k|fSsyg

yf]kf l;+rfO xfd|f] kl/k|]Iodf uf}x| k/Dk/fut l;+rfO k|ljlw xf] . x'gtM g]kfnd} klg
o; k|ljlwsf] k|of]usf] Oltxf; k'/fgf] 5 tfklg o; k|ljlwn] Tolt Jofkfstf kfO{;s]sf]
5}g . t;y{ k|ljlw tyf ;f] ;Fu ;DalGwt s[lif k|ljlwsf] af/]df s[ifsx?df oy]i6 hfgsf/L
5}g . s'g} klg gf}nf} k|s[ltsf] k|ljlw k|of]udf NofpFbf pQm k|ljlwsf] af/]df k|of]ustf{nfO{
oy]i6 hfgsf/L cfjZos x'G5 . s[ifsx?nfO{ yf]kf l;+rfO ;DalGw oy]i6 hfgsf/L lbg /
o; k|ljlwn] cª\uLsf/ u/]sf l;4fGtx?sf] af/]df s[ifsx?sf dfemdf ;'rgf k|jfx ug]{
p2]Zosf nflu ;f] ;DalGw Ps xft] k'l:tsf tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 .

yf]kf l;+rfOsf] k|efjsf/Ltfdf ljleGg tTjx?n] c;/ kfg]{ ePsf]n] o; ;DaGwdf xfd|f]
b]zsf] kl/k|]Iodf cWoog x'g afFsL g} 5 . sltko hfgsf/L ;do laTb} hfFbf cg'ej xfl;n
ub}{ k|fKt x'G5g\ / ;f] cg'?k o; k'l:tsfdf ;'wf/x? ub}{ hfg' kg]{ x'G5 . xfnnfO{ o;
k'l:tsfn] s[ifsx?sf tTsfnsf lh1f;fx? ;dfwfg ub}{ jf:tjd} s[ifs xft] k'l:tsfsf]
?kdf cfˆgf] pkfb]lotf k|dfl0ft ug]{ 5 eGg] cfzf lng ;lsG5 .

cGtdf o; xft] k'l:tsf tof/ kfg]{ sfo{sf] g]t[Tj ug'{ x'g] NITP sf]–cf]l8{g]6/ sfof{no tyf
O{l~hlgo/x? ;fy} o;nfO{ clGtd ?k lbg ul7t ;ldltsf ;+of]hs e'=k'= pk–dxflgb]{zs
>L cho kf]v/]n nufot pQm ;ldltsf ;Dk"{0f ;b:ox?nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .

=============================
-lzj s'df/ zdf{_
dxflgb]{zs
l;+rfO ljefu
kl/roM
– yf]kf l;+rfO k|ljlw eg]sf] k|To]s lj?jfsf] h/fdf yf]kf yf]kf u/]/ kfgL lbg] tl/sf xf] .
– o:tf] l;+rfO k|ljlwsf] k|of]u k/fk'j{sfn b]lv s]lx Pl;ofnL d'n'sd} ePsf] kfO{Ptf klg o;sf]
ljsf; Oh/fondf ePsf] elgG5 . xfn klg o; k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ljsl;t d'n'sx?df g} a9L
eO{/x]sf] kfO{G5 .
– yf]kf l;+rfO vf; u/L lxpFb] / ;'Vvfofddf pTkfbg ul/g] lglZrt km/s b'/Ldf /f]lkg] t/sf/L
v]tLdf k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 .
– o; jfx]s cGo ax'd'NojfnLx? h:t} kmnk'mn, skmL, k"mn v]tLx?df klg o; k|ljlwsf] k|of]u
u/L kmfO{bf lng ;lsG5 .
– g]kfnsf] kxf8L e'–efudf ePsf le/fnf] hldgdf tyf t/fO{sf] pQ/df kg]{ clwsf+z If]qx?df
s'nf]af6 l;+rfO ug{ sltko kl/l:yltdf k|fljlws tyf cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] ;d]t ;Dej tyf
plrt gx'g] ePsfn] o:tf If]qx?df yf]kf l;+rfO k|ljlwaf6 k|efjsf/L ?kdf l;+rfO ug{
;lsG5 .
– ljsl;t d'n'sx?df Hofb} j[xt ?kdf w]/} If]qkmndf ;d]t yf]kf l;+rfO{ k|ljlw k|of]u ul/Psf]
5 . yf]kf l;+rfO{sf] kfOk lj5\ofpg 6«ofS6/ jf cGo To:t} d]l;gsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . yf]kf
l;+rfO{af6 kfgL lbg] tflnsf ;d]t sDKo'6/sf] d2tn] :jrflnt agfOPsf] x'G5 . To:t} dn
klg cfjZostf cg';f/ cfkm} :jrflnt ?kdf lbg] Aoj:yf ldnfO{Psf] x'G5 To; l:yltdf k'Ug
xfdLnfO{ cem} ;do nfU5 . To; cj:Yffsf] k|ljlw xfd|f] nflu Hofb} dx+uf] x'G5 . clxn] xfd|f]
d'n'sdf pknAw ;fwf/0f yf]kf l;+rfO k|ljlwaf6 g} xfdLn] dgUo kmfObf p7fpg ;S5f} .

yf]kf l;+rfOsf kmfO{bf / ;+efljt ;d:ofx?M

yf]kf l;+rfO k|ljlwsf d"Vo kmfO{bfx?M
l;=g= s] kmfO{bf < s;/L <
! kfgLsf] art af]6sf] h/fdf dfq kfgL lbO{g] x'gfn] .
@ l;+rfO ug]{ d]xgt / ;dosf] art k|To]s af]6df kfO{kaf6 cfkm}+ kfgL emg]{ /
emf/kft sd pd|g] x'gfn] .
# a9L pTkfbg la?jfnfO{ rflxg] xfjf, kfgL / df6f]sf] pko'Qm
cj:yf ldNg] x'gfn]
$ dnsf] ;b'kof]u x'g'sf ;fy} dn xfNg df6f] gaUg] / emf/kft sd pd|g] x'gfn] . ;fy}
;lhnf] . kfgLdf 3'Ng] dn klg kfgL ;Fu} lbg ;lsg]
x'gfn] .
% ;lhnf] k|ljlw k|ljlwsf] h8fg / ;+rfng ug{ 7'nf] k|fljlws
1fgsf] cfjZostf gkg]{ .
^ sd nufgLdf w]/} cfDbfgL w]]/} 7'nf] nufgL ug'{ gkg]{ / ^ dlxgfs} cjlwdf
nufgL p7fpg ;lsg] x'gfn] .
& le/fnf] / gldn]sf] hUufdf klg l;+rfO kfO{k k|ljlwaf6 kfgL ;+rfng ul/g] x'gfn] .
ug{ ;lsg] . hUuf ;Dofpg gkg]{ .
tyfkL ldn]sf] hUuf ePdf yf]kf
l;+rfOsf] nflu pQd x'G5 .

-3-
 To:t} yf]kf l;+rfO k|of]u ul/ l;+rfO ubf{ kfgL Hofb} Go"g -sd_ dfq rflxg] x'Fbf zfl//Ls
kl/>d u/]/ kfgL tfGg' kg]{ s[ifsn] sd kl/>d ug'{kg]{ x'G5 eg] ljh'nL jf cGo OGwg k|of]u ul/
kDksf] dfkm{tn] kfgL tfGg' kg]{ s[ifssf] OGwgdf x'g] vr{df art x'G5 .
yf]kf l;+rfO k|ljlwsf ;+efljt ;d:ofx? M
l;=g+= s] ;d:of < s] sf/0fn] <
! kfgL emg]{ Kjfn 6flng ;Sg] . lkmN6/sf] /fd|f] ;+ef/ gu/]df jf kfgL w]/}
kmf]x/ ePdf .
@ ;fdfgx? 6'6km'6 x'g ;Sg] yf]kf l;+rfO{sf ;fdfgx?sf] ;+rfng /
e08f/0fdf xf]l;of/ gePdf .
# 5f]6f] b'/Ldf nufO{g] jfnL -n;'g, Kofh, lglZrt 7fpFdf dfq kfgL emg]{ x'gfn] .
wlgof, ;fu cflb_ nfO{ l;+rfO{ ug{
gldNg] .
$ /f]kL ;s]sf] afnLdf gldNg] yf]kf emg]{ 7fFp / lj?jf;Fu} gx'gfn] .
% ;a} 7fpFdf Psgf;n] kfgL gemg]{ . yf]kf emg]{ Kjfn cf+lzs ?kdf 6flnP/ jf
hldg w]/} le/fnf] eP/ .
^ yf]kf l;+rfO{sf ;fdfgsf] IftL x'g ;Sg] . /fd|f] Wofg glbPdf d';f, hgfj/x? tyf cl;gf
cflbjf6 ;fdfgsf] Iflt x'g;S5 .

hldg w]/} le/fnf] ePdf le/fnf] lt/ kfgL aUg] x'Fbf tn lt/sf] Kjfnaf6 al9 kfgL v:g]
x'G5 . clg prfO{df sd kfgL emg]{ / ux/fO{ jf tnlt/ al9 kfgL emg]{ x'Fbf ;dfg ?kdf l;+rfO{
x'b}g . To:tf] cj:yf cPdf kfn}kfnf] slxn] dfyL kl§ Kjfn aGb u/]/ l;+rfO ug]{ / slxn] tn
kl§sf Kjfn aGb u/]/ l;+rfO ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
yf]kf l;+rfO k|of]u x'g] afnL M
s]lx lglZrt b'/Ldf /f]kLg] t/sf/L afnLx? h:t} sfpnL, aGbf, uf]nef]8f, e]8] v';f{gL,
km;L{, nx/] af]6 ePsf t/sf/L -af]8L, l;dL, sfFqmf] cflb_ h:tf jfnLdf yf]kf l;+rfOsf] k|of]u x'G5 .
;fukft, ufh/, n;'g h:tf u'h'd'Hh u/]/ 5l/g] jfnLsf] nflu yf]kf l;+rfO k|of]u x'b}g . xfd|f]
;Gbe{df eGg' kbf{ yf]kf l;+rfO{ t/sf/L jfnLdf dfq} k|of]u ePsf] 5 t/ o;nfO{ km"n -k'ik_ /
;fgf] If]qkmndf ul/g] kmnkm'n pTkfbgdf klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . kmnkm'ndf l;+rfO ubf{ Pp6}
af]6df w]/} Kjfn -rf/ jf kfFr j6f hlt_ af6 kfgL v:g] Aoj:yf ug'{k5{ .

u'0f:t/Lo / clws pTkfbg M

ljleGg :yfgdf ul/Psf] kl/If0f, cWoog / cg'ej clbaf6 s] kfO{Psf] 5 eg] yf]kf l;+rfO
k|of]u ul/Psf] afnLsf] pTkfbg cGo k/Dk/fut l;+rfOaf6 eGbf a9L x'g'sf ;y} t/sf/Ldf 7f];
(Solid) kbfy{sf] dfqf a9L x'g] x'Fbf tf}n klg a9L x'G5 . k/Dk/fut l;+rfOdf hdLg cg'?k st}
w]/} kfgL hDdf x'g] / st} k6fO{Psf] -l;+rfO ul/Psf]_ kfgL au]/ hfg] x'Fbf sd l;+rfO x'g]
;Defjgf x'G5 . b'a} kl/l:yltdf /fd|f] pTkfbg x'g g;Sg] dfq xf]Og la?jf g} dg]{ ;Defjgf x'G5 .
la?jfnfO{ kfgL dfq xf]Og h/fdf xfjf klg x'g' h?/L x'G5 . Tof] kfgL / xfjfsf] ;Gt'ng yf]kf
l;+rfOaf6 k|fKt x'g] x'Fbf pTkfbg w]/} / u'0f:t/Lo x'G5 .

-4-
g]kfndf yf]kf l;+rfOsf] k|of]uM
dfly pNn]v ePem}, yf]kf l;+rfO{ vf;u/L lxpFb] / ;'Vvfofddf pTkfbg ul/g] t/sf/L
v]tLdf k|of]u ePsf] 5 . ljut s]xL jif{b]lv Knfli6s 3/ k|of]u u/L aif]{ uf]ne]+8f v]tL ug]{ rng
a9b} uPsf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf yf]kf l;+rfOsf] k|of]u k|efjsf/L ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . t;y{
g]kfndf yf]kf l;+rfO k|of]u ug]{ s[ifsx?sf] ;+Vofdf a[l4 eO{/x]sf] kfOG5 . t/sf/L v]lt jfx]s
cGo clws d'No ePsf jfnLx? h:t} kmnk'mn skmL, h8La'6L cflbdf klg yf]kf l;+rfO{ k|of]u u/L
/fd|f] kmfObf lng ;lsG5 . t/ yf]kf l;+rfOsf] k|of]usf] ;DaGwdf eg] g]kfndf vf;} cg';Gwfg
e};s]sf] 5}g .
gofF k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t l;+rfO{ cfof]hgf tyf o; If]qdf sfo{/t s]xL u}x| ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] k|of;
:j?k clxn] g]kfndf yf]kf l;+rfOsf] k|of]u a9b} uPsf] 5 . gofF lsl;dsf] l;+rfO{ k|ljlw ePsfn]
s[ifsx? dfem cem} slx b'ljwf afFsL 5 . xfn 7"nf s[ifssf nflu pko'Qm 7"nf] k|ljlw klg
g]kfndf pknAw x'g yfn]sf] 5 . Knfli6s 3/leq o; k|sf/sf] l;+rfOsf] cGo pko'Qm ljsNk 5}g
eGbf klg x'G5 . yf]kf l;+rfOsf] kmfObfx? w]/} ePsfn] o; k|ljlwsf] af/]df Aofks k|rf/–k|;f/
ul/ o;nfO{ w]/} eGbf w]/} s[ifsx?sf dfem k'¥ofpg' cfjZos 5 .
s[lif eGbf jfx]s cGo kIf h:t} e"Ifo Go"lgs/0f -df6f] aUg], klx/f] hfg] ;+efjgf sd ug]{_
df klg o;n] of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;S5 . xfd|f]h:tf] sdhf]/ ef}uflns e" agf]6 ePsf] -df6f] aUg]
klx/f] hfg] ;+efjgf w]/} ePsf] hldg_ kxf8L e"–efudf w]/} kfgLsf] k|of]un] e'Ifo x'g] ;+efjgf w]/}
g} a9|g hfG5 . To:tf] :yfgdf hlt ;Sbf] sd dfqfdf lgoldt ?kdf kfgL k|of]u ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 .
o; k|ljlwaf6 l;+rfO ubf{ Hofb} sd kfgL nfUg] x'Fbf e"Ifosf] ;+efjgf klg sd x'G5 . k"0f{ ?kdf
lgoGq0f t cjZo klg x'Fb}g t}klg s]xL dfqfdf eP klg e"Ifosf] vt/f cjZo klg sd x'G5 .
o;sf/0f klg yf]kf l;+rfOsf] k|of]unfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ lj:tf/ ug{, cfjZos 5 . g]kfnsf] dWo
kxf8L If]qdf -cGbfhL prfO{M &)) b]lv !%)) ldl6/_ yf]kf l;+rfO{ k|of]u ul/ t/sf/L v]tL ug{
nfUg] ;do tyf cGo hfgsf/Lsf nflu tnsf] tflnsfnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg ;lsG5 .
Knfli6s 3/ / yf]kf l;+rfO M
ljleGg ls;Ldsf a]df};dL t/sf/L v]tL ug{ Knfli6s 3/ cfjZos x'G5 eg] df};dL
t/sf/L ;d]t Knfli6s 3/ leq v]tL ubf{ ljleGg sf/0fn] kmfObfhgs x'G5 . Knfli6s 3/ leq
k/Dk/fut tl/sfn] l;+rfO ubf{ ;a} 7fpF leHg], lxnf] x'g] x'bfF sfd ug{ cˆ7\of/f] x'G5 . o:tf]
;d:of cfpg glbg Knfli6s 3/ leq yf]kf l;+rfO u/]df sfd ug{ ;lhnf] x'g'sf ;fy} lj?jfsf]
h/f jfx]s cGt ;'Vvf x'G5 .
yf]kf l;+rfO;“u pke'Qm x'g] t/sf/L afnLsf] tflnsfM
afnL hftx? aLp hdfpg] a]gf ;fg]{ afnL lng]
sM lxpFb] t/sf/L
sfpnL :gf] qmfpg >fj0f–cflZjg efb|–sflt{s df3–r}t
:gf] ldl:6s cflZjg–d+l;/ sflt{s–kf}if
aGbf lu|g sf]/f]g]6 >fj0f–cflZjg efb|–sflt{s d+l;/–df3
lu|g :6f]g
6L ^@!
v= ;'Vvf df};dsf t/sf/L
sfFqmf] eQmk'/ nf]sn kf}if–df3 df3–kmfNu'0f r}q–h]i7
s':n]
-5-
 lu|g n+u
dflngL, lgGhf
s/]nf x\jfO{6 n+u kf}if–df3 df3–kmfNu'g a};fv–>fj0f
s]k/ sf]oDj6/
dlxsf] u|Lg
l3/f}+nf sflGtk'/ kf}if–df3 df3–kmfNu'0f a};fv–>fj0f
h'lsgL km;L{ dlxsf] xfO{lj|8
u= jif]{ t/sf/L
uf]ne]+8f nK;L u]8] df3–kmfNu'0f kmfNu'0f–r}t a};fv–cfiff9
dlgif, cljgfz a};fv–h]i7
n'dn] xfOlj|8
e]8] v';fgL{ Soflnkmf]lg{of kmNu'0f–r}t a};fv–h]i7 >fj0f–sflt{s
sf]lxg'/
lk/f] v';f{gL k'ik Hjfnf kf}if–df3 df3 r}t–a};fv
;"o{d'vL
Pg p; nfo{g
/fdtf]l/of csf{ cgfldsf df3–r}t r}t–ciff9
k/jfgL qmflGt
e]06f n"sL{ g"sL{ kf}if–df3 kmfNu'0f–r}t a};fv–>jf0f
kk{n nª
xfn ahf/df dfly pNn]v ul/Psf jfx]s cGo hftx? klg pknAw 5g .

yf]kf l;+rfO k|ljlwsf ljleGg ;fdfu|LM

yf]kf l;rfO k|ljlwsf ;fdfgnfO{ d'Vou/L # efudf afF8g ;lsG5 .
!_ 6}sL / lkmN6/x?M
kfOkaf6 ljleGg efux?df kfgL k7fpgsf nflu s]xL k|];/sf] cfjZostf kg]{ x'gfn] yf]kf
l;+rfO k|0ffnLdf hdLgeGbf dfyL ! b]lv @ dL6/ prfOdf 6}+sL /fVg' kb{5 . o;nfO{ x]8 6}+sL
elgG5 / ;/n yf]kf l;+rfO{df o;sf] Ifdtf yf]kf k|0ffnLsf cfwf/df %) b]lv @)) nL6/ ;Ddsf]
x'G5 . cfwf /f]kgL ;Ddsf] k|0ffnLdf %) nL6/sf] 6}+sLaf6 klg l;+rfO ;+ej x'G5 t/ ! / @
/f]kgLsf nflu eg] 6}+sLsf] Ifdtf slDtdf s|dzM !)) / @)) nL6/sf] x'g'kb{5 .
kfgLdf x'g;Sg] kmf]x/, sl;+u/n] yf]kf emg]{ Kjfn 6flng ;Sg] x'gfn] yf]kf l;+rfO{df kfgL 5fGg]
lkmN6/sf] Aoj:yf x'G5 . 7'nf] kmf]x/x? h:t} kft klt+u/, df6f] jfn'jf cflbnfO{ v;|f] lkmN6/n]
/f]Sb5 . of] lkmN6/nfO{ 6}+sLsf] d'vdf /flvPsf] x'G5 . v;|f] lkmN6/ ;Fu} hfnL ePsf] sk8f jf
cGof ;fwf/0f sk8f klg /flvG5 . o;}u/L dl;gf] vfnsf] kmf]x/x? kfO{kdf hfg glbg 6}+sLsf]
lk+wdf dl;gf] lkmN6/ /flvPsf] x'G5 .

@_ kfO{kx?M
yf]kf l;+rfO k|ljlwdf k|of]u x'g] kfO{kx?nfO{ # efudf jf8\g ;lsG5 .
s_ d]gnfO{g kfO{k
v_ yf]kf kfO{k
u_ n]en kfO{k
-6-
;/n yf]kf l;+rfO{df oL ;a} kfO{kx? g/d / nlrnf] vfnsf] kL=eL=;L= eGg] ;fdfu|L af6 ag]sf]
x'G5 .
d]gnfO{g kfO{ksf] sfd 6}+sLdf ePsf] kfgLnfO{ ljleGg 7fpFdf ePsf yf]kf kfO{k ;Dd k7fpg' xf] .
l;:6dsf] ;fO{h cg';f/ d]gnfO{g kfO{k !@ jf !$ Pd=Pd= uf]nfO{sf] x'G5 / of] sfnf] /+usf] x'G5 .
yf]kf kfO{ksf] sfd lgwf{l/t b"/Ldf lj?jfdf yf]kf emfg'{ xf] . ;/n yf]kf l;+rfO{df of] b"/L ^) ;]=dL=
sfod ul/Psf] 5 . lrqdf b]vfO{P em} yf]kf kfO{ksf] Ps 5]p d]g nfOg ;+u hf]l8Psf] x'G5 eg]
csf]{ 5]p 7]8L nufP/ aGb ul/Psf] x'G5 . yf]kf kfO{ksf] uf]nfO{ * Pd= Pd= x'G5 / o;sf] nDafO{
!@ ld6/ x'G5 .
n]en kfO{knfO{ 6}sLsf] cfp6n]6– wf/f jf u]6 eNe ;+u h8fg ul/Psf] x'G5 . of] kfO{ksf] lgDg
tLg vfnsf] sfd x'G5 .
s_ 6}+sLdf ePsf] kfgLsf] n]en yfxf x'G5 .
v_ kfO{kdf ePsf] xfjf ˆof+s]/ kfgL jUg ;lhnf] jgfpg' .
u_ dl;gf] lkmN6/nfO{ ;kmf ug]{ dfWodsf] sfd ug'{ .

#_ lkml6°x?
;/n yf]kf l;+rfOdf k|of]u x'g] laleGg efux? h:t} kfOkx?, 6}sLnfO{ hf]8\g laleGg lsl;dsf
lkml6Ëx?sf] k|of]u x'G5 . ;a} lkml6Ëx? Knfli6saf6 ag]sf] x'G5g\ . lkml6Ëx?sf] gfd / sfd
tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 .

l;= g+= lkml6Ësf] gfd ;fOh d'Vo sfd

! v;|f] lkmN6/ !) ;]= ld= uf]nfO{
df6f] v;|f] sl;+u/nfO{ 5fGg] .
@ dl;nf] lkmN6/, uf]nf] &x!) ;]= ld= dl;gf] vfnsf] sl;+u/nfO{ 5fGg] .
# dl;gf] lkmN6/, rf/kf6] !)x!%x% ;]= ld=
dl;gf] vfnsf] sl;+u/nfO{ 5fGg] .
$ wf/f !# Pd= Pd= 6}lssf] kfgL vf]Ng aGb ug{
% u]6 eNe !$ Pd= Pd= 6}lssf] kfgL vf]Ng aGb ug{
^ hnwf/f @% Pd= Pd= 6}lssf] kfgL d]gnfOgdf k7fpg]
& jf;/ @% Pd= Pd= cfp6n]6df kfgL r'lxg glbg]
* g6 @% Pd= Pd= wf/f jf hnwf/fnfO{ 6}lsdf s:g]
( a/fj/ 6L @$x!$ Pd= Pd=7f8f] jf t];|f] d]gnfOgnfO{ hf]8\g]
!) t];f]{ 6L= !$x* Pd= Pd= t];f]{ d]gnfOg / 5]psf] yf]kf
kfOkx?nfO{ hf]8\g] .
!! Pn !$x* Pd= Pd= t];f]{ d]gnfOg / 5]psf] yf]kf
kfOkx?nfO{ hf]8\g] .
!@ v'l§ @) ;]= dL= yf]kf kfOkx?nfO{ tgSs kf/]/ /fVg
!# 7]8L &x@% Pd= Pd= yf]kf kfOksf] 5]psf] d'v aGb ug{
!$ 5]sf -kmfon_ *x@) Pd= Pd= yf]kf kfOksf] Kjfnaf6 lg:sg] kfgLsf]
kmf]x/nfO{ 5]s]/ yf]kfdf kl/0ft ug]{
!% x]8 6}+sL %),!)) / @)) kfgL ;+sng u/]/ cfjZos rfkdf
ln6/ kfOkdf kfgL k7fpg] .

-7-
-8-
;/n yf]kf l;+rfO k|ljlwdf pknAw tof/L ;dfu|L / ljleGg dfkx? M
;/n yf]kf l;+rfOsf ;fdfgx?nfO{ tLg cfgf b]vL @ /f]kgL ;Dd l;+rfO{ x'g] ul/ % j6f
lglZrt ;fOhdf agfOPsf] 5 . Ps /f]kgL eGbf 7'nf] l;i6dsf] xsdf, hdLg x]/]/ dfq l8hfOg
ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] 5 . ;fOhx?sf] k|ljlws / cfly{s kIf af/] tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 .
ljj/0f 3]/} ;fgf] ;fgf] demf}nf 7"nf] w]/} 7"nf]
l;+rfO x'g ;Sg] If]qkmn # cfgf $ cgf * cfgf ! /f]kgL @ /f]kgL
-(^ j=dL_ -!@% -@%) -%)) j=dL=_ -!))j=dL=_
j=dL=_ j=dL=_
yf]kf emg]{ ;+Vof *) yfg !@) yfg @$) yfg $*) yfg (^) yfg
yf]kf kfOk ;+Vof $ yfg ^ yfg !@ yfg @$ yfg $* yfg
6}+ÍLsf] ;fOh %) nL6/ %) nL6/ %) nL6/ !)) nL6/ @)) nL6/
b}lgs kfgLsf] cfjZostf,
-;/b/df_
s_ lxpFb !%) nL6/ @)) nL6/ $)) nL6/ *)) nL6/ !^)) nL6/
v_ ;'Vvf ofd @%) nL6/ #)) nL6/ ^)) nL6/ !@)) nL6/ @$))
nL6/
k|ljlwsf] d"No
s_ 6}+sL ;lxt ?=!,()).– ?= @,%!%.– ?=$)*%.– ?= &^().– ?=!$,$)).–
-nueu_
6}+ÍL /fVg] prfO{ -l;+rfO &% ;]=dL= &% ;]=dL= ! dL6/ !÷@ dL6/ @ dL6/
ul/g] hldg eGbf dfly_ ! dL6/ ! dL6/ !÷@ dL6/ @ dL6/ # dL6/
d;Lgf] lkmN6/sf] k|sf/ uf]nf] uf]nf] rf/kf6] rf/kf6] rf/kf6]
cfp6n]6sf] k|sf/ wf/f wf/f u]6 eNj 7"nf] wf/f 7"nf] wf/f

gf]6 M dfly lbPsf] d"No ;"rL klZrdf~rn, dWodf~rn If]qsf lkr jf sfnf]kq] ;8s hf]l8Psf ahf/sf
nflu xf] . sRrf kbfy{sf] ahf/ d'No b'u{dtfsf cfwf/df pk/f]Qm d'No x]/km]/ x'g ;Sg] 5 .

;/n yf]kf l;+rfO k|ljlw h8fg ug]{ tl/sf M

!= cfjZos ;fdfg cf}hf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg]

k|ljlw h8fg x'g' klxn] lgDg s'/fx?sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' k5{ .

s_ yf]kf l;+rfOsf ;fdfgx?
v_ 6}+sL /fVg] v6 agfpg rflxg] afF; jf sf7x?
u_ lj?jf jf jLpljhg
3_ kfgL sDtLdf !)) nL6/
ª_ l;kmfl/; ul/Psf dnx? -uf]7] dn, /f;folgs dn cflb_
r_ s]xL cf}hf/x? M vlGt, sf]bfnf], xFl;of .

-9-
@= hUufsf] cfsf/ x]/]/ lgDg b'O{ gd"gf dWo] Ps 5fGg] .
s_ gd"gf s -Ps tkmL{_ M d]gnfO{g 5]pdf /xg] gd"gf
v_ gd"gf v -b'O{ tkmL{_ M d]gnfO{g ljrdf /xg] gd"gf

#= vghf]t u/L Jof8 -Kn6_ to/f ug]{ M

s_ Jof8sf] ;+VofM k|To]s Jof8df Pp6f yf]kf kfO{k /xg] x'gfn] l;i6dsf] ;fO{h cg';f/
Jof8sf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ug]{ .

ljj/0f w]/} ;fgf] ;fgf] demf}nf 7"nf] w]/} 7"nf]

Jof8sf] ;+Vof $ yfg ^ yfg !@ yfg @$ yfg $* yfg
$= 6}+sL /fVg] 7fp“ jf v6 tof/ ug]{
ljleGg ;fO{hsf yf]kf l;+rfOsf] l;i6dsf nflu x]8 6}+sL /fVg'kg]{ v6sf] prfO{ tnsf] tflnsf
cg';f/ /fVg' kb{5 .

- 10 -
 ljj/0f w]/} ;fgf] ;fgf] demf}nf 7"nf] w]/} 7"nf]
6}+sL /fVg] prfO{ &% ;]=dL= &% ;]=dL= ! dL6/ 8]9 @ dL6/
-l;+rfO ul/g] hdLg b]lv b]lv b]lv dL6/ eGbf dfly
eGbf dfly_ ! dL6/ ! !÷@ dL6/ @ dL6/ # dL6/

%= 6}+sLsf] hnwf/f / lkmN6/x? h8fg u/L v6df /fVg] M

s_ 6}+sLsf] ;a} ;fdfgx? aflx/ lgsfNg] / 6}+sLsf] leq efunfO{ ;kmf kfgLn] kvfNg] .
v_ hnwf/fsf] n]en kfOknfO{ l;wf agfP/ /fVg] .
u_ dl;gf] lkmN6/nfO{ 6}+sL leq lg:s]sf] hnwf/fsf] u'gfdf gkm'lTsg]ul/ 3';fg]{ .
3_ 6}+sLsf] d'vdf hfnL sk8f /fvL To; dfly v;|f] lkmN6/ /fVg] .
ª_ u]6eNe aGb ug]{ / 6}+sLnfO{ v6df /fVg] .

^= kfO{kx? h8fg ug]{ M

s_ d]g nfOgx?nfO{ u]6 eNe ;Fu hf]8g] .
v_ yf]kf kfO{kx?nfO{ 6L / Pn ;Fu hf]8\g] .
u_ lj?jf nufOg] nfO{g cg';f/ yf]kf kfO{k ldnfP/ /fVg] -tnsf] lrq cg';f/_

&= klxnf] k6s yf]kf r'xfpg] M

s_ b'j} u]6eNe vf]Ng] .
v_ ;a} 7fpF yf]kf em/] gem/]sf] hfFr ug]{ .
u_ Kjfnaf6 yf]kf geml/ kfgLsf] l5sf]{ cfPdf 5]sfnfO{ ;f/]/ Kjfn dfly kfg]{
3_ ;a} kfgL eml/;s]kl5 u]6eNe aGb ug]{ / kfgL em/]sf] 7fpFdf yf]/} vg]/ ;fgf] lrGx
nufpg] .

- 11 -
 ª_ olb ! Jof8df b'O{ nfO{g lj?jf nufpg] xf] elg dflys} k|lqmof cg';f/ csf]{
nfO{gdf klg lrGx nufpg] .
r_ yf]kf kfO{knfO{ Jof8af6 ;f/]/ jf/Lsf] 5]pdf ldnfP/ /fVg] .

*= la?jf /f]Kg] vf8n tof/ ug]{ M

s_ lrGx nufPsf] 7fpFdf cfjZos ;fO{hsf] vf8n vGg] .
v_ df6f] / cfjZos dfqfsf] dn ld;fO{ vf8n eg]{ .

(= bf];|f] k6s yf]kf r'xfpg] / la?jf ;fg]{ M

s_ yf]kf kfO{knfO{ km]/L klxn]s} 7fpFdf ldnfP/ /fVg] .
v_ 6}+sLdf kfgL e/]/ k'gM Ps k6s yf]kf r'xfpg] .
u_ yf]kf r'lxPsf] 7fpF ;fgf] lrGx nufpg] .
3_ Ps lbg klv{P/ lrGx nufPsf] 8f]jdf lj?jf ;fg]{ .
ª_ lj?jf ;f/] kl5 !% ldg]6 hlt yf]kf l;+rfO{ rnfpg] .
r_ yf]kf emg{] 7fpFnfO{ lj?jf eGbf @, # cDdn k/ ldnfP/ /fVg] .

;/n yf]kf l;+rfO{ k|ljlwnfO{ k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf M

!= k"j{ tof/L ug]{ .
 yf]kf kfO{knfO{ l7s nfO{gdf ldnfP/ /fVg] .
 kfO{k tyf lkml6ªx? km'lTsPsf] eP hf]8g] .
 kfO{kx? w]/} jf+uf]l6+uf] ePdf l;wf agfP/ /fVg] .
 kfgLsf] aGbf]j:t ldnfpg] .
@= yf]kf l;+rfO k|ljlw ;+rfng ug]{ M
 u]6 eNe aGb u/]/ 6}+sLdf kfgL eg]{ . ;fwf/0f l;+rfO / yf]kf l;+rfOdf h/fsf] ljsf;
 u]6 eNe vf]n]/ ;a} Kjfndf kfgL em/] gem/]sf] hfFr ug]{ .
 olb s'g} 7fpFdf kfgL gem/]sf] kfO{Pdf Kjfndf l;of] l5/fP/ 6flnPsf] Kjfn vf]Ng] .
 cfjZos dfqfdf kfgL lbO{;s]kl5 u]6 eNe aGb ug]{ .
 olb yf]kf kfO{k ;fg]{ vfnsf] gd"gf ePdf kfO{k ;f/]/ csf]{ nfO{gdf klg l;+RffO{ ug]{ .

- 12 -
#= l;+rfO ug]{ tflnsf
– lj?jfnfO{ slt dfqfdf / slt km/sdf kfgL lbg] eGg] s'/f To; 7fpsf] xfjfkfgL,
df6f] / lj?jfsf] cj:yfdf e/ kb{5 .
– udL{, ;'Vvf xfjfkfgL ePsf] 7fpFdf / al9 xfjf rNg] 7fpFdf l;+rfO w]/} ug'{k5{ .
– lj?jf ;fgf] cj:yfsf] x'Fbf kfgL sd rflxG5 eg] km"n nfUg] ;dodf a9L kfgL
rflxG5 .
– g]kfnsf] kxf8L If]qsf nflu lxpFb / ;'Vvf df};ddf nufO{g] t/sf/L jfnLsf nflu
lgDg cg';f/sf] l;+rfO{ tflnsf l;kmfl/z ul/G5 .
– o; tflnsfdf cfsf;] jiff{af6 k|fKt x'g] l;+rfOsf] s]xL c+z 36fO{Psf] 5 .
x'gtM yf]kf l;rfOsf] k|of]usf ;DaGwdf -pbfx/0fsf nflu s'g jfnL nfO{ slt kfgL lbg],
slxn] lbg], ljleGg ;dodf s;/L kfgLsf] kl/df0f 36a9 ug]{, s:tf] df6f]df slt kfgL s'g s'g
;do cGt/df lbg], slt prfO{df slt kfgL lbg] cflb ;+DaGwdf_ . xfd|f] b]zdf vf;} cg';Gwfg e}
;s]sf] 5}g . t}klg oxfF ljleGg :yfgdf lbOPsf] tflnsf nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ l;+RffO ug{ ;lsG5 .
l;+rfO tflnsf dWo kxf8L If]q -cGbfhL $)) ld= b]lv !%)) ld= sf] prfOdf /x]sf If]q_ df
yf]kf l;+rfO k|of]u ubf{sf] nflu xf] . df6f]sf k|sf/, hldgsf] ;tx -udL{ If]qdf a9L kfgL nfU5 _,
lj?jfsf] cj:yf -km'n km'Ng] jf kmn nfUg], lj?jf j9\g] a]nfdf ev{/ /f]k]sf] lj?jf nfO{ eGbf
cjZo a9L kfgL rflxG5_ afnLsf] k|sf/ -s'g} jfnL a9L kfgL rflxg] x'G5 s'g} sd kfgLdf /fd|f]
;Fu ;k|G5g\_ cflbn] l;+rfOsf] cfjZostf lgwf{/0f u5{g cyf{t o; cg';f/ sd jf a9L slt
kfgL rflxg] xf] olsg ug'{ kb{5 . To:t} df6f] kfgL gc8\g] k|s[ltsf] 5 eg] Ps} rf]6L w]/} kfgL lbg'
x'b}g . s]lx ;dosf] cGt/fndf kfgL lbg' kb{5 . kfgL g} g/;fpg], kfgL w]/} a]/ ;Dd c8\g]
k|s[ltsf] df6f] 5 eg] klg kfgL lbg] cGt/ a9fpg' g} /fd|f] x'G5 . h/fdf kfgL hDbf To;n]
lj?jfnfO{ /fd|f] ub}{g .
If]qkmn cflZjg sflt{s÷d+l;/ k'if
# cfgf -(^ j=dL=_ !@) nL6/ @@) nL6/ !*) nL6/
-6}+sL %) nL6/_ -cGbfhL @ 6}+sL_ -cGbfhL $ 6}+sL_ -cGbfhL # 6}+sL_
b}lgs
$ cgf -!@% j=dL=_ !%) nL6/ @*) nL6/ @@% nL6/
-6}+sL %) nL6/_ -cGbfhL # 6}+sL_ -cGbfhL ^ 6}+sL_ -cGbfhL % 6}+sL_
* cgf -@%) j=dL=_ #)) nL6/ %%% nL6/ $%) nL6/
-6}+sL %) nL6/_ -cGbfhL ^ 6}+sL_ -cGbfhL !! 6}+sL_ -cGbfhL ( 6}+sL_
! /f]kgL -%)) j=dL=_ ^)) nL6/ !!!) nL6/ ()) nL6/
-6}+sL !)) nL6/_ -cGbfhL ^ 6}+sL_ -cGbfhL !! 6}+sL_ -cGbfhL ( 6}+sL_
@ /f]kgL -!))) j=dL=_ !@)) nL6/ @@!% nL6/ !*)) nL6/
-6}+sL @)) nL6/_ -cGbfhL ^ 6}+sL_ -cGbfhL !! 6}+sL_ -cGbfhL ( 6}+sL_

- 13 -
;'Vvf ofdsf t/sf/L -sf+qmf], s/]nf cflb_ /f]Kg] ;do M df3 jfnL sf6\g] ;doM a};fv
If]qkmn cflZjg sflt{s÷d+l;/ k'if
# cfgf -(^ j=dL=_ !!) nL6/ @*% nL6/ @$) nL6/
-6}+sL %) nL6/_ -cGbfhL @ 6}+sL_ -cGbfhL ^ 6}+sL_ -cGbfhL % 6}+sL_
b}lgs
$ cgf -!@% j=dL=_ !$) nL6/ @^) nL6/ #)) nL6/
-6}+sL %) nL6/_ -cGbfhL # 6}+sL_ -cGbfhL % 6}+sL_ -cGbfhL ^ 6}+sL_
* cgf -@%) j=dL=_ @&% nL6/ &!% nL6/ ^)) nL6/
-6}+sL %) nL6/_ -cGbfhL ^ 6}+sL_ -cGbfhL !$ 6}+sL_ -cGbfhL !@ 6}+sL_
! /f]kgL -%)) j=dL=_ %%) nL6/ !$@) nL6/ !@)) nL6/
-6}+sL !)) nL6/_ -cGbfhL ^ 6}+sL_ -cGbfhL !$ 6}+sL_ -cGbfhL !@ 6}+sL_

@ /f]kgL -!))) j=dL=_ !!)) nL6/ @*^) nL6/ @#(% nL6/

-6}+sL @)) nL6/_ -cGbfhL ^ 6}+sL_ -cGbfhL !$ 6}+sL_ -cGbfhL !@ 6}+sL_

$= yf]kf l;+rfOaf6 dn lbg] tl/sf M

– yf]kf l;+rfO dfWodaf6 kfgLdf 3'Ng] dn tyf vfBtTjx? klg lbg ;lsG5 .
– vf;u/L o; tl/sfn] k|efjsf/L ?kdf o'l/of 6k 8]«l;Ë ug{ ;lsG5 .
– yf]kf af6 emg]{ o'l/of emf]nsf] s8fkg @ b]lv # k|ltztsf] aLrdf x'g'k5{ .
o;sf nflu ! lsnf] o'l/of %) nL6/ eGbf sd kfgLdf ld;fP/ lbg'x'Fb}g . ;'?df o'l/ofsf] s8f
emf]n agfOG5 / yf]kf l;+rfOsf] 6}+ÍLdf /fv]/ kfgL ;Fu} o'l/of lbOG5 . ljleGg k|sf/sf t/sf/L
jfnLsfnflu lgDg cg';f/sf] o'l/of 6k 8]«l;Ë ug{ l;kmfl/; ul/G5 .

df};d jfnL o'l/of lbg] tflnsf

lxpFb sfpnL, aGbf lj?jf /f]k]sf] @! b]lv #) lbg leq -hDdf Ps k6s_
;'Vvf sf+s|f], s/]nf klxnf] k6sM lj?jf /f]k]sf] @! b]lv #) lbg leq
ofd bf]>f] k6sM lj?jf /f]k]sf] ^) b]lv &) lbg leq -hDdf b'O{
k6s_
jif]{ uf]ne]+8f, e]8] klxnf] k6sM lj?jf /f]k]sf] @! b]lv #) lbg leq
v';f{gL bf]>f] k6sM lj?jf /f]k]sf] ^) b]lv &) lbg leq -hDdf b'O
k6s_

df6f]sf] dlnnf]kg x]/]/ ;fwf/0ftof k|lt ju{dL6/ !@ u|fd o'l/ofsf] -^) s]=hL= gfO{6«f]hg
k|lt x]S6/ jf nueu # s]=hL k|lt /f]kgL_ cfjZostf kb{5 . o;sf] cfwf dfqf ;'?d} /fvL afFsL
cfwf cyf{t ^ u|fd o'l/ofnfO[ 6k 8]«l;ªaf6 lb+bf plrt x'G5 . o;sf cfwf/df ljleGg If]qkmnsf
nflu lgDg cg';f/sf] 6k 8]«l;ª ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/G5 .

- 14 -
afnL ljleGg If]qkmnsf nflu cfjZos o'l/ofsf] dfqf
(^ j=dL= !@% j=dL= @%) j=dL= %)) j=dL= !)) j=dL=
# cfgf $ cfgf * cfgf ! /f]kgL @ /f]kgL
sfpnL, jGbf cGbfhL # cGbfhL 8]9\ cGbfhL # cGbfhL ^
kfp kfp lsnf] lsnf]
sf+qmf], s/]nf, uf]ne]8f, cGbfhL ! cGbfhL 8]9\ cGbfhL # cGbfhL 8]9\ cGbfhL #
cflb kfp kfp kfp lsnf] lsnf]
s_ klxnf] k6s
v_ bf>f] k6s cGbfhL ! cGbfhL 8]9\ cGbfhL # cGbfhL 8]9\ cGbfhL #
kfp kfp kfp lsnf] lsnf]
dfly pNn]v ePem}+ o'l/of / kfgLsf] efu ldnfpFbf ! lsnf] o'l/ofdf %) nL6/ kfgLsf] lx;fjn]
3f]n agfO{ yf]kf l;+rfOaf6 o'l/of lbg ;lsG5 . o;/L o'l/of lbg] sfd ;lsPkl5 t'?Gt} l;+rfO
ug{ klg cfjZos x'G5 . o; af/] lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu glhssf] s[lif lj1x?;Fu k/fdz{ lng
pko'Qm x'G5 . o;sf cltl/St xfn ahf/df ljleGg k|sf/sf dn, kf]li6stTj, cflbx? emf]n
?kdf pknAw 5g . lj?jfsf} h/fdf lbg' kg]{ dn yf]kf l;rfOsf] dfWodn] ;f]em} h/fd} k'Ug]
ul/lbg ;lsG5 . o;/L dnsf] k|of]u ubf{ ^)–&) k|ltzt ;Dd dnsf] lskmfot x'g ;S5 .
lgoldt ;+Eff/ ug]{ tl/sf M
!= lkmN6/x? ;kmf ug]{ M
kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ x]/]/ v;|f] lkmN6/nfO{ xKtfdf @ k6s / dl;gf] lkmN6/nfO[ dlxgfdf @ k6s
;kmf ug'{k5{ .

@= kfO{knfO{ ;kmf ug]{M

yf]kf emg]{ Kjfnx? rf+8} rf+8} 6flnPsf] kfO{Pdf, ;a} kfO{ksf] 5]p vf]n]/ kmf]x/ kfgLnfO{ aflx/
kmfNg'k5{ .
#= jf/jGwg ug]{ M
yf]kf l;+rfO{ h8fg ePsf] jf/LnfO{ hgfj/, s]6fs]6L af6 arfpg :yfgLo s'g} k|sf/sf] af/
nufPdf a]; x'G5 .
$= 6}+sLsf] jrfj6 ug]{ M
x'/L jtf;, rsf]{ 3fd cflbaf6 arfpg k|of]u gePsf] a]nfdf yf]kf l;+rfOsf] 6}+sLnfO{ s'g} rLhn]
5f]k]/ /fVg lzkmfl/; ul/G5 . s'g} klg Knfli6saf6 ag]sf] ;fdfgnfO{ d'Votof 3fdaf6 arfpg'
k5{ .
%= e08f/0f ug]{ M
jiff{ofd ;'? x'g' cl3 jf/Ldf ePsf] ;a} yf]kf l;+RffO{sf] ;fdfgx?nfO{ lgsfnL kfgLn] kvfn]/
;'/lIft 7fpFdf /fVg'k5{ .
- 15 -
 ;f3f/0f l;rfOsf] t'ngfdf yf]kf l;rfO k|of]u ubf{ x'g] pTkfbg a[l4 tyf kfgLsf] art

afnL pTkfbg a[l4 kfgLsf] art

k|ltzt k|ltzt
s]/f %@ $%
c+u'/ @# $*
uf]ne]8f %) #(
aGbf @ ^)
d'nf @ &&
v'zf{gL $$ ^@

clxn] ahf/df ;/n yf]kf l;rfOsf cltl/St cGo ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o sDkgLsf yf]kf
l;rfOx? klg pknAw 5g . lo yf]kf l;rfO k|ljlwsf ;fdfu|L ;/n yf]kf l;rfO eGbf s]lx dFxuf]
ePklg cln ljslzt / cfw'lgs 5g . lo k|ljlwdf ljleGg afnLsf] nflu cnu cnu Ifdtfsf
kfOkx? kfOG5g . kfgL emg]{ Kjfn ljrsf] b'/L klg cfjZostf cg'?k km/s km/s x'G5 eg]
s'g}df cfjZostf cg'?k s[ifsn] cfkm}n] Kjfn kfg{ ;S5g . s]lx sDkgLsf sd{rf/L, k|fljlwn]
s[ifssf] nflu pko'Qm l8hfOg ug]{, h8fg ul/lbg] / cfjZos tflndsf ;fy} ljp ljhg ;d]t
pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf u/]sf 5g . o:tf] k|0ffnLdf cfjZos ;fdfu|Lx? cfkm\gf] cfjZostf
cg';f/ cnu cnu klg lsGg ;lsG5 .

- 16 -