] dflgG5 . s'g}
sf/0f az ljjfx gx'g] ePdf b'nlx kIfn] xhf{gf ltg'{ kb{5 . s]6L eufP/ ljjfx ug{]
rng klg du/ ;d'bfodf /lx cfPsf] 5 . du/ ;dfhdf ljwjf ljjfxnfO{ klg
dfGotf lbO{G5 . o:tf] ljjfxdf b'nlx leqfpbf s]6fn] r'/f dfq lbG5g . l;Gb'/ eg]
lbb}gg\ . du/ ;d'bfodf gf/L :jtGqtf kfO{G5 . ljjflxt dlxnfsf] ;Dkltdf cfkm\gf]
xs nfUg] / nf]UGf] ;Fu dg gldn] dfO{lt kms{g ;Sg], kf/ kfr's] jf csf{] ljjfx ug{
;Sg] dfGotf /x]sf] kfO{G5 .
a'9fdu/, -@)%#_ n] cfkm\gf] k':tsdf du/ x¿sf] pTkltsf] jf/]df O{lZjsf] gjf}
;tfAbLdf o"/fn;jf6 DfUof/ 3f]8rl9x¿n] x]u]/L cj:yLt b]o"j / lthfdf cfO{
j;f]jf; u/]sf x'g . o;} u/L du/ efiff ;+u dUof/ efiffsf] zAbx¿ pRRff/0fdf
;dfgtf kfO{Psf] 5 . o;} ul/ !^ cf}+ ztflAbsf] cGTo / !& cf}+ ztflAbsf] z'¿df
du/ft b]z elg k|lZf4 kfPsf] kfNkfsf] dfglrq clxn] h:tf] ;fgf] geP/ 7'nf] lyof] .
o;sf] k"j{ l;dfgf xfnsf] sf]zL gbL *) lsnf] ld6/df cjl:yt emfkf / ef/tsf
k'ljof Pj hnkfO{u'l8 ;DDf klZrddf c3f{vflr / u'NdL ;DDf pQ/df d':tfË sf]6 /
blIf0fdf u+uf lsgf/f d'hkm/k'/ 5kf/f lhNNff ;Dd /x]sf] kfO{G5 . o;} ul/
du/x¿nfO{ s, v / u u/]/ # j6f y/ / pky/df ljefhg ul/Psf 5 .
10
 tflnsf g+ !
du/x?sf] y/ ljefhg
yfkfdu/ /fgfdu/ cfn]du/
s cvf{ln pky/ c;dfln pky/ c;dfln pky/
u/~g pky/ u'¿wfg] pky/ u]nflu pky/f
yGofln pky/ w/j/ pky/ bdf}ln pky/
v cfn], jnfld, b'/]n, uf]n'8u
l;+hfln, b]ufln, /]lZd, jnd, k'nfld, l;kf{ln,
n'ªu]ln k]jfln
u j'9fyf]ls 3lt{ k'g
ansf]6, gfdhfln, yfk|L, o"dfn, us{nf, l;hfln, j};fln, kx/], thfln,
nfD5fg] / l;l/; bdfuL yflg

oL jfx]s /f]sfy/ cGt{ut /fDhfnL, jemf+hL, /f]sfd cflb /f]sf y/ /x]sf 5g .

jf]bf ;/f]N6f 1995 Boda Srolta, j'9f du/ Budha magar @)%# cg';f/ k'jL{ o"/f]ksf]
x+u]/Lsf jfl;Gbfx¿nfO{ dUof/ eGb5g . / x+u]/Lsf] hftLo gfd klg dUof/ g} xf] .
cfkm'nfO{ x'0fsf ;Gtfg dfGg] du/x¿dWo Plzofjf6 g]kfn k;]sf] s'/f dfGg] Pp6f
dt 5 . x'0fsf] Ps zfvfsf ;Gtf du/x¿ ltJjt x'Fb} g]kfn k;]sf] ljZjf; ul/G5
Psdt cg;f/ klZrd lrgsf] vfd k|b]zjf6 vfd efifLx¿ klZrd g]kfnsf]
kxf8LIf]qdf -/f]Nkf, ¿s'd cfbL_ j;f]jf; ug{ yfn] lolgx¿nfO{ vfd du/ elgG5 .
x+u]/Lsf dUof/ hfgL / g]kfnsf du/x¿ljr /St nufot cGo ;dfgtf kfO{g]
cg';Gwfgstf{x¿sf] /fo b]lvG5 .
zdf{ @)%& sf] egfO{ 5 d+uf]n ls/ft /Stsf] 5fk k/]sf]n] zfl/l/s jgfj6 yfkf,
/fgf, cfn]du/sf y/n] t'ngfTds cWoog ubf{ oL ltg} k|sf/sf du/x¿ d'nt Pp6}
j+zsf lyP t/ kl5 cun ePsf x'g ;+ejt blIf0fjf6 g]kfndf cfpFbf of] hft ltg
x'n eP/ cfof] . To;}n] of] tLg k|sf/sf b]lvP .
zdf{ @)%& cfˆgf] k":tsdf logn] du/x¿sf] d'nynf]sf] ¿kdf klZrd g]kfnnfO{
lnPsf 5g . du/x¿sf] d'nynf] eGgfn] sfnLu08sL eGbf klZrd s0f{fnL eGbf k'j{
r'/] kj{t >[vnf eGbf pQ/ / lxdkft x'g] lxdfnL efu eGbf blIf0fsf] ljzfn e'–efu
11
du/x¿sf] d'n ynf] xf] . g]kfn k|j]z ug]{ qmddf pQ/jf6 x'0fx¿ g]kfn cfP To;sf]
kl5 csf]{ hftL klg cfP . tL x]Ktfn lyP . lolgx¿df x'0fsf] 5fk ;f:s[lts lyof] .
c7f/f}+ ztfJbLdf x]Ktfnx¿n] lxGb' wd{ ckgfP/ If]qLo ePkl5 cfˆgf] k/Dk/fnfO{
sfod /fVg c;dy{ eP . oLlgx¿ g} du/ ePsf x'g eGg] hgljZjf; /x]sf] 5 .
du/hftLdf dfdfr]ln / k'mk'r]nLdf ljjfx x'g] k|rng 5 eg] j|fxd0f k'/]t jf cfˆg}
hftsf] k'/]t nufpg] rng 5 . h:nfO{ d';fn elgG5 . ;'ts k/]df !% lbgdf
rf]Vofp5g lolgn] du/nfO # k|sf/df ljefhg u/]sf 5g . h'g o;k|sf/ 5g . !_
yfkfdu/ @_ /fgfdu/ #_ cfn]du/ .
dfly pNn]lvt ;flxTo ;ldIffNffO{ x]bf{ s'g} klg lj4fgx¿n] du/ hftLsf] ;fdflhs,
;f:s[lts / cfly{s cj:yfsf] uxg cWoog ePsf] kfOb}g / Pscsf{df tfnd]n
b]lvb}g . To;}n] k|:t't cWoogdf lglZrt If]qdf j;f]jf; ug]{ du/hftLsf] ;fdflhs,
;f:s[lts / cfly{s cj:yfsf] uxg cWoog ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
a'9f du/ -@)%#_ Psdt cg';f/ klZrd rLgsf] vfd k|b]zjf6 vfd efifLx¿ klZr
g]kfnsf] kxf8L If]qdf /f]Nkf, ¿s'd cfbL df j;f]jf; ug{ yfn] . oLgLx¿nfO{ vfd
du/ elgG5 . x+u]/Lsf dUof/ hftL / g]kfnsf du/x¿ ljr /St nufot cGo
;dfgtf kfO{G5 . o; ;Gbe{df x+u]/LofnL lj4fg cn]Sh]08/ b sf]/]; rf]df
(Alexander de korus de csoma) sf] gfd ljz]if ¿kdf pNn]lvt 5 .
j/fn du/ k[i7 -)^%–^^_du/ ljjfxsf] klxnf] cfjZostf uf]q s'n k[ys u/]/
ljjfxsf] nflu j/ jf sGo /f]Hg' xf] . du/sf ;of}+ y/x¿ 5g ;f]xL cg';f/ uf]qx¿
klg 5g . y/ uf]q k[ys u/]kl5 bf];|f] k|s[of dfdfr]nL km'k' r]nL ;DjGwdf ljjfxsf]
Joj:yf ug'{ xf] . g]kfnsf dft[;QfTds ;dxdf o:tf] ljjfx k|rlnt 5 . s]lx
;d'xdf o:tf] k|yf x6\b} uPklg u'¿ª / du/ ;dfhdf o:tf] k|yf clxn] klg nf]slk|o
5 . o; ;DjGwdf j/ jfsGof gePdf dfq y/ uf]q k[ys ul/ c¿ kl/jf/df uO{
ljjfx ug]{ rng 5 . tgx' / :ofªhfsf du/x¿df eg] dfdf r]nL / k'mk' r]nLdf
ljjfx k|rlnt 5}g . slx slx dfdf r]nL km'k' r]nL ljjfx gu/] hl/jfgf ;d]t ug]{
rng lyof] . slx slx ;ft b]lv rf}w k":tf km/s u/]kl5 Ps} y/df klg ljjfx ug]{
k|rng 5 .

12
lji6 -!(&^_ g]kfnsf] wfld{s dt / ;fdflhs ;+/rgf cd't{ j:tnfO{d't{ ¿k lbg] /
cb[io zlQmnfO{ pkf;gfsf] j:t' jgfpg] cflbd wd{ du/x¿sf] df}lns wd{ / cf:yf
k/Dk/f xf] . of] ePklg du/x¿ vf;ul/ dWo kxf8sf] blIf0fe]u / lxGb' hftLsf]
jfx'No ePsf ufpFj:tLx¿df lxGb'wd{ / k/Dk/fsf] cg';/0f ub{5g . pQ/L If]qdf
du/x¿sf] wfld{s cf:yf eg] jf]Dkf] ltJjtL jf}4 wd{l;t glhs b]lvG5g . Jojxf/Ls
lxGb'wd{sf] cg';/0f ug]{ du/x¿ j|fxd0f, k'/f]lxt lgo'Qm u/L wfld{s lqmofsnfk
;DkGg ub{5g . pQ/ tkm{ eg] nfdf, emfqmL, k'/f]lxtsf] klg k|of]u ub{5g . du/x¿n]
k'hf ug]{ b]jtfx/mdf lji0f', dxfb]j, /fdrGb|, s[i0f, u0f]z, nIdL ejfgL cfbLnfO{
dfGb5g .
zdf{ -@)%)_ du/x¿ bz} ltxf/ cfbL lxGb' rf8kj{ klg dgfpb5g . wfld{s ljZjf;
/ lqmofsnfksf cfwf/df g} du/x¿ lxGb' x'g elg hgsnfn zdf{ n]Vg'x'G5 .
(Augusta Molnar 1981) vfd efiff jf]Ng] du/x¿ hghftL ;d'xdf kb{5g . /f]Nkf,
¿s'd / wf}nflu/L klZrdL e]udf lolgx¿sf] j;f]jf; /x]sf] 5 . vfd efiff ltJjtL
jd]{nL eflifs ;d'xsf] efiff xf] . vfd efiff jf]Ng]x¿n] cfkm'x¿nfO{ ltJjtLjf6 pTklt
ePsf] xf] eGg] s'/f bfjL ub{5g / :jo+ pgLx¿sf] l;Ëf] eu/x¿ eGbf ;f:s[lts
¿kdf pgLx¿ k[ys 5g . vfd du/x¿sf] y/ j'9f, /f]sf, 3lt{, k'g / emfs|L ul/
kfFrj6f df ljeflht 5 . vfd du/x¿sf] y/ ljjfx :yfgLo :t/sf cfˆg} hft ;+u
x'G5 . ljjfx kl5 h]7f] 5f]/f] 5'l§P/ j:b5g eg] sfG5f] 5f]/fn] jfj' cfdf / 3/
j/k/sf] x]/ljrf/ ug'{kb{5 . pQm ;dfhdf k}lqs ;DktL ;j} 5f]/fx¿df ;dfg ¿kdf
efuj08f nufO{G5 .
ltldlN;gf -@))^_ sf cg';f/ du/ hflt demf}nf sbsf, 8f]nf cg'xf/ ePsf, sfnf]
skfn ePsf, blx|nf] jgf]6sf x'G5g . pgLx¿ zfGt, ldhfl;nf, bofn', ;f]emf, jxfb'/
/ ;fFrf] dgsf x'G5g . du/ hfltdf ljljw y/ x'G5g . ;f¿, ;dfn, nfof], k'nfdL,
dfK5fg, /}sf, km]jfln, vkfª\uL, bnf{dL, cfn], a'9fyf]ls, /fgf, yfkf, k'g, cflb y/x¿
du/ hfltdf kfO{G5g . elgPsf] 5 du/ hfltdf &)) y/ 5g . du/ hfltsf] wd{
pb|dtfsf] lx;fjn] k|fs[lts wd{ xf] . 3fd, kfgL, lkt[ k"hf, gfu gfu]gL, l;d] e'd],
e't k|]t, cfuf] cflbsf] k"hf ug{] rng k|fs[lts wd{df kb[5 . kl5 cfP/ pQ/

13
g]kfnsf du/x¿n] af}4 wdf{nlDj ;Fusf] tf/tDotfdf af}4 wd{ cjnDjg u/sf] /
blIf0f e]usf du/x¿ ;+:s[lts/0f eO{ lxGb' wd{ dfGg yfn]sf] O{ltxf; kfO{G5 .
gfd du/ -@)!)_ sf cg';f/ du/ hfltsf] ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/f klg j'4 ;+:sf/ ;Fu
d]n /x]sf] 5 . h:tf] r08L k'hf, a'4 eujfgn] u[x Tofu]/ lg:sg' eP kl5 pxfn]
cfkm\gf] skfn -r'8f_ sf6]/ kmfNbf b]jtfx/n] /fv]/ k'hf ub{y] . olx ljZjf; nfO{
lnP/ du/x¿n] a}zfv k'l0f{dfsf] lbgdf r08L k'hf ul/Psf] xf] . kl5 lxGb'sf]
cltsd{g eP kl5 ;f]lx k'hfnfO{ jln k'hfdf kl/jt{g u/]sf x'g . a'4 eujfgsf]
k}tnfdf df5f / sdnsf] km'n lrGx c+lst lyof] . a'4 eujfgsf] kl/lgAjg kZoft
gfu-du/_x¿n] Tolx ¿k nfO{ b]p j8fsf] gfddf k'hf ug{ yfn]sf lyP . du/ efifdf
b]psf] cy{ b]jtf / a8fsf] cy{ 7"nf] dfGohg x'G5 . a'5 eujfgnfO{ 7'nf] b]jtf eg]/
dfGg] u/]sf] lyof] . kl5 Tolx b]p j8f zAb b]p af/flx ePsf] xf] / d/x¿sf] gfrx¿
klg wfld{s ePsf] x'bf b]p:ofxf cyf{t b]jtfsf] gfr eg]/ elgg] rng 5 . lsgls
du/ efiffaf6 b]p eg]sf] b]jtf / :ofxf eg]sf] gfr x'G5 . olxg} b]p:oxf eGbf eGb}
kl5 cfP/ b]p;L x'g uPsf] xf] . cfh klg du/ hfltsf] 3/sf] d'n 9f]sfdf sdnsf]
km'nsf] a'6\6f agfpg] rng /x]sf] 5 . a'4 wd{df sdnsf] km'nnfO{ z'e–lrGxsf]
¿kdf k'hf ul/G5 . o;/L du/x¿sf] df}lns k/Dk/f a'4 wd{ ;Fu glhs /x]sf] 5 .
lh=Pd=-@)!)_ sf cg';f/ snf ;+:s[lt / rf8 kj{sf] ljljwtfn] ;DkGg du/
;d'bfo hg;+Vofsf] b[li6«sf]0fn] g]kfnsf] t];|f] 7'nf] tyf cflbjf;L hghflt ;d'bfosf]
klxnf] hflt xf] . g]kfnsf] k|fo ;j} lhNnfdf j;f]jf; ub}{ cfPsf du/x¿n] eAotfsf
;fy dgfpg] ljleGg rf8 kj{x¿ dWo] df3] ;+s|flGt klg Ps k|d'v rf8 xf] . du/ /
yf¿ ;d'bfosf] k/Dk/ft rf8 ePklg df3] ;+s|flGtnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLx¿n]
/fi6«Aoflk¿kdf w'dwfdsf ;fy dgfpg] ub{5g . k/fk"j{sfn b]lv dgfpb} cfP klg of]
rf8 ;Dk"0f{ du/ ;d'bfosf] lglDt ut df3 !, @)^% jf6 ljz]if xif{ pNnf;sf ;fy
dgfpg z'¿ ul/Psf] 5 . ;/sf/n] @)^% ;fnjf6 o;nfO{ /fli6«o kj{ tyf du/
;d'bfosf] k|d'v kj{sf]¿kdf dfGotf k|bfg u/]kl5 o;nfO{ ljz]if dxÎjsf ;fy
dgfpg z'¿ ul/Psf] 5 . ;/sf/sf] o; k|sf/sf] sbdn] ubf{ ;Dk"0f{ du/ tyf yf¿
;d'bfosf bfh'–efO{ lblbjlxlgx¿df gofF /demdsf] /Qm;+rf/ u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n]
cflwsf/Ls ¿kdf df3] ;+s|flGtnfO{ du/ yf¿ tyf ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLsf] /fli6«o kj{sf]
14
¿kdf 3f]if0f u/]kl5 ljut b]lv w'dwfdsf ;fy dgfpb} cfPsf du/ tyf yf¿
;d'bfo lgs} xlif{t ePsf 5g .
v'Nnf ljZjsf]ifsf cg';f/ – g]kfnsf] dWoklZrd tyf klZrdf~rnsf kxf8l:yt
¿s'd, hfh/sf]6, /f]Nkf, /f]Nkf, kfNkf, :ofªhf, tgx'df cfbLdsfn b]lv j:b} cfPsf]
hg;+Vofsf] lx;fjn] g]kfnsf] t];|f] 7'nf] hftL / cfbLjfl:f hghftLx¿sf] xsdf k|yd
>]0fLdf kg]{ du/ ;d'bfos g]kfnsf] Ps k|d'v /fli6«o hftL xf] . lj=;+= @)$* ;fnsf]
hgu0fgf cg';f/ !# nfv #( xhf/ # ;o * / lj=;+= @)%* ;fnsf] hgu0fgf
cg';f/ !^ nfv @@ xhf/ $ zo @! s'n hg;+Vof ePsf du/x¿ k'/} g]kfnsf]
hg;+Vofsf] &=!$ k|ltzt 5g . kfNkf :ofªhf, tgx', u'NdL, Ko'7fg, u'NdL nufotsf
7fpFx¿df k|d'v j;f]jf; /x]sf lolgx¿ c3f{vfFrL, ¿kGb]xL, sf7df08f}, /fd]5fk,
DofUbL, jfUn'ª, kj{t, 8f]Nkf, x'Dnf, ;'v]{t, wgs'6f, l;Gw'nL, pbok'/ nufotsf If]qdf
klg j;f]jf; ub{5g. lolgx¿sf] j;f]jf; l:yltnfO{ lgofNbf g]kfnsf] !$ c~rn &%
j6} lhNnfdf jfx'Notf /x]sf] / ;j}eGbf 7'nf] hg;+Vof ePsf] :jb]lz hftL xf] . lj=;+=
@)%* sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ du/sf]s'n hg;+Vofsf] &$=^) k|ltzt lxGb' wd{,
dfGb5g / @$=$& k|ltzt du/x¿ jf}4 wdf{nDjL 5g . of] hftLsf] g]kfn Plss/0f
cleofgdf cToGt 7'nf] e'ldsf lgefPsf lyP . 7'nf7'nf n8fOsf df]rf{x¿df uf]vf{nL
;]gfsf ¿kdf jxfb'/L b]vfpFb} of] hftLsf o"jfx¿n] cGo hftLl;t sfwdf sfFw
ldnfP/ jxfb'/Lk'j{s n8'/ dft[e'ld g]kfnnfO{ ljb]lz zlQmx¿jf6 jrfPsf] OltxfF;
kfO{G5 .
zfSo @)!! sf cg';f/ – k/fk'j{sfndf j'4n] jf]Ng] efiffnfO{ kfnL jf dfulw klg
elGfG5 . czf]s :tDedf n]lvPsf] efiff dfulw of kfnL xf] / of] j|fDxL lnlkdf
n]lvPsf] 5 . Pd=P;= yfkfdu/n] ædu/ efiff / cSvf lnkLÆ k':tsdf n'lDjlgsf]
czf]s :tDedf s'lbPsf] efiff / lnlk g} du/ hftLsf] k'/fgf] df}lns efif / lnlk xf]
. eg]sf 5g . of] lx;fjn] du/ hftL / duw /fHosf] ;DjGw b]lvG5 . lrgsf]
P]ltxfl;s hGt' 8«fug u+uf d}bfgsf gbLx¿df kfOg] uf]lxx¿ x'g h;nfO du/dR5
elgG5 . of] eg]sf] d+uf]n df5f eg]sf] xf] . o;/L d+uf]lnof b]lv duw;Dd km}lnPsf]
e'–efu g} k|flrg du/ft xf] . t/ du/ hftL / du/ft eGgfn] xfn g]kfnsf] ;j}eGbf
7'nf] hghftL / k'jf{df lqz'nL / klZrddf s0ff{nL glb ljrsf] dWokxfl8 e'efu eGg]
15
j'lemG5 . O{zf !! ztfJbL lt/ v; ;fd|fHosf] P]ltxfl;s clen]vdf æd+Uj/ ljifo Æ
elgPsf] 5 . kl5 v; ;fd|fHo lj:tf/ x'Fb} hfFbf v; / du/x¿ 5of;ld; eP .
j''9fyf]ls -j'9f_ /f]Ssf, yfkf , /fgf, cfbL y/x¿ v; / du/ b'j} hftLdf kfO{G5g .
x8\;gsf] egfOcg';f/ hf] du/x¿ v; ;fd|fHosf] clwgdf k/] ltlgx¿ v; eP .
hf] du/x¿ du/ftdf k/] ltlgx¿ du/ eP . kl5 jfO;] rf}lj;] /fHodfljvl08t v;
/fHox¿ b]vf k/] kl5 5\of;ld; x'b} uP .
k'g du/ @))* sf cg';f/ – dfG5] ljrf/n] kl/jt{g x'g' kb{5 hftLotfn] xf]O{g
lsgls hf] JolQmhftL / hftLo ¿kn] kl/jt{g x'g rfxG5 . To;sf] eljio s'g}
xfntdf ;'lglZrt 5Fb}5}g . oltj]nf jfx\o lxGb' cltjfbLx¿n] RofKb} cfO{/x]sf]
cj:yfdf du/x¿df cfklz j}dg:otf b]vfpg' eg]sf] cfˆgf] sdhf]/L kIf b]vfpg' xf]
. lj/f]lwx¿n] cfˆgf] ljklIf dfly xdnf ug'{ 5 eg] p;n] sdhf]/L kIf x]/]/ xdnf
ub{5 . To;/L g} k~rfolt Joj:yfdf lxGb' cltjfbLx¿n] xfdL du/x¿nfO{
;f]emf]kgsf] kmfO{bf gp7fPsf xf]Ogg\ / cfhklg xfdLdfly jf/jf/ 3f]rk]r x'Fb}5 . of]
s'/f j'em]sf] du/x¿n] vf]O{ jt{dfgdf u'h|]sf] b]zsf] cj:yf lxGb' cltjfbLx¿sf]
rnv]n e}/x]sf] j]nf du/x¿ h'6'g' kg]{df lsg km'6\b}5g .
k'g du/x¿ du/jf6 5'l§P/ k'g dfq xf}+ eg]/ cfbLjf;L hghftLsf] ;'lrdf ;'lrs[t
x'Fb}5g . of] sltsf] ;fGble{s xf] o;nfO{ Psk6s ;Dk'0f{ b]zjf;L du/x¿n] ulxl/P/
;f]rf}+ t . cfh k'gn] d du/ xf]O{g ef]ln yfkfn] k;L{ /fgfn] Pj+ l/tn] ;j} hftLn]
o:t} eGb} km'6] eg] du/ hftLsf] cl:tTj sxfF k'U5 ls t Oltxf; ls t ;+u|xfnolt/
Psfb]zdf du/ eGg] hftL lyof] /] . Tolx klg nf]k eP/ uof] /] . o:t} o:t} syf
k9\g kfO{G5 . o;df b'O{dt 5}g . klxn] j]nfot l;+ufk'/ tyf ef/tdf elt{ x'Fbf k'g
yfkf /fgf jfx]s cGo du/nfO[ lnO[b}Gflyof] . lsgsL k'g yfkf / /fgf eg]sf dfq}
KfSsf du/ x'g eGg] Ps vfn] dfGotf lyof] . t/ cfh Tolx k'gx¿n] xfdL du/
xf]Ogf}+ eGg' lj/fnf]n] d}n] df;' gvfg] j|t lnPsf] 5' eGg' hlTts} xf] . sf/0f dflysf]
elt{k|yf ;fIfL 5 k'gx¿ klg du/x¿ g} x'g . Pp6f ¿vdf ljleGg xfFuflj+uf /
To;sf zfvf / pkzfvfx¿ x'G5g . s] lt xfFufx¿n] d cs}{ ¿vsf] xfFuf x'F eGg
;'xfpF5 cxF ;'xfpb}g gls xfFufn] lj;{g x'Gg xfd|f] d'Vo pTklt / cl:tTj eg]sf]
h/f xf] . Pp6f ¿v xf] . To]f geP/ xfFuf /xb}g . xfFuf jfRg ;Sb}g . To;sf] cl:TfTj
16
x/fpF5 . of] dfg]df k'gn] klg lj;{g x'GgsL xfd|f] pTklt du/ hftLjf6 ePsf] xf] .
du/sf] 5ftf ;+u7g leq /x]/ ljleGg ;+u7g vf]Ng kfpg' p;sf] clwsf/ xf] . t/ d
du/ xfO{g eGg' / hftLo ¿kdf 5'l§g' du/ hftLnfO{ :jfy{sf] xltof/ jgfpg'
cgflwsf/ xf] .
>Lif du/ @)!) sf cg';f/ – du/ hftLdf d'Vo ;ft y/ 5g . h;df yfkf, /fgf,
cfn], k'g, j'9f, /f]sf / 3lt{ x'g . tL y/ leq klg ;of}+ pky/ 5g. y/pky/ dfq}
u/]/ sl/j !@ ;o k'U5g. h:t} yfkf du/ leq klg l;~hfnL, /fDhfnL, ;f/m, k'nfdL,
dxkfs{, uj'{hf, bnf{dL, vfDrf, ;f]tL, 7f8f, u/Ghf, vfg cfbL . /fgf du/leq ufxf,
;f¿, SofD5fsL, c:nfdL, lsªl/ª cfbL . cfn]du/ leq jnfdL, jndkfsL, u"" ¿ªrGb,
;]g, prO cfbL . k'g du/ leq h'uhfnL, /fdhfnL, k'hf{, kfO{hf, vf]hf{, ;]/k'hf,
kx/], ;fdL, vfdL, enfdL cfbL . j'9f du/ leq j'9fyf]sL, /fDhfnL cfbL . /f]sfdu/
leq l;DhfnL /fDhfnL cfbL . 3lt{du/ leq e'h]n, vjf;, sfp5f, kx/fO{, emfs|L,
/fDhfnL, k'ln;f, gfp;f cfbL . o;/L du/ hftLsf] y/pky/ ljsf; 7fpF cg';f/
ePsf] b]lvG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu kfvfkfgLsf du/nfO[ kfOHff, bn{d8fF8fsf
du/x¿nfO{ bnf{dL, h'uhfsf] du/nfO{ h'uhfnL, /fDhfsf]6sf] du/nfO{ /fDhfnL,
j'9fyf]ssf] du/nfO{ j'9fyf]sL, e'lhvf]nfsf] du/nfO{ e'h]n elgof] . olt dfq geP/
xfdL ;j} du/x¿sf] ;j} y/pky/x¿ ;j} 7fpFdf 5g . s]lx 7fpFdf ePsf]
jfx'Notfsf] ckjfb jfx]s cGo o:tf pky/x¿df jfx| 3/], ;f7L 3/], lk7f sf]6],
cfbLklg 5g .
em]8L du/ @))( sf cg';f/– g]kfn clw/fHosf ljleGg If]qdf cjl:ylt du/
;d'bfo ljb]lz e'lddf klg Tolts} j;f]jf; /x]sf] 5 . ljleGg 7fpFdf j;f]jf; ug]{
du/x¿sf] cfˆg} ;f:s[lts cEof;x¿ ub}{ cfPsf 5g . jfx| du/ft If]qsf
du/x¿sf] df}lns ;f+:s[lt / klxrfg emNsfpg] vfnsf k|rlnt gfrx¿ sf}/f,
;f]/l7, em\ofp/], ;]¿Ëf, df¿gL, 6Kkf / x/f{ x'g eg] ;]¿Ëf k};¿ gfr ;'b'/klZrd
lt/sf vfd du/x¿df k|rlnt 5g . x'/f{ gfr k'jL{ If]qlt/ . sf}/f gfr ljz]if ul/
du/ft If]qdf k|rlnt 5 . sf}/f gfr slxn], sxfF, s;/L z"¿ eof] eGg] ljifodf
ljleGg ts{x¿ nufotf klg of] gfr jl9 k|rlnt x'g] 7fpFsf j'9fkfsfx¿sf]
egfOnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ of] ;fdfu|L tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . g[To Pp6f Tolx ;dfhsf]
17
kl/b[ionfO{ emNsfpF5 . o; ;Gbe{df tgx'Fsf du/x¿n] sf}/f gfrsf] cEof; s;/L
ub}{ cfPsf 5g eGg] jf/] phfu/ ug'{ o; n]vsf] p4]Zo xf] . du/x/msf] d'Vo k]zf
s[lif xf] . s[lif k|0fflndf du/x¿sf] cfˆg} k/Dk/f 5 . kd{ k|0ffnL du/x¿ ljr gLs}
k|rlnt 5 . s'g} sfddf ;fd'lxstf b]vfpg' t du/x¿sf] ljz]iftf g} xf] . d]nfkft,
3f;bfp/f, ef]het]/,x¿df klg du/x¿sf] P]Soj4tf b]Vg ;lsG5 . To;t}
du/x¿sf] hLjgk4lt eg]sf] dgf]/~hg klg xf] . h; dWo] sf}/f gfr klg Ps xf] .
u|fld0f e]usf dflg;x¿ k|foh;f] v]tjf/Ldf sf]bfnf],s'6f], xnf], clg bfp/f3fF; ubf{
xl;of j~r/f] lnO{ ljxfg b]lv ;fFem ;dd cf–cfˆgf sfddf tNnLg x'G5g .
lbgel/sf] sfdsf] ysfO{nfO{ lj;{g x:ofË, km:ofË ub}{ sf]bf]sf] l98f], ds}sf] l98f],
sfnf] sf]bf]sf] /f]l6 xf]; of xfF8Ldf e'6]sf] ds} cfˆgf] 3/df h] kfs]sf] 5 . Tolx
vfOj/L hf]l;nf o"jfx¿ lbp;f]sf] d]nfkftdf u/]sf] ;Nnfxcg';f/ plx sf]bfn]
;fyLx¿ tf]lsPsf] 7fpdf hDdf eO{ s'g ufpsf] s;sf] 5f]/Lsf] 3/df hfg] eg]/
lg0f{o ePkl5 v}hl8 jhfpb} hfG5g / v}h8L / l5G5'/L h:tf jfBjfbg jf]ls uGTfJo
lt/ nfU5g . jf6f]df v}hl8 jhfpb} hfG5g / v}hl8 jhfPsf] cfjfh ;'g]/ cfz ul/
sfg 7f8f] kfl/ j8f] pT;'stf ;fy j:5g . d]/f] 3/df gcfPklg ;flyn] t jf]nfO{
xfN5 lg eGg] efjgf /fVb} s]6f ;+u jf]Ng, gfRg, kfOxflnG5 eGb} sf}t'xntf x'G5g .
s]l6x¿ cfkm' rfGbfnufpg] æem/f{Æ cfkm} jGbf]j:t ug{ yfN5g . h;sf] 3/df uPklg
ufpFsf o"jtLx¿ ldn]/ ;d'xdf gfRg] ub{5g . s]6fx¿ sltsf] 3/df k'U5g . 3/df
k'u] kl5 lut ufP/ uLts} dfWodjf6 s]l6nfO{ jf]nfpg] ub{5g
o;/L Psb'O{ r/0f uLt ufpFb} 3/sf] d'nL jf sltsf] cfdfn] 9f]sf vf]N5g / s'g
7fpF jf ufpFsf] o'jfx¿ xf] . ;f]wk'5 u/]/ 5f]/LnfO{ j]lnlj:tf/ ;'gfp5g . s]l6 cfkm}
cfplbgg ;Dk'0f{ s'/f jf]O{–df]O{ -jf–cfdf_ sf] cg'dltn] dfq ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . 5f]/LnfO{
p7fP/ ;'s'n, u'Gb|L, cf]5\ofpg] cg'dlt lbOG5 . sltn] u'Gb|L cf]5\ofpg] ljlTts}
TolTfs} YofRr j:b}gg . km]/L uLts} dfWodjf6 j:g] cg'dlt dfUb5g .

18
 kl/R5]b– tLg
cg';Gwfg ljlw
s'g} klg cg';Gwfgsf] nflu cg';Gwfg k4lt dxÎjk"0f{ x'G5 . cg';Gwgsf ljifodf
Pp6} ljlwn] ;Dk'0f{ ;"rgfsf] >f]t k|fKt ug{ ;lsb}g . t;y{ oxfF ljleGg ljlwjf6
tTo ;+sng ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .o; cg';Gwfg k4lt leq cg';Gwfg If]q 5gf}6,
cg';Gwfg 9fFrf, tYofÍsf] ;du|tf, gd'gf 5gf}6, tYofÍsf >f]tx¿ tYofÍ ljZn]if0f
/ k|:t'lts/0f / cWoogsf] ;Ldf h:tf kIfx¿ b]vfO{Psf] 5 .
#=! cg';Gwfg 9fFrf
of] cWoogsf] k|s[lt o; lhNnfsf] lnjfª\ uf=lj=;=df j;f]jf; ug]{ du/ ;d'bfosf]
;fdflhs ;f:s[lts / cfly{s cj:yfsf] jf/]df j'em\g j0f{gfTds 9fFrf (Descriptive

Research Design) ljZn]if0ffTds 9fFrf (Analytical Research Design) k|of]u ul/Psf]

5.
#=@ cWoog If]qsf] cf}lrTo
g]kfnsf] kfFr ljsf; If]q dWo] dWoklZrdf~rn ljsf; If]df kg]{ /fKtL c+rnsf %
lhNnf dWo] /f]Nkf Ps xf] . of] lhNnf ljsf;sf k'jf{wf/x¿sf cfwf/df k5fl8 k/]sf]
lhNnf cGt{ut kb{5. ljs6 kxf8L lhNnfdf /lx ;f] lhNnf leqsf] Pp6f ;d'bfosf]
cWoog ug{ / cWoog cg';Gwfg ul/ ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts tyf cfly{s cj:yfsf
jf/]df phfu/ u/]/ oyfy{tf kQf nufpg'sf] ;fy} ;dfhzf:q Pj+ dfgjzf:qsf] Pp6f
ljBfly{sf x}l;otn] ;fd'bflos cWoog ug'{ d]/f] st{Jo xf] eGg] dg;fon] o; If]qnfO{
cWoog If]q 5gf{6 ug]{ lgisif{df k'u]+ . /f]Nkf lhNnfsf $( uf=lj=;= dWo] lnjfª\
uf=lj=;= Pp6f uf=lj=;= xf] . o; uf=lj=;=df ( j8fx/m /x]sf 5g . h; dWo] j8f
g+= #,$,%,^,&,* / ( df clwsf+; du/ ;d'bfosf] j;f]jf; /x]sf] 5 eg] cGo j8fx¿
j8f g+ ! df u"¿ª / j8f g+ @ df j|fxd0f ;d'bfosf] j;f]jf; /x]sf] 5 . oL ! / @
j8fdf du/ ;d'bfosf] j;f]jf; Go'g /x]sf] 5 . o; uf=lj=;=df hg;+Vofsf]
cfwfeGbf jl9 hg;+Vof du/x¿sf] /x]sf]n] k'/} lnjfª\ uf=lj=;= nfO{cWoog If]qsf
¿kdf 5gf}6 ul/Psf] 5 . o; If]qdf j;f]jf; ug]{ clwsf+; du/x/msf] d'Vo k]zf s[lif

19
/ kz'kfng /x]sf] 5 . ljleGg tklznsf sf/0fx¿n] o; If]qnfO{ cWoog If]qsf]
¿kdf 5gf}6 ul/Psf] 5 .
 /f]Nkf lhNnfsf] ljleGg uf=lj=;=x¿ dWo] o; lnjfª\ uf=lj=;=df du/x¿sf]
hg;+Vof pNn]vgLo ¿kdf jl9 /x]sfn] .
 ;f]wstf{ o; cWoog If]qsf] glhs /x]sf]n] ;fy} pgLx¿sf] jf/]df cWoog
cg';Gwfg ug{ ;lhnf] kg]{ x'gfn] o; If]qnfO{ 5gf}6 ul/Psf] .
 o; cWoog If]qsf du/x¿sf] jf/]df s;}n] klg cWoog gu/]sf]n] .

cWoog If]qsf cnfjf cWoogsf] ljifosf] cf}lrTotfnfO{ lgDg j'Fbfdf k|:t't ul/Psf]
5.
 /f]Nkf lhNnfsf] lnjfª\ uf=lj=;=sf du/x¿sf] jf/]df rf;f] /fVg] hf] s;} JolQm jf
;+:yfnfO{ cWoogdf ;xo]fu k'¥ofpg] .
 ;dfhzfl:qo b[li6sf]0fn] ljleGg hghftLsf] cWoog ug]{ qmddf du/ hftL klg
Ps dxÎjk"0f{ hftLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 eGg] ;TotfnfO jf]w u/fpg] .
 du/ hftLsf] ljljw kIfsf] cWoog / ljZn]if0f ul/ tYonfO /fli6«o :t/df
k'¥ofpg] .
 lk5l8Psf] hftL hghftLsf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;+/If0f Pj+ yk cg';Gwfg ug{ ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg] .
 x/]s ;d'bfo / hftL hghftL ljr ;xof]u / ;b\efjsf] ljsf; u/fpg ;xof]u
ug]{ .
#=# cWoog If]qsf] 5gf}6
o; cWoogsf nlfu /f]Nkf lhNnfsf]] lnjfª\ uf=lj=;=nfO{ 5gf}6 ul/Psf] 5 . o;
uf=lj=;=df u'?ª, j|fxd0f, If]qL, ;'gf/, ePtf klg k|d'v hfltsf ¿kdf /x]sf du/x¿
cGo hfltsf] t'ngfdf ;fdflhs cfly{s ¿kdf kl5 k/]sf], plgx¿sf] lhjg z}ln,
/xg;xg tyf k/Dk/f cGo hfltsf] eGbf km/s /x]sf] / rf8kj{x¿Dff jl9 vr{ ug{]
k|j[lt /x]sf]n] o;n] plgx¿sf] cfly{s ;fdflhs kIfdf kf/]sf] k|efj tyf o;sf
k|efjx¿nfO{ Go"lgs/0fsf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy} o; :yfgdf xfn ;Dd

20
du/ hftLsf] jf/]df slx st}jf6 cWoog cg';Gwfg ePsf] gkfOPsf]n] of] If]q 5gf}6
ul/Psf] 5 .
/f]Nkf lhNnfsf $( uf=lj=;= dWo] lnjfª\ Pp6f uf=lj=;= xf] . o; uf=lj=;=df (
j8fx/m /x]sf 5g . h; dWo] j8f g+= #,$,%,^,&,* / ( df clwsf+; du/ ;d'bfosf]
j;f]jf; /x]sf] 5 eg] cGo j8fx¿ j8f g+ ! df u"¿ª / j8f g+ @ df j|fxd0f
;d'bfosf] j;f]jf; /x]sf] 5 . oL ! / @ j8fdf du/ ;d'bfosf] j;f]jf; Go'g /x]sf]
5 . o; uf=lj=;=df hg;+Vofsf] cfwfeGbf jl9 hg;+Vof du/x¿sf] /x]sf]n] k'/}
lnjfª\ uf=lj=;=nfO{ cWoog If]qsf ¿kdf 5gf}6 ul/Psf] 5 . o; If]qdf j;f]jf; ug]{
clwsf+; du/x/msf] d'Vo k]zf s[lif / kz'kfng /x]sf] 5 . tklznsf sf/0fx¿n] o;
If]qnfO{ cWoog If]qsf] ¿kdf 5gf}6 ul/Psf] 5 .

 /f]Nkf lhNnfsf $( uf=lj=;=x¿ dWo] lnjfª\ uf=lj=;=df t'ngfTds ¿kdf

du/x¿sf] jfx'Notf /x]sf]n] .

 o; uf=lj=;=sf ;j} j8fx¿df du/x¿sf] j;f]jf; /x]sf]n] .

 oxFfsf du/x¿sf] /xg;xg, hLjgz}nL / rf8kj{ dgfpg] k|s[lt leGg /x]sf]n] .

 ;f]wstf{ o; cWoog If]qsf] glhs /x]sf]n] cWoog If]qsf] 5gf}6 ul/Psf] xf] .

 o; If]qsf du/x¿sf] cWoog s;}n] klg gul/Psfn] .

#=$ cWoogsf] ;du|tf / gd'gf 5gf}6
o; cWoog If]qdf j;f]jf; ug]{ s'n #^!# dWo] !(*# du/x¿sf] hg;+Vof /x]sf]
5 . s'n ^!& 3/ dWo] #!( 3/df du/x¿sf] j;f]jf; /x]sf] 5 . h; dWo] @)
k|ltztn] x'g cfpg] gd'gfsf] ¿kdf lnO{ ^# 3/w'/LnfO{ gd'gf 5gf}6 ubf{ ;DefJotf
gd'gf 5gf}6 (Probability Sampling) ljlwsf] cfwf/df ;fwf/0f b}jL gd'gf 5gf}6
k|0ffnLsf] (Simple Random Sampling Method) k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . oL ^# 3/ dfq
gd'gf lng'sf] sf/0f of] hftLsf] /xg;xg, hLjgz}ln, hLljsf]kfh{g h:tf cfwf/e't
s'/fx¿df ;dfgtf ePsf] x'gfn] ^# 3/kl/jf/nfO{ ;Dk'0f{tf dfgL cWoog ul/Psf] 5 .
gd'gf ;+sng ug]{ qmddf ;j{k|yd ;j]{If0fsf cfwf/df ;j} 3/d'nLsf] gfd ;+sng
ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L gd'gf ;j]{If0fsf cfwf/df lnPsf] 3/kl/jf/jf6 !÷! 3/d'nLnfO{
21
cfkm'n] tof/ kf/]sf] k|ZgfjnLsf cfwf/df cfjZos kg]{ tYofÍ ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 .
tYofÍ ;+sng ubf{ cfjZostf cg';f/ c;+/lrt k|Zgx¿ klg ;f]lw tYofÍs ;+sng
ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} cGo cfjZos tYox¿ h:t} du/ hfltsf] k/Dk/f, wd{,
;+:s[ltsf jf/]df hfGg] j'9fkfsf JolQmx¿, lj1x¿, lzIfs, :yfgLo /fhg}ltssdL{x¿
tyf ;dfh;]jLx¿nfO{ d"Vo ;"rgfbftfsf] ¿kdf lnO{Psf] 5 . d"Vo ;"rgfbftfx¿nfO{
k|Zg ;f]wL cfjZos kg]{ dxÎjk"0f{ tYox¿ ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 .
#=% TfYofÍsf] k|s[lt / ;|f]t
o; ;f]wkqdf cg';Gwfgsf] ljifo cg'¿k k|fylds tYofÍ (Primary Data) / l4lto
;|f]t (Secondary Data ) k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . o; cWoogdf k|fylds ;|f]t cGt/ut
k|ToIf ¿kdf gd'gfsf] ¿kdf 5gf}6 ul/Psf k|To]s 3/x¿sdf ;+/lrt k|ZgfjnL
dfkm{t TfYof+s ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 . o;} ul/ nlIft ;d'xdf ;fd'lxs 5nkmn,
cjnf]]sg, JolQmut, ;fd'lxs e]63f6jf6 cfjZos tYofÍ ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 .
l4lto ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf cWoog ljifo ;+u ;+jGwLt ljleGg lj4fgx¿n] k|sfzg u/]sf
n]v /rgf, ;ldIff, k|sfzg, kqklqsf cfbLjf6 tYofÍ ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 . To;} ul/
;DjlGwt uf=lj=;=sf] sfof{no /]s8{, s]lGb|o tYofÍ ljefusf /]s8{, ljleGg
u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfjf6 ;+slnt tYofÍ, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] tYofÍ /]s8{ tyf
hghftLo k|sfzgjf6 lnO{Psf] 5 . h:n] ubf{ cg';Gwfg ljifo jf:tljs / k|efjsf/L
u/fpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
#=^ TfYofÍ ;+sngsf ljlw
o; cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf ljifo ;+jGwdf cfzfltt kl/0ffd k|fKt ug{ tYofÍ
;+sngsf ljlwx¿ cjnDjg ul/Psf] 5 . tYofÍ ;+sngdf k|ZgfjnL, ;fd'lxs
5nkmn, cjnf]sg, d'Vo ;"rgfbftf ;+usf] e]63f6jf6 tYofÍ ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 .
#=^=! 3/w'/L ;j]{If0f M du/x¿sf] ;fdfhLs, ;f:s[lts, Pj+ cfly{s l:yltsf] jf/]df
hfgsf/L lng] qmddf ^# 3/kl/jf/sf d'nLx¿nfO{ cGt{jftf{ lnOPsf] 5 . pgLx¿sf]
3/sf] kfl/jfl/s l:yltsf] jf/]df cjnf]sg / cGt{jftf{jf6 ;j]{If0f ul/Psf] 5 .
#=^=@ cGt{jftf{ ;'lr M o; ljlwjf6 ;+/lrt k|ZgfjnLsf] k|of]u ul/ cWoognfO{
cfjZos kg]{ tYofÍ ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf dfWodjf6 du/x¿sf] k]zf,

22
kl/jf/sf] k|sf/, hldgsf] cj:yf, ljjfx, k|d'v rf8kj{x¿ cfbL jf/]df tYofÍ
;+sng ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy o; cWoogdf du/ hftLsf] ;fdflhs ;f:s[lts tyf
cfly{s cj:yfsf] jf/]df ljz]if hfgsf/L ePsf / hfgsf/L /fVg] ufpF 3/sf j'9fkfsf
ljBfnosf lZfIfslzIfLsf, sd{rf/Lx¿ :yfgLo /fhg}ltssdL{ ufpFsf cu'jf,
;dfh;]jL tyf uf=lj=;=df sfo{/t ljleGg u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf k|ltlglw / ;fdflhs
sfo{stf{;+u ;do lnP/ du/ hftLsf] Oltxf;, k]zf, Joj:ffo, j;fO{;/fO cGo hftL
;+usf] ;+jGw, 3/kl/jf/ tyf ;dfhdf dlxnfsf] l:ylt e'ldsf, :jf:Yo ;]jf
nufotsf ;fdflhs lqmofsnfkx¿sf jf/]df k|Zgx¿ ul/ / JolQmut e]63f6sf
dfWodjf6 tYofÍ ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 .
#=^=# cjnf]sg ljlw M ;+/lrt k|ZgfjnLsf dfWodjf6 cfpg g;Sg] tYox¿nfO{
;+sng ug{sf] nflu cWoog If]qdf ;fdfGo cjnf]sg ljlw ckgfO{Psf] 5 . o;sf
dfWodjf6 ;d'bfosf] vfgkfg, /xg;xg, 3/sf] jgfj6, 3/j/k/sf] jftfj/0f,
j;f]jf;, v]tL k|0ffnL, clylt ;Tsf/, s'g} wfdL{s Pj+ ;fdflhs sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{
kl/kfl6sf] jf/]df tYofÍ ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 .
#=& tYof+ssf] k|:t'lt Pj+ ljZn]if0f
tYof+s ;+sngsf qmddf k|fylds tyf l4lto >f]tjf6 ;+sng ul/Psf tYof+sx¿nfO{
tYof+ssf] k|s[lt cg';f/ jlu{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . ljleGg >f]tjf6 ;+sng ul/Psf
;+VofTds tYof+sx¿nfO{ qmdj4 ¿kdf tflnsfdf /flv b]vfO{Psf] 5 . u'0ffTds
k|s[ltsf ;"rgfx¿nfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ JofVof ljZn]if0f ul/ tYo k/s jgfO{Psf]
5 . k|fKt tYof+sx¿nfO{ ;+Vof tyf k|ltztsf] cfwf/df JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
#=* cWoogsf] l;df
o; cWoogdf /f]Nkf lhNnf lnjfª\ uf=lj=;= j8f g+ ! b]lv ( ;Dd j;f]jf; ug]{
du/x¿sf] ;fdflhs, ;f:s[lts Pj+ cfly{s cj:yfsf] jf/]df cWoog ul/Psf] 5 .
o; cWoogsf] ;LdfnfO{ j'Fbfut ¿kdf tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . hf] o; k|sf/ 5g .
 of] ;fgf] If]qdf ul/Psf] cWoog ePsf] x'gfn] o;af6 k|fKt x'g] lgisif{ cGo
:yfgdf a;f]af; ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ du/x¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;Sb}g .

23
 of] cWoog k'0f{¿df :ynut cWoog, k|ZgfjnL / ;fd'lxs 5nkmn h:tf
tYox¿df cfwfl/t /lx ul/Psf] 5 .
 o; cWoog Pp6f k|fl1s ePsf]n] o;nfO{ ;do, hgzlQm, /sd, cGo cfjZos
sfuhft / 1fg h:tf s'/fx¿df l;ldt kfpg ;lsG5 .

24
 kl/R5]b $
cWoog If]qsf] kl/ro
$=! /f]Nkf lhNnf
g]kfn clw/fHosf] dWoklZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qdf kg]{ /f]Nkf lhNnf /fKtL c~rnsf]
dWokxf8L efudf cjl:yt 5 . of] lhNnfnfO{ $( uf=lj=;= / !! O{nfsfdf ljefhg
ul/Psf] 5 . o; lhNnfsf] k'j{df u'NdL / c3f{vfFrL klZrddf bfª / /f]Nkf, pQ/df
/f]Nkf, jfUn'ª / u'NdL / blIf0fdf bfª / c3f{vfFrL lhNnfx¿ /x]sf 5g . o;
lhNnfsf] dfglrq pQ/–blIf0f nDjLb} uPsf] / klZrddf ;fF3'/f] jGb} uPsf] b]lvG5 .
;d'Gb| ;txjf6 #)% ld6/ b]lv #^%( ld6/ prfO{ ;Dd /x]sf] o; lhNnfsf] hDdf
If]qkmn !#@*() x]S6/ /x]sf] 5 . o; lhNnfsf] pRrtd tfkqmd @$=!) ;]G6Lu|]8 /
Go'gtd tfkqmd !$=*) ;]G6Lu|]8 /x]sf] 5 . o; lhNnf *) l8u|L #^ b]lv *# l8u|L
k'jL{ b]zfGt/ / @& l8u|L %@ b]lv @* l8u|L @! pQ/L cIff+;sf] ljrdf km}lnPsf] 5 .
o; lhNnfsf] hDdf hg;+Vof @,!@,$*$ /x]sf]df h:df !,!$,)($ dlxnf /
(*,#() k"¿k /x]sf 5g . lhNnfsf] hg;+VofnfO{ x]bf{ k|To]s 3/sf] kl/jf/ ;+Vof
cf}iftdf %=@* hgf b]lvG5 . o; dfgj ljsf; ;'rf+s qmdf+s %# /x]sf] 5 . . o;
tYofÍ cg';f/ du/x¿sf] hg;+Vof o; lhNnfdf ^%,!#! hgf /x]sf] 5 . h'g hDdf
hg;+Vofsf] #)=^% k|ltzt x'g cfpF5 . tYof+snfO{ cWoog ubf{ %,%%$ hgf
du/x¿n] dfq dft[efiff jf]Ng] ub{5g h'g s'n hg;+Vofsf] *=%$ k|ltzt dfq x'G5 .
->f]t M s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefu_ .
o;}ul/ dfgj ljsf; ;'rsf+s )=$!^, cf}ift cfo" ^!=^(, ;fIf/tf b/ $^=%*,
ljBfno hfg] b/ )=#)), cfosf] ;'rf+s )=##&, dfgljo u/LjL ;'rf+s $&=( /
k|ltJolQm cfo !#* cd]/LsL 8n/ /x]sf] 5 ->f]t M o'Pgl8lk dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg
@))%_
o; lhNnfdf ljleGg hftL hghftLx¿ j;f]jf; u/]sf] kfO{G5 . h;df du/,
j|fxd0f, If]qL, u""¿ª, 7s'/L, g]jf/, sfdL, bdfO{, ;fsL{, jfbL ufog d':nLd, s'dfn,
wfdL, /fpt, cfbLsf] j;f]jf; /x]sf] 5 . o;/L ljleGg hftL ;d'bfox¿sf] j;f]jf;
ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ klg oxfF wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf b]Vg kfO{G5 . d'Vo

25
¿kdf lhNnfdf j;f]jf; ug]{ hftL tyf hghftLx¿n] lxGb', jf}4, lqmlZrog, O{:nfd
wd{ dfGb5g . o; lhNnfdf j;f]jf; cGo hftL hghftLx¿ j;f]jf; ug]{ ePklg
o; lhNnfsf du/x¿sf] /xg;xg, hLjgz}nL, hLljsf]kfh{g / cfly{s cj:yf cGo
hfthftLsf] eGbf leGg /x]sf] ePtf klg kf/:kl/s ;xof]u, ;fdflhs ;b\efjgf
;dfhdf /x]sf] kfO{G5 . du/x¿sf] lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/Ldf sd k'xFr ePsf] b}lgs
hLjgofkgsf nflu Hofnfdhb'/L ug]{ u/]sf] kfO{G5 . du/ o"jfx¿ /f]huf/Lsf] nflu
d"Vo u/]/ ef/tdf hfg] u/]sf] kfO{G5 . o; lhNnfdf j;f]jf; ug]{ du/x¿n] w]/}
rf8kj{x¿ dgfpg] ;+:sf/ / oL kj{x¿df dlb/f ;]jg ug]{ u/]sf]n] cfly{s cj:yfdf
;d]t k/Dk/fut ;+:sf/n] ubf{ gsf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf] kfO{G5 .
$=@ lnjfª\ uf=lj=;=
o;}ul/ cWoogsf nflu 5gf}6 ul/Psf] lnjfª\ uf=lj=;= /f]Nkf lhNnfsf] pQ/ k'j{df
cjl:yt uf=lj=;= xf] . o; uf=lj=;=sf] k'j{df wdf{jtL, klZrddf h'd|Lsf9f, blIf0fdf
ljh'jf/ / pQ/df kmf]KnL uf=lj=;=x¿ /x]sf 5g . o; lnjfª\ uf=lj=;=df ;dlztf]i0f
xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . lnjfª\ uf=lj=;= /f]Nkf lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd b]lv @ sf]if 6f9fsf]
b'/Ldf /x]sf] 5 . of] uf=lj=;= *@ l8u|L b]lv *@ l8u|L ^ pQ/L b]zfGt/ / @* b]lv
@* l8u|L @! k'jL{ cIff+; ;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 . o; lnjfª\ uf=lj=;=df ;dlztf]i0f xfjf
kfO{G5 eg] cf}ift tfkqmd !$=* l8u|L ;]G6Lu|]8 b]lv @$=! l8u|L ;]G6Lu|]8 ;Dd /x]sf]
5 . of] ;d'Gb|L ;tx b]lv sl/j ()) ld6/ b]lv !@)) ld6/ prfO{ ;Dd /x]sf] 5 .
o; uf=lj=;=sf] j8f G++f $ k|zf;lso :yfgsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . s'g} klg ;dfh /
;:s[ltsf] ljsf;df ToxfFsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf, xfjfkfgL, pknJw ;|f]t;fwfg cflbn]
k|ToIf ck|ToIf ¿kdf k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . To;}ul/ ToxfF j;f]jf; ug]{ ljleGg
hfthftL ;Dk|bfox¿sf] cfkl; ;Dks{ / Ps csf{ ljrdf ul/g] ;fdflhs
Jojxf/x¿n] ;d]t To; ;dfhsf] ;f:s[lts ljsf; ;:sf/sf] kl/jt{gdf k|efj
kf/]sf] x'G5 .
o; uf=lj=;=df hDdf ^!& 3/kl/jf/df #,^!# hg;+Vof /x]sf] 5 . h:df dlxnf
!,*#( / k'¿ifsf] !,&&$ hg;+Vof /x]sf] 5 . o; uf=lj=;=sf] j8f g+ ! b]lv j8f g+
( ;Dd #!( 3/df du/x¿sf] j;f]jf; /x]sf] 5 . 3/jf6 @) k|ltztn] x'gcfpg] ^#
3/nfO{ gd'gfsf] ¿kdf 5gf}6 ul/ cWoog ul/Psf] 5 .
26
;fdflhs b[li6sf]0fn] x]bf{ o; uf=lj=;=df lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/sf cj:yf sdhf]/
/x]sf] 5 . lzIff tkm{ Ps k|:tfljt dflj / cGo k|fljx¿ /x]sf 5g . o;/L lzIffsf]
:t/nfO{ x]bf{ klg k|fylds txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfly{sf] cg'kftnfO{ x]bf{ ;Gtf]if /fVg]
cj:yf /x] klg lgdflj / dfljsf] :t/nfO{ x]bf{ lzIff k|lt nufj b]lvb}+g . To:t}
:jf:Yo ;+:yfjf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfx¿ lngsf] nflu cfjZos hfgsf/L
ePsf] kfO{b}g eg] wfdL emfs|Ldf ljZjf; /fVg], sd pd]/df ljjfx ug]{ k|rng /
kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwgx¿sf] sd k|of]un] hg;+Vof j[l4b/ pRr /x]sf] 5 . o;
uf=lj=;=sf dflg;x¿sf] k|d'v cfly{s >f]t eg]sf] v]tLkftL / kz'kfng xf] . oxfFsf
dflg;x¿ k/Dk/fut v]ltk|0ffnL, kz'kfng ul//x]sf] cj:yf kfOG5 . cfw'lgs v]tL /
kz'kfngsf] If]qdf ev{/ ev{/ kfO{nf rfNg yfn]sf] kfO{G5 . oxfFsf w]/} h;f]
dflg;x¿ ef/tdf /f]huf/Lsf] nflu hfg] / s]lx JolQm cGo b]zx¿df /f]huf/Lsf]
nflu hfg' kg]{ jfWotf /x]sf] 5 . o; hftLdf cfo cfh{gsf] cg'kftdf vr{sf] ljt/0f
ug'{kg]{df cfkm'v'lz vr{ u/]sf] kfO{G5 . h:n] ubf{ pgLx¿sf] cfly{s cj:yfdf
gsf/fTds k|efj kfl//x]sf] 5 ljleGg lsl;dsf ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿jf6
pgLx¿sf] cfocfh{g / Ifdtf ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿ ;+rfng u/]sf] ePtf klg
cfzfltt ¿kdf ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf] kfOb}g .
$=# hg;+Vof ljj/0f
o; lnjfª\ uf=lj=;=df ( j6f j8fx¿ /x]sf 5g . oL j8fx¿df j;f]jf; ug]{
dflg;x¿sf] hg;+Vof o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 . j8f c'g;f/ lnËut hg;+Vof

27
 tflnsf g+ @
hg;+Vof ljj/0f
j8f 3/w'/L k"?if dlxnf hDdf k|ltzt
g+= ;+Vof hg;+Vof
1 85 290 282 572 15=84
2 44 117 121 238 6=59
3 41 115 119 234 6=47
4 97 272 261 533 14=76
5 57 172 187 359 9=94
6 82 237 251 488 13=51
7 63 164 199 363 10=49
8 89 252 243 475 13=24
9 59 155 176 331 9=16
617 1774 1839 3613 100

;|f]t M lh=lj=;= sfof{no /f]Nkf @)&@

dflysf] tflnsf cg';f/ o; lnjfª\ uf=lj=;=df hDdf ^!& 3/kl/jf/df hDdf #^!#
hg;+Vof /x]sf] 5 . dflysf] TfYofÍ cg';f/ k|lt3/kl/jf/ jf6 %=*% hg;+Vof
b]lvG5 . o;/L j8f g+ ! df ;j} eGbf jl9 hg ;+Vof / ;j} eGbf sd hg;+Vof j8f
g+ # df /x]sf] 5 .

28
 tflnsf g+ #
hftLotf cg';f/ 3/;+Vof
j8f g+= du/ blnt s'dfn u'¿ª j|fxd0f÷If]qL
1 8 15 3 55 4
2 7 0 0 0 37
3 41 0 0 0 0
4 56 40 0 0 2
5 11 0 0 0 44
6 68 0 0 0 14
7 29 4 0 0 30
8 57 1 0 0 31
9 42 16 0 0 2
319 97 3 55 164

;|f]t M lh=lj=;= sfof{no /f]Nkf, @)&@

dflysf] tflnsf cg';f/ o; lnjfª\ uf=lj=;=df hDdf #!( 3/kl/jf/df hDdf !(*#
hg;+Vof /x]sf] 5 . dflysf] TfYofÍ cg';f/ k|lt3/kl/jf/ jf6 ^=@! hg;+Vof
b]lvG5 . o;/L j8f g+ ^ df ;j} eGbf jl9 du/x¿sf] hg;+Vof / ;j} eGbf sd
hg;+Vof j8f g+ @ df /x]sf] 5 .
$=$ lzIff
;fIf/tf $^=%* k|ltzt /x]sf] o; lhNnfsf] lnjfª\ uf=lj=;=df lgDg cg';f/sf
ljBfnox¿ /x]sf 5g .

29
 tflnsf g+= $

j8f g+= ljBfnosf] lsl;d hDdf ljBfly{ ;+rfng x'g] sIff

5fqf 5fq
1 hubDjf k|flj 93 111 ! – % ;Dd
3 jfn lzIff k|flj 29 25 ! – @ ;Dd
5 jfn lzIff k|flj 13 11 ! – # ;Dd
6 g}gf k|flj 94 107 ! – % ;Dd
7 k|:tfljt df=lj= - 210 223 ! – !) ;Dd
lnjfª_
8 lz4e'dL k|flj 92 94 lzz' – % ;Dd

;|f]t M lh=lz=sf= /f]Nkf, @)&@

dflysf] tflnsf cg';f/ o; lnjfª\ uf=lj=;=df k|fylds txdf :s'n hfg]sf] ;+Vof
/fd|f] b]lvP klg lg=df=lj= / df=lj= txdf :s'n hfg]sf] ;+Vof sd b]lvG5 . o;
uf=lj=;=df vf; ul/ gfd n]vfpg] ;dodf :s'n k9\g]sf] ;+Vof /fd|f] b]lvP klg
3/fo;L sfdsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ljBfly{x¿ ljBfnodf cg'kl:lysf] b/ jl9 b]lvG5 . !@,
!# jif{d} k};f sdfpg] k|nf]egdf kl/ Hofnfbf/L / ljb]lzg] sfo{ ubf{ klg lgdflj /
dflj txdf :s'n hfg]sf] b/ sd b]lvG5 .
$=% :jf:Yo
Mo; uf=lj=;=sf] j8f g+ $ df ;j} j8fx¿sf] kfos kg]{ :yfgdf pk:jf:Yo rf}sL
@)%% ;fndf :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . o; pk:jf:Yo rf}ls cGt/uto; uf=lj=;=df
lgDg cg';f/sf] ufpF3/ SnLlgs / vf]k SnLlgs ;]jf ;+rfngdf /x]sf 5g .

30
 tflnsf g+ %
j8f g+ ufp3/ SnLlgs÷vf]k SnLlgs ;do
1 ufp3/ SnLlgs k|To]s dlxgfsf] !% ut]
6 ufp3/ SnLlgs k|To]s dlxgfsf] !^ ut]
8 ufp3/ SnLlgs k|To]s dlxgfsf] !& ut]
9 ufp3/ SnLlgs k|To]s dlxgfsf] !* ut]
1 vf]k SnLlgs k|To]s dlxgfsf] @ ut]
3 vf]k SnLlgs k|To]s dlxgfsf] # ut]
4 vf]k SnLlgs k|To]s dlxgfsf] $ ut]
6 vf]k SnLlgs k|To]s dlxgfsf] % ut]
8 vf]k SnLlgs k|To]s dlxgfsf] ^ut]

;|f]t M lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no, /f]Nkf

dfly pNn]lvt ;]jf jfx]s o; :jf:Yo ;+:yfjf6 b}lgs ;]jf k|bfg ul/Psf] kfO{of] .
;]jf lzif{s cg';f/ k|of{Kt sd{rf/L tyf cx]j, g;{ ePklg b}lgs sfof{no gcfpg]
;d:ofn] ubf{ oxfFjf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;fdfGo :jf:Yo ;]jf k|efljt ePsf]n] ;]jfu|fxLn]
;dodf ;]jf k+|fKt ug{ g;s]sf] b]lvG5 eg] :jf:Yo ;]jf k|ltsf] pgLx¿sf]
cljZjf;sf sf/0fn] ubf{ ;]jf lng]x¿sf] ;+Vof sd /x]sf] 5 .
$=^ :yfgLo lgsfo
o; uf=lj=;=df k|zf;lgs OsfOsf] ¿kdf ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no /x]sf] 5 .
zz:q 4G4sf] qmddf @)%^ ;fndf ufpFljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no ;+/rg gfl;Psf]
lyof] h'g xfn ;Dd sfof{nosf] /mkdf :yflkt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . h;sf sf/0f oxfFsf
jfl;Gbf uf=lj=;=sf] ;fdfGo sfdnfO{ uf=lj=;= ;lrjsf] 3/ cfpg jfWo ePsf] 5g .
$=& vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{
kfgL dfgj nufot ;d:t k|f0fLx¿sf] nflu cTofjZos k|d'v tTj xf] . :jR5 lkpg]
kfgL :jR5 ls6f0f'/lxt x'g ;s] () k|ltzt /f]ujf6 jRg ;lsG5 . o; uf=lj=;=df
kfgLsf ;|f]tx¿sf] sdL 5 . cGo 7fpFjf6 kfgL Nofpg ;lsb}g . o;If]qdf

31
h'd|Lsf8fdf /x]sf] kfgLsf] d'xfgjf6 kfO{kjf6 kfgL NofO{ wf/f h8fg ul/Psf] 5 .
wf/f !% b]lv @) 3/sf] ljrdf /flvPsf]n] k|ofKt lkpg] kfgL x'b}g eg] dd{t ;+ef/sf]
cefjn] ubf{ b}lgs kfgL cfpFb}g . wf/fdf kfgL gcfpFbf s'jf tyf kf]v/Lsf] kfgL
k|of]u ug'{ kg]{ jfWotf b]lvG5 . o;/L ;kmf / :jR5 lkpg] kfgLsf] cefj tyf kmf]xf]/
kfgLsf] k|of]un] oxfF j]nfj]nfdf emf8fkvfnf, cfpF 6fO{kmfO{8 nufot 5fnf ;DjGwL
/f]ux¿ b]lvg] oxfFsf jf;LGbfx¿sf] egfO{ /x]sf] 5 . To:t} tYofÍ ;+sngsf qmddf
k'u]sf 3/;+u} rf}kfofx¿ jfWg] j:t'x¿sf] lbzf lk;fjdf j;]sf lem+ufx¿ vfg]s'/fsf
;lhn} j:g] x'gfn] /f]ux¿ km}ng] ub{5g . 3/ j/k/sf] ;/;kmfO, JolQmut ;/;kmfO{
k|ofKt Wofg lbPsf] b]lvb}g . sd :j:ys/ jftfj/0f / /xg;xgdf oxfFsf] ;dfh
x's]{sf] 5 . o; uf=lj=;=df zf}rfno k|of]u ug]{x¿sf] ljj/0f .
tflnsf g+ ^
zf}rfno k|of]u ug]{ 3/ w'/Lsf] ljj/0f
hDdf
j8f g+ 3/w'/L k|ltzt
sRrL kSsL
1 85 3 30 39
2 44 8 25 75
3 41 5 23 66
4 97 13 45 60
5 57 6 14 35
6 82 11 13 29
7 63 9 15 38
8 89 11 22 37
9 59 9 15 40
hDdf 617 75 202 45

>f]tM Pnlhl;l8lk k|f]h]S6 /f]Nkf @)&@

32
dfyLsf] tflnsf cg';f/ @)@ 3/df zf}rfno jg]sf] tYof+s eP klg zf}rfno k|of]u
ug]{ tl/sf, zf}rfnosf] ;/;kmfO{, zf}rfno k|of]u kl5sf] ckgfOg] ;fjwfgLsf jf/]df
k|ofKt Wofg lbPsf] kfO{b}g .
$=* ;8s / ljB'lts/0f
o; uf=lj=;=df df]6/jf6f] Jojl:yt ¿kdf ;+rfng x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . :yfgLo
jfl;Gbfx¿sf] ;s[otfdf / :yfgLo lgsfosf] /sdjf6 o; uf=lj=;=sf] s]Gb| ljGb'
;Dd df]6/jf6f] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . o; jf6f]nfO{ lg/Gt/ Joj:yfkg ug{ oxfFsf
;d'bfosf] Psdt b]lvG5 .
ljB'lts/0fsf] cefjdf oxfFsf jfl;Gbf dxËf] d'Nodf dl§t]n / s]lx lgDg cfo ePsf
kl/jf/ lbofnf] -;Nnfsf] vf]6f]_ jfNg jfWo b]lvG5g . /f]Nkf lhNnfjf6 pTkflbt
lemd¿s ljBt cfof]hgf ;DkGg ePsf] Ps bzs ;Dd ;b/d'sfdjf6 # sf]if 6f9f
/x]sf] o; uf=lj=;=df xfn;fn} ljB'lts/0f cGt{ut kf]n /fVg] / tf/ tfGg] sfo{ ul/b}
5 . h;jf6 lgs6 eljiodf oxfFsf jfl;Gbfx¿ nfeflGjt x'g] b]lvG5 .
$=( Jofkf/
o; uf=lj=;=df Jofkf/sf nflu 7'nf] / Jojl:yt Jofkfl/s s]Gb| 5}g . ;fdfGo v'b|f
k;n, dfq kfO{G5 . o; If]qdf pTkfbg x'g] ltt], l/7f], l6d'/, e§, 3Lp, ;Lld
nufotsf dxÎjk"0f{ gub] jfnLx¿ ;:tf] d'Nodf ljh'jf/ tyf jfUb'nf jhf/
s]Gb|x¿sf j]Rg jfWo ePsf 5g . o; uf=lj=;=sf] Jofkfl/s s]Gb| wd{fjtL
uf=lj=;=sf] jfUb'nf / ljh'jf/ uf=lj=;=sf] ljh'jf/ jhf/ /x]sf] kfO{G5 .
$=!) jftfj/0f / /xg ;xg
jftfj/0f / /xg ;xg ufpFsf] ljsf;df k|efj kfg]{ tTjx¿ x'g . hj ;Dd ufpFdf
:j:y jftfj/0fsf] ljsf; x'b}g tj ljsf;sf ljleGg kIfx¿df lglZrttf cfpFb}g .
o; cWoog If]qdf j;f]jf; ug]{ du/ tyf cGo ;d'bfosf 3/x¿ dWo] sl/j ()
k|ltzt 3/df zf}rfno ePsf] kfO{b}g . j'9fkfsf b]vL s]6fs]6L ;Dd k|fo jf6f] lsgf/df,
;fj{hlgs rf}/x¿df / vf]N;fx¿df lbzf ug]{ ub{5g . h:n] ubf{ jiff{b ;dodf lbzf
htftt} jUg] ub{5 . kfgLsf] d'xfg s'jf cfbLdf ld;Lg] ub{5 h:sf] sf/0f jiff{ofddf
ljleGg /f]usf] k|sf]k b]vf kb{5 . 3/df kflng] ufO{, e}+;L, s'v'/f, jfv|f cfbL j:t'x¿
33
vf;} Jojl:yt ¿kn] kfng u/]sf] kfOb}g . 3/ ;+u} jf glhs} ufO{j:t'sf] uf]7 x'g] x'Fbf
uf]j/ lkzfjdf j;]sf lemFufx¿ 3/leqsf vfg]s'/fdf ;lhn} j:g] x'gfn] ljleGg /f]ux¿
km}lng] ub{5g . clgoGqLt tl/sfn] s's'/ / s'v'/f kflng] x'Fbf vfg]s'/f kmf]xf]/ ul/lbg]
x'gfn] ;d]t :jf:Yodf ;d]t k|efj kf/]sf] b]lvG5 . 3/sf] ;/;kmfO{ tyf zfl/l/s
;/;kmfOdf k|ofKt Wofg lbO{b}g vfgf ksfPsf efF8fx¿ /fd|f] ;+u ;/;kmfO{ ul/b}g,
lbzflk;fj u/] kl5sf] ;/;kmfO{ klg sd dfqfn] u/]sf] kfO{G5 . ;du|df eGg' kbf{
clwsf+; jfl;Gbfx¿ Go'g :j:y jftfj/0f / /xg;xgdf x's]{sf] kfO{G5 .

34
 kl/R5]b %
;fdflhs cj:yf
o; cWoog If]q lnjfª\ uf=lj=;=j8f g+= ! b]lv ( ;Ddsf ;a j8fx¿df
du/x¿sf] j;f]jf; /x]sf] 5 . oL du/ hfltsf] cfˆgf k/Dk/f, l/lt/Ljfh /
;fdfhLs ;:+yfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o; If]qdf cfw'lgstfsf] k|efj kl5Nnf ;dodf kg{
uPsf] kfOG5 . o; kl/R5]bdf du/x¿sf] ;fdflhs cj:yf cGt{ut kfl/jf/Ls
cj:yf, kfl/jf/Ls jgf]6, z}lIfs, :jf:Yo cj:yfsf jf/]df JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
%=! kfl/jf/Ls cj:yf
;fwf/0ftof kl/jf/ eGgfn] Ps} kl/jf/df j;f]jf; ug{] nf]Ug] :jf:gL / ltgsf
5f]/f 5f]/L ePsf] Pp6f :yfoL ;fdflhs ;+:yf xf] . h'g k|To]s dfgj ;dfhdf e]6 \g
;lsG5 . kl/jf/ leq /xg] ;b:ox¿sf] cGof]Gofl>t ;DjGwn] ubf{ kl/jf/ P+j l;+uf]
;dfhnfO k|efj kfl//x]sf] x'G5 . To; sf/0f dfgj ;dfhsf nflu kl/jf/ ckl/xfo{
;dfhLs ;+:yf xf] . kl/jf/sf] pTklt lgs} k|flrg ;do b]lv g} ePsf] xf] . h'g j]nf
ljjfxaf6 ;dfhdf kl/jf/ / gftf;DjGwsf] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . kl/jf/ ;dflhs
hudf plePsf] x'G5 . To;}n] kl/jf/ eg]sf] ;fdflhs cfj:ostf k/Lk'lt{ ug{]
p2]Zon] ;dfhdf ljsf; k|s[ofnfO lg/Gt/ lbg / Ps lkl9af6 csf{] lkl9df ;dflhs
Jofjxf/, ;+:sf/, k|rng, ;fdflhs d'No dfGotf / ;fdflhsLs/0fsf] k|s[ofnfO
x:tfGt/0f ug{] p2]Zon] :Yffkg ePsf] b'O of b'O eGbf jl9 ;d:ofx¿sf] cGt/
;DjlGwt tyf cGof]Gof>Lt ;DaGw xf] .
jRrfsf] nfngkfng, kf]if0f, lzIff ;a} kl/jf/af6 x'G5 . kl/jf/nfO Pp6f
k|f/fDeLs kf7zfnfsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . hxfFaf6 JolQmx¿ ;dflhsLs/0f tkm{ pGd'v
xG5g . / ;dfh lgdf{0f ub{5g\ . o; cWoogdf lnjfª\ uf=lj=;=sf] j8f g+ ! b]lv (
;Dd gd'gfsf] ¿kdf 5gf}6 ul/Psf ^# 3/kl/jf/sf] kfl/jfl/s cj:yf lgDgfg';f/
/x]sf] 5 .

35
%=!=! kl/jf/sf] lsl;d cg';f/ 3/w'/L ljj/0f
!_ PsfTds kl/jf/
@_ ;+o"Qm kl/jf/
tflnsf g+ &
qm=;+= kl/jf/sf] ls;Ld kl/jf/sf] ;+Vof k|ltzt
! PsfTds kl/jf/ $& &%
@ ;+o'Qm kl/jf/ !^ @%
hDdf ^# !))
>f]tM :ynut cWoog @)&@
dflysf] tflnsf cg';f/ du/x¿sf] kfl/jfl/s jgf]6nfO x]bf{ PsfTds kl/jf/sf]
;+Vof ;+o"Qm kl/jf/sf] eGbf jl9 b]lvG5 . ljz]if ul/ oxfFsf du/x¿df sd pd]/df
ljjfx ug]{, oxfsf] du/ kl/jf/df kl/jf/sf] ;j}eGbf h]7f] ;b:on] kl/jf/sf] g]t[T j
ug{] k/Dk/f / v'Nnf kfl/jf/Ls jftfj/0fdf j:g rfxg] sf/0fn] ubf{ PsfTds
kl/jf/sf] ;+Vof jl9 b]lvG5 .
%=!=@ pd]/ cg';f/ hg;+Vofsf] jgfj6
cWoogsf] ¿kdf 5gf}6 ul/Psf ^# 3/kl/jf/df pd]/ cg';f/sf] hg;+Vof lGfDg
tflnsf cg';f/ /x]sf] 5 .
tflnsf g+ *
pd]/ ;d"x hg;+Vof k|ltzt
)–% *% @!
^–!$ !)% @^
!%–%( !(@ $*
^) eGbf dfly !( %
hDdf $)! !))

>f]tM :ynut cWoog @)&@

36
dflysf] tflnsf cg';f/ du/x¿sf] hg;+VofnfO{ x]bf{ pTkfbglzn hgzlQm w]/} b]lvP
klg w]/} 5f]/f dfG5] 3/jflx/sf] sfd v]ltkflt tyf Hofnf dhb'/L df j9L ;+nUg
x'G5g\ eg] 5f]/L dfG5]x¿ 3/ leqsf] sfddf ;+nUg x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . cfdfjfj'x¿
k|fo cnu eP/ j:bf s'g} g s'g} 5f]/f ;+u a;]sf] kfOG5 . oxfFsf du/ kl/jf/n]
cfkm' eGbf h]7f], gftf s'6'DjnfO /fd|f] ;+u cfb/ / ;Ddfg ug{] k/Dk/f kfOG5 . o;/L
x]bf{ k|lt3/kl/jf/ ^÷& hgfsf] b/df hg;+Vof b]lvG5 . h'g /fli6«o hg;+Vof j[l4b/
eGbf jl9 /x]sf] 5 .
%=!=# kl/jf/ ;+Vofsf] cg';f/ 3/w'/Lsf] ljj/0f
cWoogsf] ¿kdf 5gf}6 ul/Psf ^# 3/kl/jf/df kl/jf/ ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df 3/w'/Lsf]
ljj/0f lGfDg tflnsf cg';f/ /x]sf] 5 .

tflnsf g+ (
l;=g+= kl/jf/ ;+Vof 3/ ;+Vof k|ltzt
! !–$ hgf !) !^
@ $–& hgf #( ^@
# & eGbf dfly !$ @@
hDdf ^# !))
>f]t :ynut ;j{]If0f @)&@
dflysf] tfnLsfnfO x]bf{ du/x¿sf] kfl/jf/Ls ;b:osf] cfwf/df $ hgf ;Dd ;b:o
ePsf] !) 3/ $ b]lv & hgf ;Dd ePsf] #( 3/ / & hgf eGbf jl9 ;b:o ePsf]
!$ 3/ /x]sf] kfOof] . o;/L x]bf{ PsfTds kl/jf/sf] ;+Vof / kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf]
;+Vof jl9 x'g'df oxfFsf] k|hgg\ b/ pRr/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
;+o"Qm kl/jf/ ePsf 3/ ;+Vof sd eP klg kl/jf/df ;b:o ;+Vof j9L aRrf hGdfpg],
kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwg sd k|of]u ug{] sf/0fn] ;b:o ;+Vof al9 kfOof] .

37
%=@ n}lËs cj:yf
g]kfnsf] cGt/Lo ;+ljwfg @)^# n] ;a} gful/snfO sfg'gsf] b[li6sf]0fdf
;dfg x'g ;j}nfO ;dfg clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ;dfg sfdsf nflu dlxnf
k'¿ifsf] ljrdf kfl/jf/Ls e]befj gu/L ;fdflhs lx+;f, n}lËs lx+;f, tyf lje]bnfO
lgif]w u/]sf] 5 . ;+;bdf ##Ü dlxnfsf] ;xefuLtfsf] clgjfo{ Jofj:yf u/LPsf] 5 .
sfg'g n] dlxnf cf/If0f Joj:yf u/] adf]lhd Jojxf/df k'¿ifsf] t'ngfdf h'g;'s}
If]qdf klg dlxnf k5fl8 kf/]sf] cj:yfdf s'g} hft hflt ;d'bfodf dlxnfsf] :yfg
k|d'v /xsf] 5 b]lvG5, To:tf] hflt ;d'bfodf ;dfh clzIfLt cfly{s c;dfgtf ePklg
gf/Lsf] dxÎj tyf :yfgn] k|d'vtf kfPsf] x'G5 .
du/ ;d'bfodf c¿ ;d'bfosf dlxnfn] ug'{ kg]{ s'/fx¿df ;d]t 5'6 /x]sf] kfO{G5 . h:t}
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ ;f;''–;;'/f / h]7fh'x¿sf] cuf8L kbf{ lz/ lgx'/fpg' gkg]{ wf]tLn]
6fpsf]df 5f]Kg'gkg]{ >LdfgnfO{ vfgf vfg s'l/ /fVg'kg]{ h:tf s'/fx¿ dlxnfsf] O{R5fdf
e/kg]{ / To:tf] lsl;dsf]] jfWotf 5}g . n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] ;Gbe{df dlxnf -5f]/L_ k|lt x'g]
b[i6Lsf]0f s] 5 elg ;f]wLPsf] k|Zgdf clwsf/x¿ ;sf/fTds /x]sf] kfOof] . p;sf]
OR5fcg';f/ h'g;'s} sfd ug{ 5'6 /x]sf] elg hjfkm lbP . 5f]/LnfO cz+sf] ;DjGwdf k|Zg
ubf{ 5f]/LnfO c+z xf]Og lzIff / ;dfg cj;/ k||bfg u/] k'Ug] / ljjflxtf 5f]/LnfO c+z
lbbf efOx¿ ;+u zq'tf jl9 ;fdflhs ;+/rgf lju|Lg] u5{ eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] kfOof] . o;
cWoog If]qdf a;f]jf; ug]{ n}+uLs lgDg cg';f/ /x]sf] 5 .
tflnsf g+= !)
pd]/ / lnË cg';f/ hg;+Vofsf] jgfj6
qm=;+=
pd]/ dlxnf k'¿if hDdf k|ltzt
! )–% $# $@ *% @!
@ ^–!$ %! %$ !)% @^
# !%–%( !)! (! !(@ $*
$ ^) eGbf dfly !! * !( %
hDdf @)^ !(% $)! !))
;|f]t :ynut cWoog @)&@

38
dfyLsf] tfnLsf cg';f/ cWoog ul/Psf kl/jf/jf6 dlxnf hg;+Vof @)^ / k'¿if
hg;+Vof !(% /x]sf] 5 . k"?ifsf] hg;+Vofsf] t'nfgfdf dlxnf hg;+Vof jl9 /x]sf]
5.
du/ ;d'bfodf cGo hfltsf] t'nfgfdf al9 :jtGqtf /x]sf] 5 . s'g} 3/of;L sfo{
ubf{ kl/jf/ leq ;/;Nnfx ug{] >d ljefhg cg';f/ dlxnfx¿ 3/ leqsf] sfd ug{]
h;/L >Ldfg ljb]z, Hofnf dhb'/Ldf u/]sf 5g\ lt dlxnfx¿n] 3/sf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{
;DxfNg' kg{] x'Fbf dlxnfx¿ 3/sf] d'nLnfO ;fj{hlgs sfo{df ;d]t ;lqmo ;xefuLtf
ePsf x'G5g\ .
%=# :jf:Yo pkrf/
g]kfn ufpF g} ufpFn] el/Psf] d'n's xf] . g]kfnsf] ;a} If]qdf :jf:Yo ;'ljwf
k|of{Kt dfqfdf ePsf] kfO{b}g . clwsf+; ;]jf zx/ s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 . ufpFx¿df k|fo
;kmf lkpg] kfgLsf] cefj, zf/L/Ls ;/;kmfOsf] sld, 3/jl/k/Lsf] jftfj/0f k|b'if0f,
vfBfGg cefj, hfF8 /lS;, r'/f]6 v}lg cflbsf] ;]jg h:tf sf/0fn] ubf{ ufpn]x ¿sf]
:jf:Yo k|lts'n c;/ k/]sf] 5 . oL ;d:ofx¿af6 du/ ;d'bfo 6f9f /xg ;s]sf 5}g
. oxfFsf du/ ;d'bfosf JolQmx¿ c:ktfn, cGo :jf:Yo ;+:yf / wfldemflqm b'j}
dfWodjf6 pkrf/ ug{] u/]sf] kfOG5 . s]lx ;fIf/ JolQmx¿ ;kmf lkpg] kfgL
3/j/k/sf] ;/;kmfO JolQmut ;/;kmfOdf ljz]if Wofg lbPsf] kfOG5 . pkrf/sf
qmddf o"jf lkl9n] jl9 :Jf:Yo ;+:yfaf6 ;]jf lng] u/]klg lj/fdL kbf{ ;'¿df emf/km's
/ wfdLemfqmLnfO g} k|fyldstf lbPsf] kfOG5 . oxfsf clwsf+; du/ x¿ efUodf
ljZjf; ug{] lj/fdL kbf{ b]jL b]jtfnfO efsn u/L k'hf ug{] u/LG5 / clGtd
cj:yfdf c:ktfn nUg] ub{5g\ . cWoog If]qdf kl/jf/df rlk{sf] Joj:yf Psbd} sd
k|of]u u/]sf 5g . pgLx¿ rlk{sf] ¿kdf h+un, jf/L tyf vf]N;f k|of]u ug{] u/]sf
5g\ . du/ kl/jf/df ckgfpg] pkrf/ k4ltnfO tnsf tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf] 5 .

39
 tflnsf g+ !!
du/ kl/jf/sf] pkrf/ k4lt
qm=;+= ;]jf lng] lgsfo pQ/bftfsf] ;+Vof k|ltzt
! c:ktfn÷:jf:Yo ;+:yf #! $(
@ wfld emlqm !^ @^
# b'j} !^ @%
hDdf ^# !))
;|f]t M :ynut cWoog @)&@
dflysf] tfnLsfdf x]bf{ c:ktfn hfg] #! 3/ kl/jf/ $( k|ltzt wfld emlqmdf
ljZjf; ug{] @^ k|ltzt b'j} af6 ;]jf lng] @% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . pQ/ lbg] qmddf
c:ktfn eGg] zJb w]/} kl/jf/n] eg] klg g]kfn ;/sf/sf :jf:Yosf ljleGg
lgsfojf6 kfOg] ;]jfsf jf/]df pQ/bftf cglj1 /x]sf5g .
%=$ kl/jf/ lgof]hg
hg;+Vof j[l4 g]kfnsf] HjnGt jt{dfg ;d:of xf] . l;ldt ;|f]t / ;fwgsf]
t'ngfdf dflg; cTolws dfqfdf j9\bf] qmddf 5 . of] qmdnfO lgoGq0f ug{' kg{]
k|d'v r'gf}lt /x]sf] 5 .
hg;+Vof j[l4nfO lgoGq0f ug{sf nfUlf g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn kl/Jff/ lgof]hg
sfo{qmdnfO 5'§} sfo{qmdsf ¿kdf cufl8 ;f/]sf] 5 eg] ljleGg u}/;/sf/L If]qjf6
;d]t kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf sfo{qmd ;d]t ;+rfng ug{] u/]sf 5g\ . t/ o:tf sfo{qmdn]
oxfFsf du/x¿nfO sd dfq} k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . du/x¿df hg;+Vof a[l4b/ al9 5 .
kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] jf/]df pQ/bftfnfO{ ;fdfGo hfgsf/L ePklg kl/jf/ lgofhg
sfo{qmd / ljlw cGt/ut s]–s] ;fwg / ;]jfx¿ pknAw 5g s;/L k|of]u ug{] jf/]
k|ofKt hfgsf/L gePsf] jtfP eg] sltkon] hfgsf/L eP klg emGem6n] ubf{ k|of]u
gu/]sf] atfP . :yflgo :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf kl/jf/ lgof]hg jf/] ;f]Wbf dlxnfx¿n] n's]/
kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwg k|of]u ug{] u/]sf] j'lemof] . tnsf] tfnLsfdf kl/jf/
lgof]hgjf/] hfgsf/L eP gePsf] ljj/0f k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 .

40
 tflnsf g+ !@
kl/jf/ lgof]hgaf/] hfgsf/L
qm=;+= pQ/bftf pQ/bftfsf] ;+Vof k|ltzt
! hfgsf/L ePsf] $* &^
@ hfgsf/L gePsf] !% @$
hDdf ^# !))
;|f]t :ynut cWoog @)&@
tflnsf g+ !#
kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] ;fwg k|of]u ug{] 3/w'/Lsf] ljj/0f
qm=;+= ;fwg k|of]u ug]{ ;+Vof k|ltzt
! c:yfoL #( ^@
@ :yfoL ( !$
# k|of]u gu/]sf !% @$

;|f]t :ynut cWoog @)&@

dflysf] tfnLsf cg';f/ cWoog If]qdf /x]sf #( 3/kl/jf/df s'g} g s'g} ;b:on]
c:yfoL kl/jf/ lgofhgsf ;fwg -s08d, l8=kf]= lkN;_ k|of]u u/]sf 5g eg]
gd'gfsf] /mkdf 5gf}6 ul/Psf ^# 3/kl/jf/ dWo] ( hgfn] dfq :yfoL ;]jf -
Eof;]6f]ld, ldgLNofk_ lnPsf 5g eg] !% kl/jf/nfO kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;fwgjf/]
hfgsf/L 5}g . o;/L cWoog ubf{ kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] jf/]df 1fgsf] sdLn] ubf{
hg;+Vof j[l4 / hg;+Vof j[l4b/df k|ToIf k|efj k/]sf] kfO{G5 .
%=% z}lIfs cj:yf
s'g} klg /fi6« ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf] d'n cfwf/ g} lzIff xf] . lzIffn]
ljsf;n];dfhnfO ;jn ;Ifd ljj]slzn / bIf hgzlQm tof/ kfb{5 . h;jf6 x/]s
If]qdf gofF gofF 1fg k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / cg's/0f sf] cEof;jf6 ljsf;fs]f dfu{
k|;:t x'G5 . ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] d'Vo sl8sf] ¿kdf lzIffnfO lng ;sLG5 .

41
 o; cWoog If]q lnjfª\ uf=lj=;= du/x¿sf] z}lIfs :yLltnfO x]bf{ sdhf]/
b]vLG5 . u/LjL b}Lgs hLjg lgjf{x ug{' kg{], sd pd]/df ljjfx ug{] k/Dk/fn] ubf{
lzIff cfh{g ug{ tkm{ sd} Wofg lbPsf 5g . s]lx du/ o"jfx¿ ;fdfGo ¿kdf g]kfnL
tyf ljb]lz z'/Iff lgsfodf k|j]z kfPsf ePklg jl9 b}lgs dhb'/Ldf g} Jo:t
b]lvG5g . du/x¿sf] z}lIfs cj:yfnfO{ lgDg tflnsfdf b]vfO{Psf] 5 .
tflnsf g+ !$
qm=;+= k|sf/ pQ/bftfsf] ;+Vof k|ltzt
! ;fIf/ #( ^@
@ lg/If/ @$ #*
hDdf ^# !))
>f]t M :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&@
dflysf] tflnsfdf gd'gf 5gf}6 ul/Psf ^# 3/ ;+Vofsf] hDdf hg;+Vof $)! hgf
dWo] ^# pQ/bftfdf #( hgf ;fwf/0f n]vk9 ug{ ;Sg] / @$ hgf lg/If/
pQ/bftfx¿ /x]sf 5g . ;fwf/0f ;fIf/n] ;fdfGo¿kdf g]kfnL efiffdf n]vk9 ug{
;Sg] jtfpF5g .
tflnsf g+ !%
ljBfnodf cWoog/t du/ ljBfly{x¿sf] ;+VofTds ljj/0f
qm=;+ z}lIfs :t/ hg;+Vof k|ltzt
! k|fylds tx -sIff ! b]lv *;Dd_ !@# &@
@ dfWolds tx-sIff ( b]lv !) #% @)
;Dd_
# pRr lzIff -sIff !! b]lv dfly_ !# *
hDdf !&! !))
>f]t M :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&@
dflysf] tflnsfdf gd'gf 5gf}6 ul/Psf ^# 3/ ;+Vofsf] hDdf hg;+Vof $)! hgf
dWo] !&! hgf ljBfno hfg] u/]sf] kfO{of] . o;/L txut cWoogdf cWoog ul/
/x]sf ljBfly{x¿sf] k|ltztnfO{ x]bf{ k|fylds txdf &@ k|ltzt, dfWolds txdf @)

42
k|ltzt / pRrlzIffdf * k|ltzt hg;+Vof b]lvG5 . cWoog If]qdf j;f]jf; ug]{
du/ hftLdf z'¿df ljBfnodf egf{b/ jl9 eP klg ljBfno lgoldt¿kdf hfg] b/
;+u} pkNnf] txsf] cWoogdf klg sld b]lvG5 . o;f] /xg'df u/LjL, lzIffsf] dxÎjsf]
jf/]df sd 1fg ;fy} cfly{s nfesf] nflu cleefjx¿ ;+u sfddf hfg] rng h:tf
sf/0fx¿n] o; If]qsf dflg;x¿sf] lzIffdf cu|;/ gePsf] kfO{G5 .

43
 kl/R5]b –^
;f+:s[lts hghLjg
o; kl/R5]bdf cWoog If]qsf du/x¿sf] ;fF:s[lt cj:yf cGt{ut e]ife'iff / vfgkfg,
efiff, 3/sf] jgfj6, rf8kj{, hLjgk|lqmofsf] jf/]df JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
^=! e]ife'iff / vfgkfg
g]kfn ef}uf]lns ljljwtfsf] d'n's xf] ef}uf]lns ljefhgsf b[li6n] x]bf{ lxdfn, kxf8,
t/fO If]qdf /xg] k|To]s hftLo e]ife'iff / vfgkfgsf] cfkm\g} k/Dk/f, wd{, ;+:s[lt
/xb} cfPsf] 5 . hflto e]ife'iff / vfgkfgsf] cj:yf ;d]t x/]s hfltsf] km/s km/s
/x]sf] 5 . o; cWoog If]qdf j;f]jf; ug{] du/x¿ j'9fkfsfx¿ ufbf 3n]s
nufp5g\ eg] o"jfk':tfn] df}lns e]ife'iffnfO{ ljl;{g yfn]sf] cj:yf 5 . To:t}
j'9fkfsf dlxnfx¿ 3n]s, ufbf nufpF5g To:t} ul/ uxgfdf j'nfsL, l;|jGbL, 9'ªu|L,
rGb|df, kf]t] ltnx/L, gf}u]l8 jfnf cflb nfup5g\ .
clxn]sf] kl/j]znfO x]bf{ ljleGg If]q;+usf] ;Dks{ lzIffsf] k|efj cflbsf]
sf/0fn] du/ hfltsf] e]ife'iffnfO klg k|ToIf c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . nf]Ug] dflg;x¿
sldh, kfOG6, sf]6, nufp5g eg] dlxnfx¿ anfph, ;f/L, l6;6{, s'tf,{ ;njf/
nufp5g\ .
du/x¿sf] :jflbi6 ef]hgdf l98f] cf6f] l;GsL df/]sf] ;fu bfneft e}l;sf]
df;' / hfF8÷/S;L xf] . oxfsf] du/x¿sf] vfgkfgsf] :yLltnfO x]bf{ ;fwf/0f tyf
s[lifjf6 pTkflbt vfB kbfy{ g} pkof]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . ds}sf] cf6f], l98f], u'Gb|'s,
df/]sf] ;fu b}lgs hLjgsf] vfgkfg xf] . oxfFsf du/x¿ 3/ uf]7x¿df jfl8P/ j:g]
x'Fbf Pp6} kl/jf/df klg @÷# j6f efG;f x'g] u/]sf] kfO{G5 . k|fo h;f] j[4 tyf
jfnjflnsx¿ ;d]tn] vfg] Pp6} lsl;dsf] vfgf k|of]u u/]sf] k|rng /x]sf] 5 .
ljz]if rf8kj{sf] cj;/df oxfsf du/x¿ kfx'gfsf] ;Tsf/sf nflu /S;L, df;', eft
k|of]u ub{5g\ . oxfsf du/x¿ hf8 /S;L 3/}df tof/ kfb{5g eg] df;'sf nflu e}+;L,
kf8f, jfv|f, s'v'/f k|of]u ub{5g\ . ljB't tyf cGo phf{sf ;fwgsf] Joj:yf gePsf]
/ cfly{s cj:yf klg sdhf]/ /x]sf]n] k|foM 3/df vfgf jgfpgsf nflu bfp/fsf]

44
k|of]u u/LG5 . ufpFljsf; ;ldltsf] kfZj{lrqdf pNn]v ePcg';f/ o; uf=lj=;=df
Ps 3/kl/jf/n] dfq Pnlk UofF; k|of]u u/]sf] tYofÍ kfOG5 .
^=@ efiff
efiff dflg;sf] ;jf]{kl/ pknlAw xf] eg] ;+:s[ltsf] klxrfg xf], . dfgj cfhsf]
cj:yfdf cfOk'Ug'df efiffsf] 7'nf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . du/x¿sf] /fli6«o ¿kdf cfˆg}
efiff 5 . h;nfO du/ efiff elgG5 o; cWoog If]qdf j;f]jf; ug{] du/x¿df
k'/fgf s]lx JolQmx¿df du/x/msf] 5'§} efiff 5 eGg]] hfgsf/L eP klg clwsf+;
du/x¿n] jf]nrfnsf] ¿kdf /fli6«o efiff g} af]Nb5g\ . o6f, gd:6], b]p6f h:tf zJb
k|of]u ub{5g\ . du/x¿sf] dft[efiff ;+/If0f nflu oxfFsf du/x¿ ;+ul7t x'g g;Sg'
/ cGo efiffsf] k|efj, ljBfnosf] k7gkf7gdf g]kfnL efiffsf] k|of]u ug]{ h:tf
sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ oxFfsf du/x¿ du/ efiff ljl;{Psf] jtfpF5g . o; cWoog If]qdf
gd'gfsf ¿kdf 5gf}6 ul/Psf ^# 3/s} pQ/bftfn] cfˆgf] efiff g]kfnL /x]sf] jtfP .
^=# 3/sf] jgfj6
o; cWoog If]qdf Ps b'O{ tnf ePsf 3/ 5g\ . oxfsf 3/sf 5fgf 9'Ëf,
l6g, v/sf] k|of]u u/L 9'Ëf / df6f]af6 jgfOPsf] 5 . k|fo 3/df kfln 5g\ . 3/sf]
tNnf] tnfdf vfgf ksfpg k|of]u ul/G5 eg] vfgf ksfpg] 7fpF j/k/ ;fgf] uf/f]
nufOPsf] x'G5 . uf/]fsf] 5]pdf vfglkg kl5 ;'Tg] klg ul/G5 . eg] dfyLNnf] tnfdf
cGg e08f/ ug{] / ;'Tg] klg ul/G5 . 3/sf] kflnd'lg s'v'/f, jfv|fsf nfuL vf]/
jgfOPsf] 5 . s]lx 3/df j/08f jgfOPsf] 5 . To:tf j/08fdf k|fo kfx'gf cfpFbf
;'tfpg] / k9g] ljBfyL,{ ljjflxt o"jf o"jftL ;'Tg] ub{5g\ . o; cWoog If]qdf jg]sf
3/df ‰ofn, 9f]sf sd /x]sf 5g\ . s'g}–s'g} kl5Nnf] ;dodf jg]sf 3/x¿df cln
j9L sf]7fx¿ jgfPsf 5g k|fo o:tf 3/ Ps bd} sd 5g . cWoog If]qdf gd'gfsf]
¿kdf 5gf}6 ul/Psf ^# 3/kl/jf/df lgDg cg';f/sf] 3/sf] jgf]6 /x]sf] kfOG5 .

45
 tflnsf g+ !^
jgfj6 cg';f/ 3/x¿sf] ljj/0f
qm=;+= lsl;d ;+Vof
! y/jf6 jg]sf @%
@ 9'Ëf, l6gjf6 jg]sf #*
# kSsL )
hDdf ^#
>f]tM :ynut ;j]{If0f @)&@
^=$ rf8kj{
;+;f/sf x/]s 7fpdf j;f]jf; ug{] dfgj hfltx¿n] cf–cfˆgf] k/Dk/f ;+:s[lt
cg'';f/ rf8kj{ dgfpb} cfPsf 5g\ . h;nfO ;+:s[ltsf] d'Vo c+u dflgG5 . g]kfndf
klg ljleGg hftL ;d'bfox¿sf cf–cfˆg} k/Dk/fut rf8kj{ 5g\ . du/ hfltsf] klg
cfˆg] uf}/jdo ;+:s[lt k/Dk/f efiff / Oltxf; 5 . oxfsf du/x¿n] lxGb' wd{
cg'';f/ dgfpg] ;j} rf8kj{ dgfp5g\ . o;sf ;fy} oLlgx¿df cfˆgf] df}lns rf8kj{
;d]t /x]sf 5g . df}lns rf8kj{x¿df cfkmGtx¿nfO jf]nfP/ ljz]if e]63f6 vfgkfg
/ b'Mv ;'v ;f6f;f6 ub{5g . du/ x¿sf] rf8kj{df kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ e]63f6 ug{]
Pp6f pko"Qm df}sf klg xf] . o; If]qdf dgOg] w]/} h:tf] rf8kj{df hfF8 /S;L /
df;'nfO a9L dxÎj lbOG5 . ljz]if ul/ o; ;d'bfodf j;f]jf; ug{] du/x¿n] dfGg]
rf8kj{x¿ lgDg k|sf/sf /x]sf 5g\ .
^=$=! h]i7k'0fLdf -lkt/ k"hf_
of] k'l{0f{df lkt/, k'vf{ dfGg] jf gofF k'/fgf d[tsnfO Ps} 7fpdf Nofpg]
dfWodsf] ¿kdf dgfOG5 . cfˆgf ;Gtfg leq jif{ e/Ldf d/]sf ;Gtfgx¿nfO Ps}
7fpdf :d/0f ul/ k"hf ul/G5 . o; k"l{0f{dfdf d[tssf gfddf kf6L, kf}jf jf s]lx
;fdflhs sfo{ ug{] ul/G5 eg] ;fj{hlgs :yfg :yfkgf ul/Psf kf6Ldf -lbbL jf

46
jlxgLsf 5f]/f_ efGhfn] lj¿jf /f]K5g\ eg] d[tssf cleefjsn] r]lnx¿ ;fy}
efGhfefGhLnfO bfg blIf0ff ul/G5 eg] ljleGg k|sf/sf vfgkfg ul/g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
^=$=@ c;f/ !%
c;f/ !% sf lbg o; ;d'bfosf du/x¿n] blx lrp/f vfG5g\ . blx gePsf]
3/df blx ePsf 3/jf6 blx k'¥ofOlbg] u/L ;d'bfosf ;j}n] blx lrp/f vfg] ub{5g\ .
^=$=# ;fpg] ;qmfGtL
of] kj{ >fj0f ! ut] dgfOG5, o; kj{df v]tL nufO ;s]sf] cyf{t lxnf]jf6
pDs]sf] pknIodf dgfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; lbg ljxfg pl7 ;/]6f], sfk', l6Dd'/,
cgf/, cldnf] hDdf ul/G5 /f]6L ksfOG5 . 3/ jflx/ ;fgf] em'k'l8 jgfO /flvG5 eg]\
/fFuf, e};L, s'v'/f / jfv|f sfl6G5 / r]lnj]l6nfO jf]nfO /dfOnf] ul/G5 . r]lnj]l6n]
/S;Lsf] sf];]ln lnP/ cfp5g\ . ;fFemkv ;j}n] 3/jf6 efªjfln cfuf] lgsfnLG5 /
eGg] ub{5g\ “n'tf] k'tf] n}hf” eGb} cfˆgf] 3/sf] cuf8Lsf] ufpsf] gfd eGb} cu'N6f]
dfG5]sf] zl// eg]/ ˆofSg] ul/G5 . h;n] z/L/df vl6/f gcfpg] / cfPdf lgsf] x'g]
ljZjf; u/LG5 .
^=$=$ ebf}/] k"0fL{df
of] kj{ k|fo ebf} !@ ut] dgfOG5 . To;lbg km';{b jf 6f9f 3/ eGbf jflx/
a;]sf du/x¿n] !@ ebf}]sf] gfddf cg's'n ;dodf klg dgfpg] u/]sf] kfOof] t/
ebf}/] k'l0f{df clgjfo{ dgfpg] rf8 cGt/ut kb{5 . o; lbgdf 3/sf] d'Vo dflnsn]
k|Tos 3/df /ut b]vfpg' kb{5 s:n] s] df¥of] < eGg] ufpdf xNnf rNb 5 . k|fo
cfDbfgL ePsfx¿n]] jf]sf sf6\b5g\ eg] cfDbfgL sd ePsfx¿n] s'v'/f sf6\g] ub{5g\
. Oi6ldq jf]nfO hfF8 /lS; df;'sf] /demddf /dfOnf] ul/G5 . o; rf8df jnL r9fO
lbPdf b]jftf v';L eO ;fx; / cK7]/f] sfd ;d]t ug{ ;Sg] ljZjf; ul/G5 .
^=$=% lth
o; rf8df du/ ;d'bfosf dlxnfx¿ j|tj;L w'dwfd ;+u dgfpb}gg\ . t/
cgf}krf/Ls ¿kdf /dfOnf] u/L dgfpb5g . lthsf] j]nfdf du/ dlxnfx¿ ;fpg]
;qmlGt b]lv Ps !_ lbg lj/fP/ /fltdf gfrufg ub}{ ;KtdL ;Dd gfrufg ug]{

47
ub{5g . o; cWoog If]qdf k~rdLsf] lbg 7'nf] d]nf nfUb5 . o; d]nfdf oxfFsf
du/ dlxnfx¿ ljleGg kf]zfsdf ;lhP/ gfrufg ul/ /dfOnf] ub{5g\ .
^=$=^ bz}+
lxGb' wdf{jnDjLx¿n] dgfpg]= dxfg rf8sf] ¿kdf bz}+nfO lng] ul/G5 . of]
g]kfn clw/fHoe/sf lxGb' wdf{jnDjLx¿n] w'dwfdsf ;fy dgfpg] ub{5g\ . o;
If]qdf j;f]jf; ug{] du/x¿n] bz}df ds} hf}+ b'j} k|sf/sf hd/f /fVb5g eg] /ftf]
l6sfsf] 7fpdf ;]tf] l6sf nufpb5g\ . bz}df /ftf] l6sf gnufpg'df klxn] du//fHo
/x]sf] :yfgdf /fhfsf] ljho kl5 /utdf l6sf d'5]/ ljho pT;jsf ¿kdf /ftf]
l6sf nufPsf] x'Fbf bz}df /ftf] l6sf gnufpg] u/]sf] ljZjf; 5 . bz}df cfˆgf] Ifdtf
cg'';f/ jf]sf sf6L b'uf{ k'hf u/LG5 . bz}df l6sf yfKgsf nflu Oi6ldq glhssf]
gft]bf/x¿ sxfF hfg] ul/G5 ;fydf /lS; nluG5 eg] bz}sf] k'0fL{dfsf lbg ;/fx
gfRg], l6sf nufpg,] hd/fsf] dfnfnufO leqLsf]6 b/jf/df ;/fx gfRg] ul/G5 . lxGb'
;+:sf/ cg';f/ du/x¿n] klg 36:yfkgf b]lv k'l0f{df ;Dd dgfpg] u/]sf] kfO{G5 .
^=$=& ltxf/
ltxf/ g]kfnLx¿sf] bf];|f] 7'nf] rf8 xf] . du/x¿n] ltxf/nfO cf}zLsf] ¿kdf
lrGb5g . ltxf/ % lbg ;Dd dgfpg] ub{5g\ . sfu, s's'/, ufO, nIdL k'hf u/L
clGtd lbg efOl6sf ul/ ;DkGg ul/G5 . ufOnfO g'g v'jfpg] tf]/gk'hf ul/ nfdf
tf]/gx¿ 6fªg] ul/G5 . efO l6sfsf] lbg lbbL jlxgL sxfF uO l6sf yfKg] rng 5 .
l6sf nufO{ lbPkl5 r]lnj]6Lx¿nfO{ Ifdtf cg';f/ blIf0f lbg] rng 5 . ltxf/df
du/x¿ /f]l6 df;' vfg] rng 5 . 3/3/df uO v]lng] e}nf]df s;}n] k/Dk/fut nf]s
efsfjf6 ;f:s[lts dgf]/~hg ug]{ ub{5g\ eg] j'9fkfsfx¿n]] ;f]/7L gfr gfRg]
ub{5g\ .
^=$=* d+;L/ k'0fL{df
o; cWoog If]qsf du/x¿n] d+;L/ k'l0f{dfsf] lbgnfO{ l;d] egL kfgLsf]
d'nnfO{ / e'd] egL hldgsf gfddf k'hf ug]{ ub{5g . h:n] ubf{ kfgLsf] d'n /lx/xg]
/ pTkfbgdf j[l4 x'g] ljZjf; ul/G5 . o; k'hfdf ufpFsf ;j} bfh'efO{x ¿ Ps} 7fpFdf
e]nf eO{ s'v'/f r9fO{ k"hf cfhf ul/ d+;L/ k"0fL{df dgfpg] ul/G5 .
48
^=$=( k'if !%
o; kj{df du/x¿n] Oi6ldqnfO jf]nfP/ df;', /S;L v'jfpg] ub{5g .
vfglkg ;lsPkl5 dfbn jhfP/ gfrufg ub{5g . o; cWoog If]q lnjfª\–!, df x'g]
u'¿ªx¿sf] td'Nxf];f/ kf}if !% ut] dgfpg] x'bf o;sf] s]]lx k|efj du/ ;d'bfodf
k/]sf] 5 . o; lbgdf du/ o"jfx¿ gfrufg ul/ u'¿ªx¿sf] gofFjif{sf] ;dodf
z'esfdgf ;f6f;f6 ug]{ ub{5g .
^=$=!) df3] ;ªqmflGt
o; kj{ du/x¿n] w'dwfd ;+u dgfpg] ub{5g . o; rf8 dgfpg ;j} ufpFdf
df;'sf nflu /fFuf, e};L, jfv|f, s'v'/f sf6\b5g\ eg] r]lnx¿n] bfh' efOx¿nfO /S;L
sf];n
] L k'¥ofO lbG5g\ . df3 ! ut] t¿n, lvr8L, /f]6L, ksfp5g\ . r]nLn] sf];]nL
NofOlbG5g ltgLx¿nfO sf];]nL ;lxt lkmtf{ ul/G5 . efGhfnfO vfg]s'/f / /S;L vfg
lbOG5 . df3];ªqmflGtdf du/x¿ cufl8 g} jgdf uO vg]/ NofPsf] ag t¿n p;'g]/
vfg] ub{5g .
o; rf8df tf/f] xfGg] k|rng 5 . ufpdf ;j} ufpn]x¿ hDdf eP/ s]lx 6f9f
kmfk/jf6 tof/ kf/LPsf] km'¿nfnfO jf0fjf6 lgzfgf nufpg] k|ltof]lutf rN5 .
h;n] tf/f] lgzfgfdf nufp5 To; JolQmnfO jwfO tyf k'/:sf/ :j¿k s]xL ¿k}ofF
lbG5g\ . lhTg] JolQmn] v'l;oflndf /S;L lsgL v'jfpg] ub{5 eg] of] kj{ !, @ lbg
;Dd rNb5 . clGtd lbg tf/f] xfGg] JolQm tyf cGo JolQm Ps} 7fpFdf hDdf eO
gfrufg ul/ o; rf8 dgfpg] ul/G5 .
^=$=!! s'nk'hf
oxfFsf du/ ;dbfon] k|To]s jif{df s'nk'hf ub{5g . Ps} ;Gtfgsf] k|d'v
3/d'nL pkf;f] a:b5g eg] s]lx JolQmx¿ k'hf/f 5flgPsf x'G5g\ . s'nfk'hf ug{]
:yfg klxn] b]lv lglZrt ul/Psf] x'G5 . pkf;'j;]sf] k'hf/fx¿n] s'nk'hf ug{] :yfgdf
uO s'nfk'hf ub{5g\ . /fte/ pkf;' k'hf/f g;'lt hfuf/fd j:b5g\ eg] cGo
JolQmx¿ ljleGg efsfdf lut ufO /dfOnf] ub{5g . csf{] lbg ljxfg k'hf/fx¿
g'xfpg sf ;fy} d'n jlnbLg] jf]sfnfO g'xfO ;'4 kfl/G5 . / k'hfkf7 ul/ jf]sf
sfl6G5 . eg] ;j} ;Gtfgx¿nfO k|;fbsf] ¿kdf jf]sfsf] df;' jfl8G5 . Ifdtf
49
cg';f/ JolQmx¿n] JolQmut¿kdf jf]sf klg r9fpg] ub{5g . k'hf kZrft k''hfsf
;fdfu|Lx¿ d'n3/df NofO /flvG5 / csf]{ s'nk'hfsf] ;dodf dfq lgsflnG5 .
s'nk'hfdf r9fOPsf] jf]sfsf] sfg sfldnfO, k'R5/ bdfOnfO lbg] rng5 eg]
Oi6ldqnfO jf]nfP/ /S;L / df;' v'jfpg] ub{5g\ .
^=% d[To';+:sf/
dfgj hLjgdf ;fdflhs tyf ;f:s[lts ;+:sf/x¿sf] d'Vo :yfg /x]sf] 5 .
s'g} klg hfltdf cfˆg} vfn] ;+:sf/, l/lt/Ljfh / k/Dk/f /x]sf xG5g\ . To:tf
;+:sf/ TofUg ;lsb}g . j¿ ;+:sf/x¿sf s]lx k|s[ofdf kl/dfh{g x'g ;Sb5 . ;j}n]
cf–cfˆgf] k|sf/sf] ;+:sf/ / k/Dk/nfO c+ufNb} cfPsf 5g . To:t} k|sf/n] lnjfª\
uf=lj=;= af8 g+= ! / @ sf du/x¿n] klg cfˆg} k|sf/sf] l/lt/Ljfh / ;+:sf/
dgfpg] ul/sf] kfOG5 . dflg; hGd] b]lv d[To" ;Dd ul/g] ljleGg k/Dk/f,
l/ltl/jfh g} ;+:sf/ leq /x]sf] 5 . oxfF a;f]af; ug]{ du/x?sf] d[To' ;+:sf/ klg
cfˆg} lsl;dsf] 5 .
^=%=! hGd ;+:sf/
o; du/ ;d'bfodf s'g} klg ljjflxtf dlxnf ue{jtL ePkl5 ;'Ts]/L gx'Fbf
;Dd / ;'Ts]/L kl5 slx lbg ux|f}+ sfd gug{] pQm cjlwe/ dlxnf k'¿ifn] b'j}n]
df/sf6 gug{] k'hf cfhf gug{] k|rng 5 . oxf ue{ cj:yfdf :jf:y kl/If0f ug{]
k|rng sd} 5 . ue{ ePsf] j]nf aflx/ st} lx8\bf c¿sf] cfFvf nfUg] / ue{ v]/ hfg
;Sg] ljZjf; ul/G5 . ;'Tsl/ 3/}df u/fpg] ;'Ts]/L x'bf ufpFsf a'9fkfsf dlxnfx¿sf]
;xof]u lnG5g\ . aRrf hGd] kl5 ;do lbgjf/ l6k]/ /flvG5 . gfeL xl;ofn] sf6\g]
ul/G5 / gfeL sf6]sf] xltof/ z'/lIft ;fy /flvG5 . ;'Ts]/LnfO Gjf/fg geP ;Dd
cnu /flvG5 . o; ;dodf ;'Ts]/LnfO kf]ifLnf vfg]s'/fx¿ af]sf, s'v'/f, xn]tf]
v'jfOG5 . jRrf hGd]sf] ^ lbgdf 5}7L ul/G5 . 5}l7n] efUo n]lvlbg] ljZjf; x'gfn]
To;lbg /fte/ t]nsf] alQ jflnG5 . jRrfsf] gfeL v;]sf] lbg Gjf/g ul/G5 . Gjf/g
ubf{ j[4 dlxnf4f/f jRrf aflx/ lgsfNg] ;'o{ tkm{ kmsf{pg] ul/G5 eg] Gjf/gsf lbg
sGof4f/f ufOsf] uxt 5s{]/ 3/ z'4 kfl/G5 . Gjf/g gubf{ ;Dd cz'4 dflgG5 eg]
To; cjlwdf k'hfcfhf u/Lb}g .

50
^=%=@ Gjf/g
jRrf hGd] kl5 gfeL v;]sf] lbg Gjf/g ul/G5 . Gjf/gsf lbg 3/ ;kmf
;'U3/ ul/G5 . To;}lbg jRrf / cfdfnfO{ g'xfO lbg] ul/G5 . sGof4f/f uxt 5s{]/
rf]vf] ul/G5 . du/ ;d'bfosf] k'/]tn] -h}zL_ jRrfsf] gfd /flvlbG5g . lgdGq0ff
ul/Psf kfx'gfnfO jf]sf, /fFuf, s'v'/f sf6L eft, df;', /S;L vfg lbOG5 .
^=%=# cGgk|f;g
Gjf/g eP kl5 u/Lg] ;+:sf/ cGgk|f;g xf] . o;nfO kf:gL klg elgG5 . o;
;+:sf/df 5f]/f eP ^ dlxgf 5f]/L eP % dlxgfdf h}zL4f/f /fd|f] ;fOtsf] lbg x]/fO
gofF n'uf uxgf nufP/ df;' eft v'jfOG5 ;fy} jRrfnfO /S;L rvfOG5 . ufpsf]
bdfOn] gofF sk8f NofpFb5 . Tolx sk8f nufP/ ;j{ k|yd sGofn] eft v'jfOlbG5g
. To; kl5 qmd;M c¿ Oi6ldqjf6 eft v'jfO cfˆgf] Ifdtf cg'';f/ cflzifsf ;fy}
pkxf/ lbG5g . Oi6ldqx¿nfO bfn, eft, df;', /S;L v'jfOG5 .
^=%=$ ljjfx
ljjfx ;Gtfg pTkfbg ug{] j}Bflgs k/Dk/f xf] . ljleGg hflt ;d'bfodf
ljjfx k4lt cfˆg} lsl;dsf k/Dk/fdf cfwfl/t x'G5g . xfd|f] g]kfnL ;dfhdf d'n'sL
P]gn] ljjfx ubf{ cfˆgf] xf8gftf leq cyf{t ;ftk':tf leq ljjfx ug{ jGb]h nufPsf]
kfOG5 ;f] xf8 gftf jfx]s cfˆgf] OR5f cg';f/ v'lz /fhLn] ljjfx ug{] cfˆg} k|rng
/x]sf] 5 . du/ ;d'bfodf klg ljjfx k|yf cfˆg} lsl;dsf] /x]sf] 5 . du/x¿n] k|fo
cfˆgf] lblb÷alxgLsf] 5f]/fnfO 5f]/L lbg] / dfdfsL 5f]/LnfO ljjfx ug{] u/]sf]
kfOG5 . o;nfO{ dfdfr]ln km'k'r]ln elgG5 . du/x¿n] dfdfsL 5f]/Ldf xs nfU5
eGg] ub{5g\ . jt{dfg cj:yfdf o; cWoog If]qsf du/x¿n] k|foM b'O k|sf/n] ljjfx
ug{] k|rng 5 .
!_ dfuL ljjfx
@_ k|]d ljjfx

51
oxfFsf] du/ ;d'bfodf dfuL ljjfxdf dlxnf cleefjsx¿sf] ;xdltdf ug{] ul/G5 .
s]6fkl§sf] cleefjsx¿n] s]l6k§Lsf] cleefjs;+u k|:tfj /fVb5g . o;/L s]6f s]6L
dfUg hfFbf s]6f kIfn] sf]z]nL lnP/ hfg] rng 5 . s]6L lbg] ePdf pQm sf]z]nL
:jLsf/ ul/G5 . olb s]l6 glbg] eP kmsf{Olbg] ub{5g\ . ljjfx kSsf ePkl5 /fDf|f]
lbgsf] ;fOt x]/fP/ ljjfxsf] lbg to ul/G5 . ;f] lbg ljjfx ;DkGg ul/G5 .
;fwf/0ftof ltg lbg leq b'nlx kmsf{pg] rng 5 . b'nxL kmsf{pbf /f]l6, /S;L,
kf8fsf] df;' ;fydf nfg] ul/G5 . k|foM ;fgf] ;d'xdf dfOtL kmsf{pg] rng /x]sf]
5.

k|]d ljjfxn] du/ ;d'bfodf jl9 dxÎj kfPsf] 5 . gd'gfsf] ¿kdf 5gf}6
ul/Psf ^# 3/sf pQ/bftfx¿dWo] $! hgfn] k|]d ljjfx u/]sf] / jfFls @@ hgfn]
dfq dfuL ljjfx u/]sf 5g . k|foM ljleGg d]nfkj{x¿df s]6f s]6Lx¿sf] e]63f6 x'g]
ubf{ dfoflk|lt j:b5 . s]6fs]6L ljrdf k]|d ;DjGw ePkl5 cleefjsx¿sf] dGh'/Ldf
3/df leqfOG5 . olb :jLs[lt glbP\df s]6fs6Lx¿ 3/ b]lv 6f9f cfkmGt sxfF uP/
j:g] / cfkmGtsf] ;xof]udf leqfOg] rng 5 . k]|d ljjfx ug{] k|fo sd pd]/sf
x'G5g . !^÷!& jif{sf s]6fs]6Ln] k|]d ljjfx u/]sf] kfOG5 . jt{dfg ;dodf
cGt/hflto ljjfx ;d]t k|rngdf cfPsf] 5 . cWoog If]qdf Ps hgf tNnf] hftsf]
sfdL s]6f;+u du/ s]6Lsf] ljjfx ePsf] / b'j} kIfjf6 ;xh :jLsf/ ul/Psf] kfOof] .
ljjfx ;DjGwdf pQ/bftfx¿n] @) jif{ eGbf dflysf] pd]/ pko"Qm jtfP klg
Jojxf/df To;nfO ckgfOPsf] e]l6Pg bfOhf] k|yf ;DjGwdf ldl>t k|lts[of 5 .
du/ ;dfhdf ljjfx k|yfdf dfOtL clgjfo{ j'emfpg'kg{] k|rng 5 . dfuL
ljjfxdf ljjfx kZrft #–% lbgdf kms{bf dfOtL a'emfOG5 eg] k|]d ljjfx÷efuL
ljjfxdf k|fo h;f] s]6f s]6Ln] jRrf hGdfP kl5 j'emfPsf] kfOof] . dfOlt j'emfpbf
ljx]df h:t} hGtL lnP/ b'Nffxf b'nlxsf] ¿kdf tyf l5d]sdf j;f]jf; ug{] JolQmx¿
;d]t hGtLsf] ¿kdf hfGf] u/]sf] kfO{G5 . o;/L of] ;d'bfodf dflu ljjfx / k|]d
ljjfx b'j} k|rngdf /x]sf] 5 .

52
^=%=% d[To"
d[To" dfgj hLjgsf] clgjfo{ k|s[of xf] . of] ;+:sf/nfO ljleGg hflt cg';f/
leGg leGg tl/sfn] ;DkGg ul/G5 . oxfFsf] du/;d'bfodf JolQmsf] k|f0f hfg]j]nfdf
5f]/fx¿ / glhssf gft]bf/x¿jf6 rf}nflg kfgL v'jfpg] ulgG5 . d[To" ePkl5
d[tssf d'vdf blx / ;'gsf] 6'qmf /flvlbg] ub{5g . d[To" ePsf] JolQmnfO{ -nf;_
jf;sf] sf7df sk8f j]/L jgfOPsf] v6dfyL /flvG5 / nf;eGbf cufl8 Pshgfn]
em08f 5f]k]/ jf6f] b]vfpg] ub{5 / nf;nfO uf8\g] :yfg lt/ nluG5 . d'bf{nfO klxn]
5f]/fn] jf]Sb5g o;nfO sfw lbg] elgG5 . olb bfh' efO gePdf gft]bf/x¿n] of]
sfd ug{] ub{5g\ . dnfdL hfg] qmddf cGo dnfdLx¿n] ldn]/ kfn} kfnf] jf]Sg] ub{5g
. o; ;d'bfodf >Ldfg eGbf >LdtL cufl8 d/]df cjL/ dfnf nufO b'nxL h:t} u/L
l;3f/]/ 3f6df n}hfg] rng 5 .
nf; nUbf cufl8 em08f To; kl5 ;]tf] sk8f jf]s]sf dflg; nx/} nfUb5g\ .
To; eGbf k5fl8 bdfOn] jfhf jhfpb5g . To; kl5 gftf s'6'Djx¿ s'6f] sf]bfnf]
lnP/ lx8\5g . Pshgf j[4n] hf}, ltn, af6f] el/ ˆofSb} lx8\5g . nf; 3f6df
nu]kl5 d/]sf] dfG5]nfO rfdn /flv pQfgf] kf/]/ ufl8G5 . nf; uf8] kl5 5f]/fn]
skfn kmfNb5g\ . k|fo ltg lbgdf h'9f] rf]Vofpg] ul/G5 . h'7f] rf]Vofpbf cfˆgf
r]lnj]l6 gftfkftf, bfh'efO hDdf x'G5g . bfh'efOn] dfgf] -rfdn_ p7fpg' k5{ .
efGhfn] rGbg lk;L k'hf ug{] ;fdfu|Lsf ;fy} Pp6f s'v'/f÷e]8f lnP/ wf/f]÷kFw]/f
hfg] ub{5g / lk08 v'jfpg] ub{5g . d[tsnfO nu]sf] jf6f]sf] ljrdf k'hf ul/G5
efGhfn] ufO{sf] ux't lbP/ bfh'efO{x¿nfO{ rf]Voflbg] sfo{ ub{5g . dfOtL tkm{sf
dfG5]n] ls|ofk'qLnfO 3'D6f] kmfln lbG5g / k'gM Ps k6s 6fpsf]df kl§ nufO 6f]kL
nufO lbG5g . rf]vLg] lbgdf cfˆgf bfh' efO r]lnj]l6 Oi6ldq hDdf eO vfglkg
ub{5g . d[To' ;+:sf/sf ;a} sfdx?df k|fo efGhfsf] g} dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf]
x'G5 .

53
 kl/R5]b–&
cfly{s cj:yf

cy{ Joj:yf h'g;'s} ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf] d]¿b08 xf] . cy{ Joj:yfdf d'Votof tLg
tTjx¿ pTkfbg, pkef]u, ljt/0f /x]sf] x'G5 . g]kfn s[lif k|wfg ljsf;Gd'v b]z
ePsfn] o;sf] cy{Joj:yf k'0f{tM s[lifdf cfwfl/t 5 . ufpF g} ufpn] ldn]/ jg]sf] o;
b]zsf] jx';+Vos hgtf s[lifdf cfwf/Lt ePsfn] g]kfnsf] cy{Joj:yfnfO s[lif{ lge{/
u|fld0f cy{Joj:yf eGg ;lsG5 . dfgj ;dfhsf] x/]s lqmofsnfknfO k|ToIf k|efj
kfg{] cfyL{s kIfn] ;d'bfosf] ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts l/lt/Ljfh rfnrng /
hLjgz}lndf dxÎjk"0f{ e'ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . s'g} ;dfhsf] s[l{if{ pTkfbg pBf]u wGbf
Jofkf/ Joj;fon] To; 7fpsf] ljsf;nfO lgwf{/0f u/]]sf] x'G5 .
o; kl/R5]bdf cWoog If]qdf j;f]jf; ug]{ du/;d'bfox¿sf] cy{ Joj:yf leq
d'Votof s[lif{, kz'kfng, gf]s/Ljf6 x'g] u/]sf] cfoJoosf] cWoog ul/Psf] 5 . oxfFsf
jx';+Vos hgtf s[lif / kz'kfng If]qdf lge{/ /x]sf 5g .

&=! e':jfldTj
e'–eg]sf] hldg / :jfdLTj eg]sf] clwsf/ xf] . hldg dflg;sf] crn ;Dklt
xf] . To;sf/0f e'–:JffdLTjdf 3/ hUuf v]ltkflt, kfvf], v]tjf/L kb{5g . o; cWoog
If]qsf du/x¿n] e'–:jfdLTjsf] pTkfbgnfO ;fdflhs k|lti7f / cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]tsf]
¿kdf ;d]t lnPsf] kfOG5 . cWoog If]qdf j;f]jf; ug]{ JolQmx¿sf] e'–:jfldTjsf]
cj:yfnfO{ lgDg tflnsfdf b]vfO{Psf] 5 .

54
 tflnsf g+ !&
e'–:jfdLTjsf] ljj/0f
qm=;+= /f]kgL w/w'/L ;+Vof k|ltzt
! )–% ) )
@ %–!) !@ !(
# !)–!% !% @$
$ !% eGbf dly #^ %&
hDdf ^# !))Ü
>f]tM :ynut cWoog @)&@

dfyLsf] tflnsfjf6 o; cWoog If]qdf j;f]jf; ug{ du/x¿sf] e'–:jfdLTjsf]

l:ylt x]bf{ )–% /f]kgL hUuf ePsf ) k|ltzt %–!) /f]kgL x'g] !@ 3/ !( k|ltzt
!)–!% /f]kgL x'g] !% 3/ @$ k|ltzt / !% /f]kgL eGbf dfly x'g] #^ 3/ %&Ü
b]lvG5 . !% /f]kgL eGbf j9L hUuf x'g] ;j}sf] cfkm\gf] hUuf ePklg pTkfbg of]Uo
e'ld sd ePsf] j9L v/jf/L ePsfn] cfˆg} pTkfbgjf6 ePsf] cGgn] vfg sd}nfO{
k'Ub5 .
o; cWoog If]qsf] hldgnfO ltg efudf ljefhg u/]sf] kfOG5 .
 jf/L
 kfvf]
 v/jf/L -hËn_
 jf/L
 jf/L M o; If]qdf ePsf] jf/L k|fo le/fnf] /xsf] 5 . o; hldgdf d'Vo
jfnLx¿ ds]}, ux', hf+}, sf]bf], cfbL jfnLx¿ nufOG5 . jv{] v]lt s]lx dfqfdf /fd|f]
ePklg lxpb] v]lt cfsf;jf6 kflg cfPdf s]lx /fd|f] v]lt x'g] / kfgL gk/]df
nufPsf] ljp klg gkms{g] u/]sf] /x]sf] 5 . l;+rfO{ ;'ljwfsf] /fd|f] Joj:yf gx'gfn]
s[lif sfo{nfO{ /fd|f] / Joj:yLt agfpg ;l;Psf] 5}g .

55
 kfvf] M kfvf] hldg v]lt of]Uo hldg xf]Og . oxf s]jn ufO j:t'nfO lxpFb
dlxgfdf v'jfpg] v/ x'G5 . kfvf] hUuf gePdf 3/df ufO{, e};L cfbL kfNg ufx|f]
kb{5 . o; If]qdf le/fnf] b]lv cTolws le/fnf] hldg kb{5 .
 h+un
¿v lj¿jf ePsf] If]q h+un xf] . o:tf h+un ;fd'lxs / JolQmut ¿kdf /x]sf 5g .
k'/fgf] h+un o; If]qdf /x]sf] 5 . o; h+unjf6 OGwgsf nflu bfp/f, ufOj:t'sf]
nflu :ofpnf, 3fF;, Nofpg] ul/G5 . h+unsf] cefjdf ufO j:t' kfNg ufxf]| xG5 .
h+un ufO{, afv|f r/fpg k|of]u ul/G5 . o; If]qdf ;fd'lxs ufpn]x¿sf] lg0f{odf
;+/If0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . lr;f] df};d ePsfn] ;fgf–;fgf ¿vx¿ / j'6\ofg /x]sf 5 .
hUuf If]qkmndf w]/} eP klg If]qkmnsf] cg'kftdf pTkfbg Ps bd} sd x'g]
u/]sf] 5 . pTkfbg ePsf] cGg w]/} hfF8 / /S;L agfpg k|of]u x'g] x'bfF vfgsf] nflu
jfhf/af6 vl/b ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf 5 .
&=@ k|d'v jfnL / v]tL ug{] tl/sf
o; If]qdf k|d'v pTkfbg ul/g] jflnx¿df ds}, ux'F, hf+}, sf]bf] cfbL x'g eg]
gub]jflndf l6d'/ e6df; v]lt x'G5 . o; If]qdf lxpb] / jif{] u/]/ b'O{ v]tL ul/G5 .
lxpb] v]lt sd pTkfbg x'g] ub{5 . oxfFsf] k|d'v v]lt ds} b]lvG5 . jif{ofd /
lxpFbsf] s]lx ;dodf cf–cfˆgf] v]ltkflt nfufpg] / p7fpg] sfo{df nfUb5g .
v]ltug{ l;rfOsf] cefjdf dg;'lg jif{f kv{g' k5{ . o; If]qdf ld>Lt v]lt ul/G5 .
ds} jfnLdf l;dL, kml;{, sfFs|f], e6df;, sf]bf], cfbL nufpg] ul/G5 . s]lx kl/jf/sf]
d'Vo v]lt wfg jtfP klg cWoog If]qdf pTkfbg geO 3/b]lv 6f9f j]l;df lsg]sf]
hUufdf pTkfbg x'g] u/]sf] x'G5 . gub]jfnLsf ¿kdf pTkfbg x'g] l6d'/, e6df;nfO
dxÎj gj'emL jhf/sf] sd;n rfdn ;+u ;/Ldf ;f6g] ub{5g . wfg pTkfbg s]xL
3/df x'g] ePsfn] eftnfO jl9 dxÎj lbOG5 . cWoog If]qsf kl/jf/x¿n] nufpg]
k|d'vjfnLx¿ lgDg tflnsfdf b]vfO{Psf] 5 .

56
 tflnsf g++= !*
qm=;+= k|d'v jfln 3/w'/L ;+Vof k|ltzt
! wfg !) !^
@ ds} %# *$
>f]tM :ynut cWoog @)&@
dflYf pNn]lvt tflnsf cg';f/ gd'gf 5gf}6sf ¿kdf /x]sf ^# 3/kl/jf/n] nufpg]
k|d'v jfnLx¿df ;j} eGbf jl9 ds} jfnL *$Ü n] / wfg !^Ü n] nfupg] u/]sf
5g\ . eL/fnf] hldg dfg; cfkm} sf]bfnf]n] vGg] ub+{5g -uf]¿ gnfUg] sf/0f_
o; If]qdf v]ltug{] tl/sf cfˆg} lsl;dsf] 5 . k/Dk/fut v]lt jfnL /
k|ljlwdf sg} km/s cfPsf] 5}g . hf]Tg nflu xnf]sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . kmfnf], gf/f, h'jf,
uf]¿, hf]tf/f / xnL . o:tf] k|ljlwjf6 v]lt ubf{ pTkfbgdf x'g] kmfObf j]kmfObf jf/]df
yfxf 5}g . /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u k|fo ul/b}g . uf]j/ dn k|of]u u/]klg hldgnfO
k|ofKt k'Ub}g . cWoog If]q dfemsf]\6df l;rfOsf] ;'ljwf 5}g . oxfF v]ltkftLdf nfUg]
ls/f km6\ofªu|f dfg{ ljifflbsf] k|of]u eGbf v/fgL, ufO{sf]] lk;fj k|of]u ul/G5 . oxfF
ljpljhg k/Dk/fut /mksf] k|of]u u/]sf] kfO{G5 . ljpdf pdf/ Ifdtfsf] sld,
pTkfbg Ifdtfdf sld cflb sf/0fn] pTkfbgdf sld x'g] / /f]u nfUg] u/]sf] kfO{G5 .
gofF ljpjf6 pTkfbgdf a[l4 x'g,] /f]u sd nfUg] eGg] hfgsf/L ePtf klg pgLx¿
k'/fg} ljp k|of]u u/]sf] jtfp5g .
o; cWoog If]qdf ;/sf/L If]qjf6 klg vf;} Wofg lbPsf] kfOGg . s[lif
k|fljlwssf] ;xof]u, cfw'lgs v]lt k|0ffnLjf/] k'0f{¿kdf 1fg, l;k pgLx¿df g/x]sf]n]
s[lif{sf] jf/]df k'/fg} tl/sf k|of]u ul//x]sf] :yfgLo s[ifsx¿ jtfp5g . cWoog
If]qdf j;f]jf; ug]{ kl/jf/sf] vfBfGgsf] kx'FrnfO{ tflnsfdf lgDg jdf]lhd b]vfO{Psf]
5.

57
 tflnsf g+= !(
qm=;+= vfg k'Ug] cjlw 3/ ;+Vof k|ltzt
! # dlxgf ;Dd % *
@ #–^ dlxgf ;Dd @* $$
# ^–( dlxgf @! ##
$ (–!@ dlxgf !) !^
>f]tM :ynut cWoog @)&@
dflysf] tfnLsfnfO x]bf{ cfˆg} hUufdf pTkfbg ul/Psf] cGgn] jif{ e/L vfgk'Ug] !)
3/kl/jf/nfO{ b]lvG5 eg] jfFsL %# 3/nfO{ jif{ el/ vfg gk'Ug] b]lvG5 . h:sf] sf/0f
pgLx¿ jhf/df lge{/ /xg' kg]{ cj:yf 5 . o;If]qdf j;f]jf; ug]{ clwsf+;
3/kl/jf/sf] ljlEfGg >f]tjf6 ;+slnt /sdsf] w]/} dfqf cGg vl/bsf nflu vr{ x'g]
ub{5 . h:n] ubf{ b}lgshLjg ofkgsf nflu jl9 >f]t vr{g' kg]{ ePsf]n] cGo
cjz/x¿df pgLx¿ k5f8L k/]sf] b]lvG5 .
&=# k]zf
cWoog If]qsf du/x¿sf] ljleGg k]zfx¿ ckgfPsf] kfOG5 . o; If]qdf
j;f]jf; ug{] du/x¿sf] d'Vo k]zf s[ifL g} /x]sf] 5 ;fy;fy} hflu/, Hofnf, dh'b'/L
;d]t ckgfPsf 5g . jx';+Vos du/x¿sf] cy{ Joj:yf s[ifLdf lge{/ 5 . lzIff tyf
;Lkk'ns tfnLdsf] cefjn] ubf{ o; If]qsf du/x¿ k/Dk/fut v]lt k|0ffnL
ckgfpg jfWo 5g . cWoog If]qdf gd'gfsf] ¿kdf 5gf}6 ul/Psf ^# 3/kl/jf/sf
pTkfbglzn pd]/ ;d'xdf kg]{ JolQmx¿ lgDg k]zfdf lge{/ /x]sf]5g . h;nfO lgDg
tfnLsfn] ;d]t k'i6L ub{5 .

58
 tflnsf g++= @)
qm=;+= k]zf ;+Vof k|ltzt
! s[lif !@% &)
@ Jofkf/ ^ #
# ;/sf/L hfuL/ @# !#
$ j}b]lzs /f]huf/L ^ #
% Hofnf÷dhb'/L !( !!
hDdf !&( !))Ü
>f]tM :ynut cWoog @)&@
&,$ kz'kfng
dfgj ;Eotfsf] Oltxf;n] b]vfP cg';f/ dfgj ;Eotfsf] z'¿jft ;u}+ kz'kfng
sfo{ z'¿ ePsf] lyof] . kz'kfng g} dfgjx¿sf] w]/} cfjZostf k'/f ul/ cfyL{s
;'wf/sf] Pp6f c+u jg]sf] lyof] . lzsf/L o'udf klg dflg;n] kz'jf6 cfˆgf] vfgf
k'/f u/]sf lyP . s[ifL If]qdf x]bf{ kz'kfng ljgfsf] s[ifL If]q cw'/f] dflgG5 .
kz'kfngjf6 g} dn, b'w, l3p, df;' cfbL k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . s[ifL / kz'kfng Ps
csf{sf] k'/s dflgG5g\ . kz'kfng ljgf s[ifL / s[ifL ljgf kz'kfng c;+ej 5 .
k|fs[lts rqmdf ;d]t kz' ljgf lj¿jf, dfgj cflbsf] jf:tljs cl:tTjnfO{ ;d]t
c;/ ug{ ;Sb5 . o; cWoog If]q lnjfª\df klg kz'kfng cfkm\gf] Ifdtf cg';f/
/x]sf] 5 . oxfFsf du/x¿n] kfNg] u/]sf kzkfngsf] ljj/0f tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf]
5.
tflnsf g+=@!
qm=;+= kz'kfng ;+Vof k|ltzt
! e};L+÷/fuf !$* !@
@ ufO, uf]¿ !^$ !^
# vl;,jfv|f, e]8f @(@ @*
$ s'v'/f $$! $@
hDdf !)$% !))Ü
>f]tM :ynut cWoog @)&@
59
dfyLsf] tfnLsf cg';f/ o; If]qdf j;f]jf; ug]{ kl/jf/x¿n] ;j} eGbf jl9 s'v'/f
$@ k|ltzt / ;j} eGbf sd e};L !$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . o; If]qdf du/x¿n]
kz'kfng lgodj4 ¿kdf rnfPsf] kfOG5 . k|To]s 3/ 3/df ufO, e};L+, jfv|f, s'v'/f
kflnG5 . o;/L kflnPsf rf}kfofx¿ cfˆg} :jfldTjdf /x]sf] jf/L kfvf]df uf]7 agfO
kflnG5 . df}ifd cg';f/ uf]7 jblng] ul/G5 . ;fd'lxs jg h+unjf6 NofPsf] 3f; /
jf/Ldf ePsf] 3f;jf6 kz' kflnG5 . w]/} ;+Vofdf ufO, e}l; jfv|f s'v'/f kfn] klg
Joj;flostf b]lvb}g . jhf/sf] cefj / Joj;foLs dfgl;stf gePsf sf/0f
kz'kfngjf6 pTkfbg sd 5 . s'v'/f ljleGg d]nf kj{df k'hf ug"{ kg{] / kfpgf
cfpbf v'jfpg' kg{] xbf ljqmL gug{] :yflgojf;Lx¿n] jfpb5g\ .
otL w]/} e}+;Ljf6 b'w t w]/} cfp5 xf]nf < eGbf s] cfpg' æagjf6 cfP jfWg],
y'gjf6 cfP tfGg] eGg]Æ ul/G5 . e};+Ljf6 s]lx l3p pTkfbg eP klg t/sf/L ksfpg
ul/G5 . ljqmL ul/b}g eg] uf]¿ hf]Tgsf nflu k|of]u ul/G5 . ufO k|foM b'w b'lxg]
ul/b}g jfR5fnfO v'jfOG5 . kz'kfng / To;jf6 pTkfbg x'g] j:t'sf] ljqmL ljt/0f
sd u/]klg s]lx kl/jf/n] ljqmL ug{] u/]sf] ;fdfGo 3/vr{ cfpg] jtfP . o;/L xbf{
k|ToIf gub sf/f]jf/ sd ePklg ck|TIf¿kdf 3/ vr{ kz'kfng Joj;fojf6 w]/}
;dfwfg u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; cWoog If]qdf j;f]jf; ug]{ du/ ;d'bfodf kz'kfng
Joj;foaf6 jflif{s cfDbfgL] lgDg /x]sf] tflnsfdf b]vfO{Psf] 5 .
tflnsf g+ @@
qm=;+= cfDbfgL 3/ ;+Vof k|ltzt
! !%))–%))) !& @&
@ %)))–!%))) $! ^%
# !%)))–#)))) % *
$ #)))) xhf/ eGbf dfly ) )
hDdf ^# !))Ü
>f]tM :ynut cWoog @)&@

60
dfyLs]f tfnLsfn] s] b]vfpb5 eg] kz'kfng Joj;fojf6 jfifL{s %)))–!%))).–
;Dd cfDbfgL ug{] ^% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . ;xfos k]zfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf]] kz'kfng
Joj;fojf6 plgx¿sf] 3/ leq x'g] vr{nfO s]lxxb ;Dd 6fg{] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
&=% jflif{s cfo Joo
cWoog If]qsf du/x¿sf] cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ /x]sf] kfO{G5 . oxfFsf
du/x¿sf] d'Vo k]zf s[ifL eP klg w]/}nfO jif{ el/ vfg k'Ub}g . t;y{ cGg ljlqm
u/]/ cfly{s cfh{g ug{] cj:yf 5}g . /f]huf/ / Joj;fodf oxfFsf du/x¿ k5fl8
k/]sf 5g\ . oxfFsf clwsf+z du/x¿ b}lgs Hofnfbf/Lsf ;fy} glhssf Aofkf/Ls
s]Gb| / ef/tdf uP/ ;:tf] d"Nodf cfkm\gf] >d a]lr u/]/ vr{ h'6fpg' kg{] jfWotf 5
. ;fdfGo¿kdf x'g] cfDbfgL klg vfg / 3/ ;+rfngdf vr{ x'g] ub{5 .
s_ jfifL{s cfo
cWoog If]qsf pQ/bftf du/ kl/jf/n] s[ifL, Jofkf/, gf]s/L, Hofnfdhb'/L,
kz'kfng cflbjf6 cfDbflg ub{5g . h;nfO{ tnsf] tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf] 5 .

tflnsf g+ @#
kl/jf/sf] jflif{s cg'dflgt cfo
qm=;+= cfDbflg -xhf/df_ kl/jf/ ;+Vof k|ltzt
! !@ xhf/ eGbf sd ! @
@ !@–#) xhf/ $! ^%
# #)–%) xhf/ & !!
$ %) xhf/ eGbf dfly !$ @@
^# !))Ü
>f]tM :ynut cWoog @)&@
dfyLsf] tflnsf cg'[;f/ aflif{s ¿kdf ¿ %–!@ xhf/ ;Dd cfDbfgL ug{] kl/jf/sf]
;+Vof @Ü, !@–#) xhf/ ;Dd cfDbfgL ug{] kl/jf/ ;+Vof ^%Ü, ¿= #)–%) xhf/ ;Dd
cfDbfgL ug{] kl/jf/sf] ;+Vof !!Ü / %) xhf/ eGbf jl9 cfDbfgL ug{] kl/jf/sf]

61
;+Vof @@Ü /x]sf] ePsf] kfOof] . %) xhf/ eGbf jl9 cfDbflg ug{] kl/jf/x¿ gf]s/L,
k]G;g / Aofkf/ ug{] /x]sf 5g\ .
v_ cg'dflgt jfliL{s Joosf] ljj/0f
oxfsf du/ kl/jf/n] jif{el/df ug{] vr{ d'Votof vfBfGg vl/b ug{, lzIff,
:jf:Yo, sk8f, w'd|kfg, dWokfg / rf8kj{df vr{ ug{] u/]sf] kfOG5 . k|fo du/x¿
rf8kj{ dgfpbf cToflws vr{ ub{5g . vr{ ubf{ cfˆgf] cfDbflg x]Gf{] rng du/
hfltdf sd kfOG5 . ljjfx rf8kj{ cflbdf ;fx' ;Fu C0f lnP/ eP klg cfˆgf]
Ifdtf eGbf jl9 vr{ u/L Jofh ltg{] ub{5g . d]nfkj{df ;d]t o; hfltdf w]/} vr{
ug{] rng kfOG5 . o; hfltdf cfDbflg eGbf vr{ cln jl9 ug{] rng /x]sf]n] ;fx'sf]
C0f ltg{sf] nflu Cl0fn] s8f kl/>d ug{] u/]sf] kfOG5 .

tflnsf g+= @$
kl/jf/sf] jflif{s cg'dflgt Aoo
qm=;+= vr{ ;+Vof kl/jf/ ;+Vof k|ltzt
! !@ xhf/ eGbf sd # %
@ !@–#) xhf/ #& %(
# #)–%) xhf/ % *
$ %) xhf/ eGbf jl9 !* @*
hDdf ^# !))Ü
>f]tM :ynut cWoog @)&@
dflysf] tflnsf cg'';f/ jif{df ;j} eGbf sd !@ xhf/ eGbf sd vr{ ug{] kljf/
;+Vof %Ü /x]sf] 5 eg] ;j} eGbf al9 %) xhf/ eGbf jl9 vr{ ug{] kl/jf/ ;+Vof
@*Ü /x]sf] 5 eg] cfDbfgL tkm{ x]bf{ ¿= %) xhf/ eGbf jl9 cfDbfgL ug{] kl/jf/sf]
;+Vof @@ Ü dfq b]lvG5 .
To:t} u/L oxfsf du/x¿sf] lzif{sutv vr{ ljj/0f lgDg tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf]
5 . ljleGg lzif{sdf x'g] vr{sf] ljj/0f o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 .

62
 tflnsf g+= @%
qm=;+= vr{ lzif{s k|ltzt
! lzIff !@
@ :jf:Yo ^
# 3/ Aojxf/ ^%
$ rf8 kj{ ^
% wfld{s÷;fdflhs sfo{ @
^ cGo (
hDdf !))Ü
>f]tM :ynut cWoog @)&@
dflysf] tflnsf cg'';f/ jif{df ;j} eGbf sd vr{ wfld{s÷;fdflhs sfo{df @
k|ltzt x'g] b]lvG5 eg] ;j} eGbf jl9 vr{ 3/ Aojxf/df ^% k|ltzt x'g] b]lvG5 .

63
 kl/R5]b–*
;f/f+z, lgisif{ / ;'emfj
*=! ;f/fz+
g]kfnsf ljleGg hftL hghfltx¿ dWo] d'Vo tof kxfl8 If]qdf k/fk'j{sfn b]lv
j;f]jf; ub{] cfPsf du/x¿ d+uf]nLog d'nsf hghftL x'g . clwsf+z du/x¿sf]
a;f]af; n'DjLlg, /fKtL, wf}nflu/L, u08sL nufotsf c~rnsf ljleGg lhNnfx¿df
/x]sf] kfOG5 . ef]6, jd]{nL kl/jf/ cGt/utsf] efiff jf]Ng] du/, c7f/ du/ftL efiff
/ afx| du/ftL efiffdf ljefhg ul/Psf 5g\ .
s'n hg;+Vofsf] s/La #! k|ltzt du/x¿ j;f]jf; ug{] /f]Nkf lhNnf cGt{ut kg{]
lnjfª\ uf=lj=;= sf] j8f g+= ! b]lv ( ;DDf j;f]jf; ug{] ^# 3/ kl/jf/df du/x¿sf]
;fdflhs ;f:+s[lts / cfly{s cj:yfsf] jf/]df cWoog ul/Psf] 5 . o; cWoogdf
du/x¿sf] jf/]df cWoog / cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt ljifo j:t'nfO ;d]l6Psf] 5 .
o; cWoog If]qsf] d'Vo p2]Zosf ¿kdf du/x¿sf] jt{dfg ;fdflhs
;f:s[lts tyf cfly{s cj:yfnfO k|sfz kfg{' /x]sf] 5 . cWoogsf] p2]Zon] x]bf{
du/x¿sf] ;fdflhs ;+f:s[lts tyf cfly{s cj:yf cGt{ut du/x¿sf] kf/Ljf/Ls
;+/rgf, :jf:Yo tyf z}lIfs cj:yfjf/] j0f{g ug'{, du/x¿sf /xg;xg e]ife'iff /
rf8kj{sf ;DjGwdf k|sfz kfg'{ tyf logLx¿sf] cfly{s cj:yfsf] jf/]df k|sfz kfg'{
/x]sf] 5 . cWoogsf] dxÎjsf] ;DjGwdf o; cWoog If]qsf du/x¿sf jf/]df slx
st}jf6 cWoog gul/Psf] n] o; cWoog If]q 5gf}6 ul/Psf] xf] . g]kfnsf] ef}uf]nLs
jgfj6 cg';f/ ljleGGg hfltx¿sf] cf–cfˆg} efiff, ;+:s[lt / wd{ /x]sf 5g\ . oL
ljljwtf o"Qm hflt ;d'bfox¿sf] Pstf g} g]kfnsf] /fli6«o Pstf sfod ePsf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df cfˆgf] 5'§} klxrfg /fVg ;kmn du/x¿sf] Jofjfxf/Ls ;}bflGts
dxÎj 5 . cem}klg du/x¿ n] cfˆgf] ;:+s[ltnfO lg/Gt/tf lbO cfPsf 5g . h'g
/fi6«s} Pp6f uxgf xf] .

64
zGbe{ ;flxTosf] ;ldIff ug{] qmddf Oltxf;sf/ lj4fg ju{ ;dfh
zf:qL÷dfgjzf:qLx¿n] xfn ;Dd du/ hfltsf] ;DjGwdf ul/Psf] cg';Gwfg lg:sif{
/ egfOx¿ tyf du/ hfltsf] ;DjGwdf k|sflztljleGg n]v /rgfx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] 5 . o; cWoogdf /f]Nkf lhNnfsf] lnjfª\ uf=lj=;= sf ;j} j8f x¿nfO
cWoog If]qsf] ¿kdf 5gf}6 ul/Psf] 5 . cWoognfO k'0f{ ¿k lbgsf nfuL ljleGg
tl/sfjf6 tYofÍ ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 . cWoog If]qdf j0f{{gfTds cg';Gwfg ljlw
k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . eg] k|yflds tyf l4lto >f]tjf6 tYofÍ ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 .
gd'gf 5gf}6sf cwf/df s'n 3/ ;+Vof #!( jf6 ^# 3/nfO cWoogsf]] ¿kdf lnOPsf]
5 . ^# 3/sf 3/d'lnx¿nfO 3/ ulGt ;j{]If]0fsf cfwf/df tof/ kfl/Psf] lgld{t
k|Zgfjln ;'lr k|of]u ul/ tYofÍ ;s+ng ul/Psf] 5 . ;+slnt tYofÍnfO{
tflnlss/0f ul/ k|:t'lts/0f / ljZn]if0f ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . o; cWoog If]q Ko'7fg
lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd b]lv % sf]if pQ/ tkm{ /x] klg of] If]q ljs6 / b'u{d 5 . lZfIff,
:jf:Yo, ljB't oftfoft h:tf ;]jfx¿ k|ofKt x'g ;s]sf 5}gg .
du/x¿sf] kl/jf/sf] ls;LdnfO{ x]bf{ PsfTds kl/jf/ &%Ü /x]sf] kfOof] .
du/ kl/jf/df 3/d'lnsf] e'ldsf lg0ff{os x'g] ub{5 . logLx¿ lxGb', jf}4 wd{nfO
cufn]sf] kfOG5 . k'¿ifx¿ eGbf dlxnfx¿n] jl9 sfd u/]tf klg ;fdflhs ¿kdf
cfˆgf] OHht / xs ;'/IfLt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . t/ cGo hfltsf] t'ngfdf du/
dlxnfx¿nfO eg] al9 :jtGqtf 5 . j9\bf] cfw'lgsLs/0f sf] k|efj k/]klg oxfsf
du/x¿sf] cfˆgf] df}lns e]if e'iff snf ;+:s[ltnfO hf]ufO/fVg' k5{ eGg] dfGotf
/fVb5g\ . z}lIfs :yLtLnfO x]bf{ o; ;d'bfodf Tolt pNn]vgLo k|ult ePsf] b]lvb}g
. tNnf] sIffdf :s'n hfg]sf] ;+Vof w]/} eP klg dfyLNnf] tx ;Dd gk'Ub} k9fO 5f]8\g]
k|j[lt /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] sf/0f ;fg} pd]/df ljjfx ug{], u/LjL, j]/f]huf/ d'Vo
sf/0fx¿ /x]sf 5g . oxfsf du/x¿ :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿df eGbf wfld emflqm /
emf/km'sdf jl9 ljZjf; ub{5g .
cWoog If]qdf du/x¿sf] ;+f:s[lts cj:yfsf] cWoog ug{] qmddf du/x¿sf]
e]if e'iff / vfgkfg, 3/sf] jgfj6, rf8kj{ / ;+:sf/x¿sf] jf/]df¿kdf j0f{g ul/Psf]
5 . hflto b[li6sf]0fn]] du/ hfltnfO ljleGg y/df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . du/x¿
lxGb' wd{sf rf8kj{ dgfp5g eg] cfˆgf df}lns rf8kj{x¿nfO klg jl9 dxÎj
65
lbG5g . loltx¿sf] 3/sf] jgfj6 cfˆg} df}lns k/Dk/fdf cfwf/Lt 5g . e]ife'iffdf
s]lx df}nLstf 5 eg] gof lkl9df kfZrfTo ;+:s[ltsf] k|efj k/]sf] 5 . vfgkfgdf
df/]sf] ;fu cf6f] vfg] ub{5g . du/x¿sf cfˆgf df}lns lhjg k|s[of /x]sf 5g .
hGd ;+:sf/df cfdf ue{jtL ePkl5 jRrfsf] gfdfs/0f ;Dd ljZn]if0ffTds 9Ën]
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . sd{ ;+:sf/ cGt/u{t ljjfx / d[To" h:tf ;+:sf/x¿sf] pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . du/x¿sf] cfly{s :yLltnfO x]bf{ s[ifL Jofkf/ Joj;fo Honf dhb'/L
kz'kfng h:tf cfo>f]tsf] ;ld>0f ¿kdf lge{/ /x]sf] 5 . v]ltklgjf6 k|fonfO !@
dlxgf vfg gk'Ug] ePsfn] Hofnfdhb'/L ug{ jfWo 5g\ . b}lgs 3/fo;L cfjZostf
sf kl/k'lt{ ug{ ef/tdf hfg] k|rng 5 . aflif{s cfo / Joosf] ljj/0fnfO x]bf{
vfBfGg nufot cGo a:t' lsGg' kg{] ePsfn] jf:tljs jrt x'g] cj:yf b]lvGg .
*=@ lgisif{
o; cWoogdf ^# 3/sf 3/d'nLnfO{ pQ/bftfsf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . o;
If]qdf du/x¿sf] PsfTds kl/jf/ jl9 /x]sf 5g . dlxnfx¿ PsfTds kl/jf/sf]
>[hgf ug{ dgk/fp5g . o; cWoog If]qsf du/x¿df ;fIf/tf b/ sd /x]sf] 5 .
h;sf] sf/0f plgx¿sf] r]tgfsf] :t/ lgDg /x]sf] 5 . oxfsf du/x¿df ;fwf/0f
lzIff dfq k|fKt u/]sf] 5g . pgLx¿df s'g} k|fljlws lzIff / ;Lk 5}g . kl/jf/
lgof]hgsf] ;fwgsf] k|of]u k'¿ifn] eGbf dlxnfn] al9 u/] klg lg/Gt/¿kdf k|of]u
ug{s
] f] ;+Vof sd 5 . logLx¿sf] 3/ jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f, k|of]u ug{] sk8f / 3/sf]
;/;kmfOdf k|ofKt dfqfdf u/]sf] kfO{b}g eg] zf}rfnosf] k|of]u ug{] kl/jf/ ;+Vof
Go"g 5 .
oxfFsf du/x¿n] dvdnsf] sk8fjf6 jg]sf] 3Nofs nufpg] ub{5g . o'jf
k':tfsf dflg;x¿n] cfw'lgstf ;+u ;dfof]hg x'b} uPsf 5g . kl/jf/ lkt[;QfTds
/x]sf] o; hftLdf c¿ hfltsf] t'ngfdf dlxnfx¿nfO{ jl9 :jtGqtf lbOPsf] 5 .
;d'bfodf x'g] ljleGg lsl;dsf ;xeflutfdf dlxnf, k'¿if b'j}sf] ;xefuLtf /x]sf]
kfOG5 . cfˆgf] df}lns rf8kj{ jfx]s g]kfn clw/fHoe/ c¿ hfltx¿n] dfGg] rf8kj{
klg Tolt g} >4fsf ;fy dgfpg] ub{5g . du/x¿sf] hg;+Vof j/fj/ cGo hfltsf
hg;+Vof eP klg Ps cfk;df efOrf/fsf ;fy ;d'bfodf ldn]/ j;]sf 5g .

66
 oxfFsf du/x¿sf] d'Vo k]zf s[ifL xf] . o;sf ;fy} kz'kfng gf]sf/L Hofnf
dhb'/L ;d]t ub{5g . s[li{f k/Dk/fut ¿kd} ;+rflnt 5 . h;jf6 hUuf cg';f/
pTkfbg ePsf] 5}g . oxfFsf du/x/¿sf] hldg ljt/0f cj:yf /fd|f] 5}g . v]lt of]Uo
hldg ;j} kl/jf/df ;dfg lsl;dsf] 5}g . l;+rfO, dn, ljpsf] ;d]t cefj ePsfn]
pgLx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] k|d'v ;|f]t s[li{fsf]] ;d]t cj:yf /fd|f] 5}g .
cfo / Joosf] l:yltnfO x]bf{ oxfFsf du/x¿sf] jrtsf] l:ylt /fd|f] 5}g .
du/x¿ cfw'lgsLs/0f tkm{ lx8g] k|of; u/] klg cfˆgf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ eg] jrfO /fVg
Jojxf/Ls ¿kdf b[9 b]lvG5g .
;du|df eGg' kbf{ oxfFsf du/x¿ k/Dk/fut hLjgz}nLdf jfr]sf 5g . s[lif{
k]zf tyf kz'kfngsf] l:ytL /fd|f] 5}g . of] hftL ;fdflhs, ;f:s[lts, cfly{s
cj:yfsf ljleGg kIfdf k5f8L k/]sf 5g .
*=# ;'emfjx¿
g]kfn Pp6f ljlEfGg hftL, ;d'bfosf] ;femf km'njf/L xf] . oxfF ljleGg hftL
;d'bfox¿sf] ;:s[ltn] ubf{ g} g]kfnL ;:s[lt wgL ePsf] 5 . g]kfnL ;+:s[ltsf]
;+/If0f / ;+j4{gsf] nflu du/ hftLsf] ;+:s[ltn] 7'nf] e'ldsf v]n]sf] x'gfn] ljleGg
hftL hghftLx¿sf] df}lns ;:s[ltnfO{ ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug{ cfjZos 5 . du/
hftLsf] ;fdflhs cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ pgLx¿sf] k/Dk/fut d'No / dfGotfx¿ h:n]
pgLx¿sf] ;fdflhs ljsf;sf ljleGg kIfdf gsf/fTds kIfdf k|efj kf/]sf] 5
h:nfO{ Go'lgs/0f ub}{ hfg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . To;} ul/ cfly{s cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ cfDbfgLsf]
t'ngfdf vr{ jl9 x'g] / jrt ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] Joj:yf gePsf] h:n] ubf{ ljleGg
;dodf pgLx¿df cfly{s ;d:of em]Ng' k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . oL ;d:ofjf6 5'6\sf/f
kfpgsf nflu pgLx¿n] jrt ug]{ jfgLsf] ljsf; ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . t;y{ dfly
pNn]lvt kIfnfO{ ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug{sf nflu s]lx ;'emfjx¿ k]z ul/Psf] 5 .

 g]kfn ;/sf/n] o; hftLsf] ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{gsf nflu ;DjGwLt

ljifosf lj1, lj4fgx¿nfO{ cWoog, cg';Gwfg ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{ kb{5 .

67
 du/ hftLx¿df dgfO{g] w]/} rf8kj{x¿df jl9 vr{ ug]{, cgfjZos dfqfdf
hfF8, /S;L / df5fdf;'sf] k|of]u :jo+ du/x¿n] s6f}tL ub}{ n}hfg'kb{5 h:n]
pgLx¿sf] cfly{s kIfdf ;xof]u k'Ug]5 .

 hftLo ;fdflhs r]tgf ljgf /fd|f] ;fdflhs ;+/rgf lgdf{0f gx'g] x'Fbf cfkm\g}
;fdflhs ;+/rgf leq ljBdfg /x]sf] ;fdflhs s'–;+:sf/x¿ lj¿4 du/x¿
:jo+ ;+ul7t eO{ r]tglzn sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug'{ kb{5 .

 ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu lzIffn] k|d'v e'ldsf v]Ng] x'Fbf jl9 eGbf jl9
lzIff cfh{g ug]{ tkm{ pGd'v x'g' kb{5 h:sf nflu ;dfh :jo+ ;r]t /
;/sf/n] klg ljz]if Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 .

 k/Dk/fut v]tL k|0ffnLdf ¿kfGt/0f ul/ gfkmfhGo pTkfbgsf nflu ljleGg

cg'ejjf6 1fg ;+sng ub}{ cfw'lgs s[lif k|0ffnLsf] tkm{ pGd'v x'g' kg]{
cj:yf 5 . :yfgLo :t/df k|fKt hl8j'6L k|zf]wg, kz'kfng Joj:ffodf
kl/jt{g Nofpg ;s] o; If]qsf du/x¿sf] cfly{s cj:yf ;'wf/ x'g ;Sg]5

 dlxnfx¿nfO{ sfdsf] ;fy;fy} ;fdflhs O{Hht / xssf] klg ;+/If0f x'g]

l:ylt ;[hgf x'g] ug'{ kb{5 ;fy} kl/jf/ leqsf] :jtGqtfdf dfq pgLx¿nfO{
u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf dfWodjf6 cfTdlge{/ jgfpg' kb{5 .

 o; If]qdf j;f]jf; ug]{ du/x¿ wfdL, emfqmLdf jl9 ljZjf; /fVg] cj:yf
/x]sf] 5 . h:n] pgLx¿sf] :jf:Yodf k|ToIf k|efj kf/]sf] 5 h:sf nflu g]kfn
;/sf/sf ljleGg ;+/rgfsf dfWodjf6 :jf:Yo ;]jf lngsf nflu ljleGg
hgr]tgfd'ns sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug'{ kb{5 .

 jt{dfg ;dodf cfˆgf] efiff, ;:s[lt lj;{g] k|j[lt jl9/x]sf] cj:yfdf

du/x¿sf] efiff ;:s[lt ;+/If0fsf nflu :jo+ du/x¿ ;+ul7t / r]tglzn
jGg' kb{5 .

 ;d'bfodf ;+rfng x'g] ljleGg sfo{qmddf ljleGg hftL hghftLx¿sf k|ToIf

;xeflutf u/fpg], gLltut lg0f{o Jojxfl/s ¿kdf k|of]u x'g' kb{5 .

68
 lqe'jg ljZjljBfnon] ljleGg hftL hghftLx¿, lk5l8Psf] ljleGg
;d'bfosf jf/]df cWoog, cg';Gwfg ug{ k|f]T;fxg lbg' kb{5 .

69
 ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
lh=Pd=, b]ljsf -@)!)_ M cgnfOg g]kfnL ;flxTo d+r, g]kfnsf du/ .
em]l8 du/, b]jl;+x -@))(_ M nfª3fln hd36, du/ hfltsf] k|d'v gfr sf}/f .
ltldN;Lgf, kz'klt -@))^_ M The Hayu Verbs : A thesis submited by Center
Department of Linguistics T.U. , Kritipur Kathmandu.

gfd du/, leIf' -@)!)_M nfª3fln hd36, sf] x'g du/ hflt / lsg du/x¿
af}l4i6 x'g .
k'gdu/, qmflGt -@))*_ M xªsª g]kfnL 86 sd, du/sf] cl:yTj w/fkdf .
j/fn du/, s]z/h+u -@)%)_M kfNkf, tgx'F / :ofªhfsf du/x¿sf] ;:s[lt
sf7df08f} g]kfn /fhlso k|1fk|lti7fg .
lji6, 8f]/ jxfb'/ -!(&^_M lkkn ckm g]kfn sf7df08f} /Tgk":ts e08f/ .
j'9fdu/, xif{jxfb'/ -@)%#_M xfd|f] ;dfh Ps cWoog sf7df08f} xfd|f] ;femf
k|sfzg .
df]nf/, cui6f -!(*!_ M Pl;og xfO{NofG8 ;f];fO{l6, dfgj zfl:qo b[li6«sf]0f .
of]uL, g/xl/gfy / u'¿Ë j+zfjnL M du/ u"¿ª j+zfjnL .
zdf{, hgsnfn -@)%)_M g]kfnsf] wfld{s dt / ;fdflhs ;+/rg xfd|f] ;dfh Ps
cWoog, ;femf k|sfzg, sf7df08f} .
zdf{, gu]Gb| -@)%@_ M g]kfnL hghLjg sf7df08f} ;femf k|sfzg .
zfSo, 8f= s]z/dfg -@)!!_ M /fHo;Qf, o:tf] lyof] du/sf] :jl0f{d O{ltxf; .
>Lif du/, ¿b|jxfb'/ -@)!)_M g]kfn du/ k|jf;L ;+3, du/ hfltdf ljBdfg y/ /
k|rng .
lx6ss÷hf]xg6L !((% Mlb du;{ ckm jlgofg lxn o"=P;=P=;g=.

70
 cg';"lr ! k|ZgfjnL
tYofÍ ;+sngsf] qmddf 3/w'/L ;j{]If0fsf] qmddf k|of]u ul/Psf] cGt{jftf{ ;"lr
3/;+Vof M
!_ AolQmut ljj/0f
s_ gfd M v_ pd]/ M u_ k]zf M
3_ lzIff M ª_ efiff M r_ wd{ M
5_ lnË M
@_ kfl/jf/Ls ljj/0f
qm=; ljj/0f hg;+Vof k|ltzt
s_ )–%
v_ ^–!$
u_ !%–%(
3_ ^) eGbf dfly
#_ tkfFO{n] slt jif{sf] pd]/df ljjfx ug'{ ePsf] xf] <

$_ s'g pd]/df ljjfx ug{ pko"Qm dfGg' x'G5 <

s_ !% jif{ d'lg v_ !%–@) jif{ ljrdf u_ @) jif{ eGbf dfly
%_ tkfFO{n] s:tf] ls;Ldsf] ljjfx ug'{ ePsf] lyof] <
s_ k|]d ljjfx v_ dflu ljjfx u_ cGo
^_ tkfO{sf] ljjfx k|yfdf s:tf kl/jt{g cfPsf 5g <
&_ tkfFO{sf] kl/jf/ s:tf] kl/jf/ xf] <
s_ PsfTds v_ ;o"Qm u_ j[xt
*_ ;d'bfodf x'g] ;ef tyf a}7sdf tkfFO{sf] 3/ jf6 s;n] ;xeflutf hgfpb5 <
s_ dlxnf v_ k'¿if

71
(_ tkfFO{sf] ljrf/df dlxnfnfO{ ljjfxdf bfO{hf] lbg' kb{5 ls kb{}g <
s_ kb{5 v_ kb{}g u_ cGo
!)_ :jf:Yo pkrf/ sxfFjf6 lng] ug'{x'G5 <
s_ :jf:Yo ;+:yf v_ wfdL emfls{ u_ cGo
!!_ tkfFO{n] k|of]u ug{] kfgLsf] >f]t s] xf] <
s_ d'nsf] v_ O{gf/÷s'jf u_ wf/f 3_ cGo
!@_ tkfFO{nfO{ vf]ksf] jf/]df yfxf 5 < s_ 5 v_ 5}g
!#_ k|;'lt ;]jf, ue{jlt hfFrsf] nflu :jf:Yo ;+:yf hfg] ug'{ ePsf] 5 <
s_ 5 v_ 5}g
!$_ k|;'lt u/fpbf sxfF u/fpg' x'G5 <
s_ kb{5 v_ kb{}g u_ cGo
!%_ ;'Ts]/L kl5sf] klxnf] b'w jRrfnfO{ v'jfpg' x'G5 ls kmfNg'x'G5 <
s_ v'jfpg' x'G5 v_ kmfNg'x'G5
!^_ ;'Ts]/L x'bf / dlxgfjf/L x'bf sxfF j:g' x'G5 <
s_ 3/df v_ uf]7df
!&_ ue{jlt cj:yfdf slDtdf slt k6s :jf:Yo kl/If0f u/fpg' kb{5 <
s_ @ v_ $ u_ cfZostf cg';f/ 3_ yfxf5}g
!*_ kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwg jf/] tkfFO{nfO{ hfgsf/L 5 <
s_ 5 v_ 5}g
!(_ kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf s'g s'g ;fwg k|of]u ug'{x'G5 <
s_ c:yfoL v_ :yfoL u_ k|of]u gu/]sf]
@)_ tkfFO{ cfkm\gf] jRrfnfO{ sxfF k9g k7fpg' x'G5 <
s_ ;/sf/L :s'n v_ lglh :s'n u_ k7fPsf] 5}g
72
@!_ tkfFO{sf] kl/jf/sf] ;fIf/tf :t/ s:tf] 5 <
qm=;= z]lIfs of]Uotf dlxnf k'¿if hDdf s}lkmot
s ;fwf/0f ;fIf/
v k|fylds tx ;Dd
u dfWolds tx ;Dd
3 pRRf lzIff
@@_ tkfFO{sf] ljrf/df 5f]/LnfO{ k9fpg' kb{5 <
s_ kb{5 v_ kb{}g
@#_ tkfFO{ s'g efiff jf]Ng' x'G5 <
s_ cfkm\g} efiff v_ /fli6«o efiff u_ cGo
@$_ tkfFO{sf] 3/sf] jgfj6 s:tf] 5 <
s_ km';sf] 5fgf] v_ 9'Ëfsf] 5fgf] u_ klSs

@%_ tkfFO{n] dgfpg] d'Vo rf8 s'g xf] <

s_ bz} v_ ltxf/ u_ Nxf];f/
dfly pNn]v u/LPsf jfx]s cGo s'g s'g rf8 dgfpg] ug'{x'G5 <

@^_ tkfFO{n] s'g ;+:sf/nfO{ jl9 dxÎj lbg' x'G5 <

s_ hGd ;+:sf/ v_ ljjfx ;+:sf/ u_ d[To" ;+:sf/
@&_ tkfFO{sxfF cfpg] kfx'gfnfO{ s] n] :jfut ug'{ x'G5 <
s_ lrof kfgL v_ hfF8 /lS; u_ cGo
@*_ tkfFO{ dgfpg] rf8 kj{df s'g j:t'sf] jl9 k|of]u ug'{ x'G5 <
s_ df5f df;' v_ b'w blx u_ cGo
@(_ d[To" ;+:sf/df slt lbg b'Mv /fVg] ug'{ x'G5 <
s_ % lbg eGbf sd v_ % lbg eGbf jl9 u_ !# lbg ;Dd

73
#)_ 5f]/f 5]f/Lsf] cGo k|f;g Pp6} pd]/ ug'{x'G5 <
s_ ub{5f}+ v_ ub{}gf}
#!_ tkfFO{sf] hUuf hldg s:sf] gfddf 5 <
s_ k'¿if v_ dlxnf
#@_ tkfFO{sf] 3/df zf}rfno 5 <
s_ 5 v_ 5}g
##_ tkfFO{sf] hUUff hldg slt /f]klg 5 <
s_ )–% /f]klg v_ %–!) /f]klg u_ !)–!% /f]klg
3_ !% /f]klg eGbf dfly
#$_ tkfFO{sf] hUUffsf] pTkfbgn] slt dlxgf vfg k'Ub5 <
s_ # v_ ^ u_ ( 3_ ( eGbf dfly
#%_ tkfFO{n] pTkfbg ug{] d'Vo vfB jfln s'g xf] <
s_ wfg v_ ds} u_ sf]bf] 3_ cGo
#^_ tkfFO{n] nufpg] k|d'v gub] jfln s'g xf] <

#&_ tkfFO{sf 3/sf ;b:ox¿ s'g–s'g k]zfdf ;+nUg x'g' x'G5 <
qm=;+= d'Vo k]zf ;+Vof
! s[lif{
@ Aofkf/
# hflu/
$ j}b]lzs /f]huf/
% Hofnf dhb'/L

74
#*_ tkfFO{sf] 3/df kfNg] kz' klIfx¿ s] s] x'g <
qm=;+= kz'kfng ;+Vof
! e};L
@ ufO{÷uf]¿
# afv|f÷e]8f÷vl;
$ s'v'/f÷k/]jf÷xfF;
% ;'+u'/÷j+u'/

#(_ kz'kfng Aoj;fo jf6 tkfO{n] aflif{s slt ¿k}of ;Dd cfDbfgL ug'{ x'G5 <
s_ !%))–%))) v_ %)))–!%))) u_ !%)))–#))))
3_ #)))) eGbf dfly
$)_ tkfFO{n] ljleGg k]zf÷Aoj;fo jf6 aflif{s slt cfDbfgL ug'{ x'G5 <
s_ !@))) eGbf sd v_ !@)))–#)))) u_ #))))–%))))
3_ %)))) eGbf dfly

$!_ aflif{s cfDbfgL jf6 s'g s'g lzif{sdf slt vr{ ug'{ x'G5 <

qm=;+= vr{ lzif{s k|ltzt

! lzIff
@ :jf:Yo
# 3/ Aojxf/
$ rf8 kj{
% wfld{s÷;fdflhs sfo{
^ cGo

75
 cg';"lr @ r]slni6
r]s lni6
nIfLt ;d'x 5nkmn
!_ p4]Zo M du/hftLsf] cWoogdf tof/ ul/Psf k|ZgfjnL :ki6 / cfpg g;lsPsf
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