hnljB't\ ;]o/sf

af/]df af/Daf/
;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿
© ;jf{lwsf/gLlt kmfp08];gdf ;'/lIft
gLlt kmfp08];gsf]:jLs[ltlagf o;df k|sflzt s'g}c+znfO{ k'gM pTkfbg, d'b|0f
ug{ jf cGo s'g}k|of]hgsf nflu k|of]udf Nofpg kfOg]5}g .

gLlt kmfp08];g g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs gLlt k|lqmofdf sfo{/t u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf
xf] . gLlt kmfp08]; gn]gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;+nUgtf /: jfldTj j[l4sf]nflu
g]
kfnLx¿sf]JolQmut tyf ;+: yfut kxnnfO{ a9fjf lbG5 . gLlt kmfp08]gn]
af}l4s ;|f]t Pj+ gLlt 5nkmn /;+jfbsf]nflu d~r k|bfg ub{5 .

j}wflgs k|fjwfg M
of] k'l:tsf hfgsf/Ld"ns ;fdu|L xf], sfg'gL b:tfj]h xf]Og  . o;sf cfwf/df ul/g]
nufgLaf6 l;lh{t bfloTjk|lt gLlt kmfpG8];g lhDd]jf/x'g] 5}g .

k|sfzg ldlt– ;fpg, @)&#

;xof]u– ueg]{G; ofl;ln6L
e"ldsf

g]kfnsf] cfly{s ;d[l4sf] cfwf/sf ?kdf klxrfg ul/Psf If]qx¿dWo]

hnljB't\ Ps dxTjk"0f{ If]q xf] . oxL hnljB't\ If]qaf6 k|fKt x'g]nfesf
af/]df cg]sf}+ rrf{–kl/rrf{, 5nkmn, ax; x'g] u/]sf] 5  . s]xL gLlt
lgod klg ag]sf 5g\ . kl/0ffd:j?k hnljB't\ kl/of]hgfaf6 k|fKt x'g]
nfe ljt/0fsf nflu kl/of]h  gf k|efljt If]qsf :yfgLo afl;GbfnfO{ ;]o/
lbg]cEof; ;'? ul/Psf]5 . of]cEof; k"0f{ 5}g . of]cEof;df s]xL
c:ki6tfx? 5g\ . ;]o/Ps hl6n ljQLo cf}hf/xf] . o;af6 l;lh{t
x'g] nfenfO{ clwstd ub}{ n}hfg] / hf]lvdnfO{ Go'gLs/0f ub}{ n}hfg]
;Gbe{df s]xL cfwf/e"t s'/fx? a'emfOdf ;xfos xf];\ eGg]p2]Zon]gLlt
kmfp08];gn] of] hfgsf/Ld'ns ;fdu|L tof/ u/]sf] 5  .

hnljB't\ ljsf;n] lj:tf/} ult lnFb} uPkl5 :yfgLo hgtf ;]o/

nufgLdfkm{t\ o;df ;xefuL x'g5 ]g\ . pgLx?n];] o/
df nufgL ug'{k"j{
o;sf ljleGg kIf Pj+ nfe /hf] lvdaf/ ]a'em\g' cfjZos 5 . ;f]
cfjZostfnfO{ dx;'; u/L gLlt kmfp08];gn]of]hfgsf/Ld'ns k'l:tsf
aflx/NofPsf]5 . gLlt kmfp08]; gn]ljutdf : yfgLo txdf u/ sf
]
5nkmndfkm{t\ k|fKt hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df klxrfg u/]sf lj:t[t ;"rgfsf]
cefjnufotsf ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ x]t'n] k|sfzgdf NofOPsf] of]
k'l:tsfn];"rgfsf]cefjnfO{ k"lt{ ug]{ck]Iff ul/Psf]5 .

lgh{g /fO{
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs
gLlt kmfp08];g
cfef/

of]hfgsf/ Ld'ns k'l: tsf tof/ug{df ljleGg ;+:y f tyf JoflQmsf]

of]ubfg /x]sf]5 . gLlt kmfp08];  g ;a}k|lt wGojfb 6So|fpg rfxG5 .
n]vg, ;Dkfbg / k|sfzgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'x'g] d'/f xl/ k/fh'nL, lbk]z
j}B, kb\d]Gb| >]i7, ;f}ldq Gof}kfg], s'zn k'/L, lzvf k|;fO{+ / ef]h/fh
kf}8]n]nufotnfO{ xflb{s wGojfb  .
ljifo;"rL
zLif{s k[i7
l ;]o/ eg]sf] s] xf]  < !
l ;]o /slt lsl;dsf x'G5g\ < !
l ;]o /nufgLdf hf]lvd x'G5 ls x'Fb}g < @
l ;]o /df nufgL ubf{ s;/L kmfObf x'G5 < @
l nfef+z eg]sf]s]xf] < #
l ;]o/ k|df0fkq eg]sf] s] xf]  < #
l xsk|b ;]o/ eg]sf] s] xf]  < $
l af]g; ;]o/ eg]sf] s] xf]  < $
l lk|ldoddf ;]o/ eg]sf] s] xf]  < $
l ;]o/df t/ntf x'G5 eg]sf] s] xf]  < %
l ;]o/n] dxFuLaf6 hf]ufpF5  < %
l ;]o /lwtf]/fv]/C0f lng ;lsG5 < %
l ;]o /vl/b laqmL s;/L ug]{ < ^
l ;]o /s;n]hf/L ug{ ;S5 < ^
l :yfgLojf;LnfO{ ;]o/ eg]sf] s] xf]  < &
l hnljB't\ sDkgLn]:yfgLojf;LnfO{ ;]o/lsg lbG5g\ < &
l hnljB't\ sDkgLn]:yfgLojf;LnfO{ ;]o/slxn]lbG5g\ < *
 zLif{s k[i7
l ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;]o/hf/L gug]{hnljB't\ sDkgL klg x'G5g\ < *
l hnljB't\ sDkgLsf ;]o/df hf]lvd x'G5 ls x'Fb}g < (
l hnljB't\ kl/of]hgf k|efljt /lhNnfjf;LnfO{ s'g
cg'kftdf ;]o/5'6\ofOG5 < (
l hnljB't\ sDkgLsf] ;]o/ hf/L ug]{ ;Gbe{df ;/f]sf/jfnf
kIf eg]sf]sf]xf] < !)
l hnljB't\ sDkgLn] kl/of]hgf ;/sf/nfO{ lkmtf{ u/]kl5
;]o/nufgLstf{sf]cj:yf s]x'G5 < !)
l ;]o //lwtf]kqdf s]km/s 5 < !!
l lwtf]kq slt k|sf/sf x'G5g\ < !!
l C0fkq eg]sf]s]xf] < !@
l Do'r'cn kmG8 eg]sf]s]xf] < !#
l v'nfd'vL /aGbd'vL Do'r'cn kmG8 eg]sf]s]xf] < !#
l clws[t k'FhL, Hff/L k'FhL tyf r'Qmf kF'hL eg]sf]s]xf] < !$
l lwtf]kqsf]c+lst d"No eg]sf]s]xf] < !$
l lwtf]kq lgisf;g eg]sf]s]xf] < !%
l k|yd ;fj{hlgs lgisf;g -cfOlkcf]_ eg]sf]s]xf] < !%
l kl/kq ljlw eg]sf]s]xf] < !%
l gofF lgisf;g -Pkmlkcf]_ eg]sf]s]xf] < !^
l k|fylds ahf/df lwtf]kqsf]d"No s;/L lgwf{/0f x'G5 < !^
l cfj]bg lbPsf]slt ;dokl5 lwtf]kq k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 < !^
 zLif{s k[i7
l afF8kmfF8 ePsf] ;]o/ :6s PS;r]Ghdf slxn]b]lv sf/f]af/ x'G5  < @#
l bf];|f]ahf/df lwtf]kqsf]d"No s;/L lgwf{/0f x'G5 < !&
l k|fylds ahf/df lwtf]kq vl/b ubf{ Wofg lbg''kg]{s'/fx¿ s]x'g\ < !*
l bf];|f]ahf/df lwtf]kq vl/b ubf{ Wofg lbg''kg]{s'/fx¿ s]x'g\ < !*
l ;]o /bnfnnfO{ lsga]r ug]{cfb]z s;/L lbg] < !(
l ;b:o bnfnn]cfb]z sfof{Gjog s;/L u5{g\ < !(
l sf/f]af/;DaGwL hfgsf/L s;/L kfOG5 < @)
l lwtf]kq sf/f]af//fkm;fkm slt lbgdf x'G5 < @)
l nufgLstf{n] sf/f]af/ c:jLsf/ u/]df s] x'G5  < @)
l sf/f]af/eO;s]kl5 gfd;f/L tyf /sd k|fKtL s;/L x'G5 < @!
l lwtf]kq jf /sd ;dod}k|fKt gePdf s]ug]{ < @!
l btf{ lstfa aGb eg]sf]s]xf] < @@
l lwtf]kq vl/b u/]kl5 sDkgLdf gfd btf{ u/fpg}k5{ < @@
l An" lrk ;]o/eg]sf]s]xf] < @@
l s:tf u'0f ePsf lwtf]kq nufgLsf nflu pko'Qm x'G5g\ < @#
l lwtf]kqsf]ahf/d"NonfO{ s]n]c;/u5{ < @#
l ;fwf/0f ;]o/df nufgL ug]{n]s:tf clwsf/x¿ kfpF5g\ < @$
l lwtf]kqdf ul/g]nufgL hf]lvd d'Qm 5 < @$
l ;fwf/0f ;]o/df ul/g]nufgLnfO{ lsg a9L hf]lvdk"0f{ dflgG5 < @%
l hf]lvd a9L lng grfxg]nufgLstf{x¿sf nflu c? ljsNk 5g\ < @%

hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿ 7

 zLif{s k[i7
l ahf/ kl/;"rs eg]sf] s] xf]  < @^
l a'n dfs]{6 /lao/dfs]{6 eg]s
 f]s]xf] < @^
l d"No ;+jb] gzLn ;"rgf eg]sf]s]xf] < @^
l g]6jy{ -v'b d"No_ eg]sf]s]xf] < @&
l leqL sf/f]af/ eg]sf] s] xf]  < @&
l nufgL ljljwLs/0f eg]sf]s]xf] < @&
l s]Gb|Lo lgIf]k k|0ffnL eg]sf] xf] < @*
l l8Dof6 PsfpG6 eg]sf]s]xf] < @*
l sDkgL vf/]hLdf uP s]x'G5 < @(
l ;]o /wgLx¿sf]sDkgLk|ltsf]bfloTj s:tf] x'G5 < @(
l lwtf]kqx¿sf] sf/f]af/ :6s PS;r]GheGbf aflx/ x'g ;S5  < @(
l lwtf]kq ;DaGwL u'gf;fx¿ sxfF /fVg ;lsG5 < #)
l lwtf]kq ahf/lgodg s'g lgsfoaf6 x'G5 < #)
l :6s PS;r]Ghsf] lhDd]jf/L s] xf] < #!
l ;]o/ bnfn eg]sf] sf] xf]  < #!
l dr]{G6 a}+s
 /eg]sf sf]x'g\ < #!
l :6s PS;r]Ghdf ;]o/ lsga]r eO;s]kl5 /fkm;fkm
tyf km5\of}{6 s;/L x'G5 < #@
l bf];|f]ahf/df sf/f]af/ubf{ vr{ slt x'G5 < #@
l ;]o /sf af/]df yk hfgsf/L sxfF kfpg ;lsG5 < ##

8 hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿

;]o/ eg]sf] s] xf]  <

s'g}Joj;fo, pBf]uwGbf, Jofkf/cflb ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos k'FhL ;+sng

ug{] p2]Zon] sDkgLx¿n] hf/L ug]{ ;fwg ;]o/ xf]  . ;]o/ vl/baf6 tkfO{
;Da4 sDkgLsf]c+lzof/x'g'x'g5 ]  . o;n]tkfOnfO{ sDkgLsf]nfexfgLdf
;xefuL x'g]clwsf/lbG5 .

;]o/slt lsl;dsf x'G5g\ <

;]
o/d'Votof b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . klxnf];fwf/ 0f ;]o/xf]h;n]
tkfOnfO{ sDkgLsf];fwf/ 0f ;efdf ;xefuL x'g, gLltlgod lgdf{0fdf
cfkm\gf]dt hfx]/ug{, ;~rfns r'Gg, ;~rfnssf]pDd]bjf/aGg]clwsf/
k|bfg u5{ . o;n]tkfO{nfO{ sDkgLn]hf/ L ug]{ nfef+zsf]clwsf/L
agfpF5 .

bf];|f] cu|flwsf/ ;]o/xf] o;n] sDkgLaf6 ljt/0f x'g] k|ltkmndf ;fwf/0f

;]o/wgLsf]eGbf klxnf] clwsf/ lbG5  . sDkgL lj36g x'g] cj:yfdf
klg ;fwf/0f ;]o/wgL eGbf klxnf] k|fyldstf cu|flwsf/ ;]o/jfnfnfO{
lbOG5  . w]/}h;f] cu|flwsf/ ;]o/df lglZrt nfef+z /sd -nfef+z k|ltzt_
klxNo} lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'G5  . ;fdfGotof cu|flwsf/ ;]o/jfnfn] sDkgLsf]
;fwf/0f ;efdf efu lng], dt hfx]/ug]{, ;~rfns aGg]cj;/kfpFb}gg\  .

hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿ 1

 ;]o/nufgLdf hf]lvd x'G5 ls x'Fbg} <

lwtf]kqx¿dWo];]o/nfO{ t'ngfTds ?kdf a9L hf]lvd ePsf]ljQLo ;fwg

dflgG5  . nufgLstf{n] vl/b u/]sf] ;]o/sf] d"No ;w}+ a9\5 eGg] x'b}g  .
;a}sDkgLn]nfef+z lbG5g\ eGg]klg ;'lglZrt x'bg} . ;]] o/nufgL
ubf{ cfkm"n]nufgL u/]sf];Dk"0f{ /sd z"Go x'g klg ;S5 . t/klAns
lnld6]8 sDkgLsf] ;]o/df ul/Psf] nufgLdf nufgLstf{sf] bfloTj nufgL
ul/Psf]/sd a/fa/dfq}x'G5 . cGo lsl;dsf]bfloTj x'b}g . sDkgL
8'a]sf] cj:yfdf nufgLstf{n] cfkm\gf] 3/38]/Laf6 ltg{' kb}{g  . o;}sf/0f
;]o/ nufgLstf{sf] bfloTj ;]o/ afkt ul/Psf] nufgL /sddf l;ldt
x'G5 .

hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ug]{pkfox¿ klg 5g . nufgLnfO{ ;]o /;lxt C0fkq,

artkq, Do'r'cn kmG8sf Psf+s nufotsf cGo lwtf]kqx¿df ljefhg ug{
;lsG5 . ;]o/df dfq nufgL ug]{xf]eg]klg a}+s  ÷ljQ, Jofkf/, xf]6n,
pTkfbg, hnljB't, ladf nufot ljleGg If]q /sDkgLx¿ /f]Hg ;lsG5 .
o;/ L nufgL ljljwLs/ 0f ubf{ Pp6f If]
q jf sDkgLdf ul/
Psf]nufgL
lalu|of]eg]csf]{af6 k"lt{ ug{ ;lsG5 .

;]o/df nufgL ubf{ s;/L kmfObf x'G5 <

;]
o/vl/ b u/

s
] f]eGbf a9L d"Nodf laqmL ug{ ;lsof]eg]kmfObf x'G5 .
o;nfO{ k'h F Lut nfe elgG5  . o:tf] nfedf ;/sf/n] s/ lng] u/s ] f] 5  .
xfn k'hF Lut nfes/JolQmnfO{ % k|ltzt /;+:yfnfO{ !) k|ltztsf b/n] lng]
ul/Psf]5 . sDkgLn]cflh{t gfkmfsf]s]xL c+z ;]o /wgLnfO{ k|ltkmn -nfef+z_
sf]?kdf ljt/0f ug{;S5 . o:tf]nfef+z gub jf yk -af]g;_ ;]o/sf ?kdf
ljt/0f ug{ ;S5 . nfef+zdf klg % k|ltztsf b/n] s/ltg{k' 5{ . sDkgLn]
nfef+z ljt/0f ug{k} 5{ eGg]clgjfo{ x'bg}  . sDkgLn]cfkm\gf]cfjZostf, nIo,
p2]Zo tyf /0fgLlt cg';f/gfkmf ljt/0f ug]÷{gug]{lg0f{o ug{ ;S5 .

2 hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿

nfef+z eg]sf] s] xf]  <

sDkgLn]cfkm\gf]sf/fa]f/af6 k|fKt cfDbfgLdf vr{ tyf s/bfloTjx¿

s6fPkl5 x'g]gfkmf -nfe_ nufgLstf{x¿nfO{ ljt/ 0f ug{ ;S5 . o;/ L
nfef+z ljt/0f ug{sf nflu sDkgLsf];]o/wgL sf]ifdf kof{Kt /sd x'g'k5{  .
csf]{zAbdf kof{Kt cfDbfgL u/L tna d;nGbdf x'g]lgoldt vr{, ljleGg
;DklQ tyf ;fdu|Lsf]vl/ b afkt ul/ g]e'QmfgL, C0fsf];fjfF Aofh,
;/sf/nfO{ ltg{'kg]{ s/ nufot ;a} bfloTj r'Qmf u/]/ gfkmfdf /x]sf
sDkgLn]dfq nfef+z ljt/0f ug{ ;S5g\ .

;]o/ k|df0fkq eg]sf] s] xf]  <

;]o/ vl/b u/]afkt sDkgLn] nufgLstf{nfO{ lbg] lnvt ;]o/ k|df0fkq

xf] . xfn;Dd sDkgLn]nufgLstf{nfO{ sfuhL ;]o/k|df0fkq lbFb}cfPsf
5g\  . cfufdL lbgdf sfuhL ;]o/k|df0fkq cl:tTjdf /xg]5}gg\  . sfuhL
;]o/ k|df0fkqdf x/fpg], rf]l/g], Rofltg] jf hNg] eO{ gi6 x'g] nufotsf
;d:of 5g\  . sfuhL ;]o/ k|df0fkq lsga]rkl5 gfd;f/Ldf ;d]t cK7]/f]
x'g]ePsf]n]o;nfO{ x6fpg yflnPsf]5 . ca sDkgLx¿n]nufgLstf{nfO{
ljB'tLo ?kdf ;]o /lbg]5g\  . xfn rngdf /x]sf sfuhL ;]o /k|df0fkq
klg ljB'tLo ?kdf ?kfGt/0f ug{'kg]{lgod ag]sf]5 . o; ;DaGwL yk
hfgsf/L l8Dof6 PsfpG6 /s]Gb|Lo lgIf]k k|0ffnL lzif{sdf 5g\ .

hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿ 3

 xsk|b ;]o/ eg]sf] s] xf]  <

sDkgLn] ;flassf ;]o/wgLn] dfq vl/b ug{;Sg] u/L yk ;]o/ hf/L

ug{;S5 . o:tf];]o/k|foM ahf/d"NoeGbf sddf vl/b ug{ ;lsG5 .
;]o/wgLn] cfk"m;Fu ePsf] ;]o/;+Vofsf] cg'kftdf xsk|b ;]o/ vl/b ug{
kfpF5g .

af]g; ;]o/ eg]sf] s] xf]  <

sDkgLn];fljssf ;] o/
wgLnfO{ nfef+zsf]?kdf l;Q}df klg yk ;] o/
lbg;S5 . sDkgLsf];l~rt sf]ifdf ;]o/wgLnfO{ ljt/0f ug{ ;lsg]kof{Kt
/sd 5 /sDkgLsf]k'FhL a9fpg' kg]{cj:yf klg 5 eg]sDkgLn]af]g;
;]o/ hf/L ug{;S5  .

lk|ldoddf ;]o/ eg]sf] s] xf]  <

sDkgLn];]o/lgisf;g ubf{ c+lst d"Nodf yk /sd hf]8]/nufgLstf{nfO{
;]o/laqmL ug]{sfo{nfO{ lk|ldoddf ;]o/hf/L ug]{elgG5 . dfgf}+s'g}
sDkgLsf];] o/sf]c+lst d"No ?= !))÷– xf]eg]p;n]?= !%)÷–,
?= #%)÷–, ?= %))÷– jf c? s'g}d"Nodf ;]o /hf/L ug{ ;S5 . sDkgLn]
slt lk|ldod lng]eGg];DaGwdf g]kfn lwtf]kq af]8 {sf]:jLs[lt lng'k5{ .
lwtf]
kq btf{ tyf lg: sf;g lgodfjnL, @)^% cg';f/lk|ldoddf ;]o/
hf/L ubf{ sDkgLsf]clGtd n]v  f k/LIf0faf6 sfod x'g cfPsf]k|lt;]o/
lstfaL d"No -g]6 jy{_ nfO{ cfwf/agfpg' k5{  . lk|ldod d"No lgwf{/0f ubf{
ckgfO{Psf]ljlw /cf}lrTo tyf cf} lrTonfO{ k'li6 ug] { u/ L sDkgLeGbf
aflx/sf lj1 jf lj1 ;+:y  faf6 lj:t[t n]v
 f k/LIf0f -8\o" 8]lnh]G; cl86_
ul/Psf] x'g'k5{  . ;fdfGotof ljQLo cj:yf /fd|f] ePsf / ahf/df /fd|f]
klxrfg agfPsf sDkgLn]lk|ldod ;]o /hf/L u5{g\ .

4 hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿

;]o/df t/ntf x'G5 eg]sf] s] xf]  <

s'g};DklQnfO{ laqmL u/]/t'?Gt}gubdf kl/0ft ug{ ;lsG5 eg]To:tf]

;DklQnfO{ t/n elgG5 . ;]o/klg pRr t/ntf ePsf]ljQLo ;DklQ
xf]  . :6s PS;r]~h -;]o/ahf/_ df ;"lrs[t ;]o/x¿ k|foM t/n x'G5g .
To:tf ;]o/nfO{ ahf/n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] d"Nodf laqmL u/]/ s]xL lbgd} gub
k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . t/:6s PS;r]Ghdf ;"rLs[t ;a};]o/plQs}t/n
x'b}gg\  . nufgLstf{n] s'g} ;]o/ :6s PS;r]G hdf af/Daf/ lsga]r x'G5
ls x'b}g eGg]kIfnfO{ klg ljrf/ug{'k5{ . af/Daf/vl/b laqmL x'g];]o/
a9L t/n x'G5g\ .

;]o/n] dxFuLaf6 hf]ufpF5  <

;]o/df ul/Psf]nufgLaf6 k|fKt x'g]k|ltkmn b/, d'b|f:kmLlt b/-dxFuL

j[l4 b/_ eGbf k|foMpRr x'g]x'gfn]o;n]dxFuLaf6 hf]ufpF5 eGg]ljZjf;
ul/G5  . ljZje/sf ;]o/ ahf/ / nfdf] Oltxf;n] dxFuLnfO{ ;]o/df
ul/Psf] nufgLn] lhTg] tYosf] k'i6L u/]sf] 5  . tfklg ;]o/ dxFuL
lj?4sf]cr's cf}ifwL eg]xf]Og\ .

;]o/ lwtf] /fv]/ C0f lng ;lsG5  <

a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿df ;]o/lwtf]/fv]/C0f lng ;lsG5 . a}+s tyf

ljQLo ;+:yfn];'g, 3/hUuf nufotsf cGo ;DklQx¿ h:t};]o/lwtf]
/fv]/plrt Aofh b/df C0f lbg ;S5g\ .

hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿ 5

 ;]o/ vl/b laqmL s;/L ug]{  <

;]o/k|fylds jf bf] ;|f]ahf/

df vl/
b ug{ ;lsG5 . sDkgLn]ljQLo
cj:yf, of]hgfnufotsf ;"rgf ;dfj]z  u/L ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] ljj/0fkqsf]
cfwf/df tf]lsPsf s]Gb|x¿df ;]o/vl/bsf nflu cfj]bg lbg ;lsG5 .
k|fylds ahf/df cGtu{t x'g]of]ultljlwdf sDkgLn]nufgLstf{nfO{ ;]o /
laqmL u/]sf] x'G5  .

bf]
;|f]ahf/
df nufgLstf{n]Ps cfk;df ;] o/lsga] r u5{g . olb
;]o/x¿ lwtf]kq ahf/ -g]kfn :6s PS;r]G h_ df ;"rLs[t ul/Psf] 5 eg]
;lhn};Fu nufgLstf{n] clwsf/Ls ;]o/ bnfnsf] ;xfotf lnO a]rlavg
ug{ ;S5g . cfkm"n]vl/b jf laqmL ug{ rfx]sf];]o/sf nflu tf]lsPsf]
9fFrfdf nufgLstf{n]bnfnnfO{ lnlvt cfb]z lbg'k5{  . nufgLstf{n];]o /
bnfnnfO{ sf/f]af//sd cg';f/tf]lsPsf]sld;g klg lbg'kg]{x'G5 .

;]o/s;n]hf/L ug{ ;S5 <

sDkgL P]g cg';f/klAns lnld6]8 sDkgLsf ?kdf :yflkt tyf ;~rflnt

;+ul7t ;+:yfn]dfq ;j{;fwf/0fdf ;]o /hf/L ug{ ;S5g\ . ;/sf/tyf
;/sf/L :jfldTjsf ;+:yfgx¿n] klg ;]o/ hf/L ug{ ;S5g\  . g]kfndf
klxnf]k6s lj=;+= !(($ df lj/f6gu/h'6 ldN; /g]kfn a}+s  n];]o/
hf/L u/]sf lyP . ;]o/hf/L ug{sf nflu k'FhL ahf/sf]lgodg lgsfo
g]kfn lwtf]kq af]8{sf]cg'dlt lng'k5{ .

6 hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿

:yfgLojf;LnfO{ ;]o/ eg]sf] s] xf]  <

lwtf]kq lgisf;g tyf btf{ lgodfjnLn]!) k|ltzt ;]o/pBf]u k|efljt

If]qsf afl;Gbfx¿nfO{ 5'6\ofpg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5  . o;}nfO{ af]lnrfnLsf]
efiffdf :yfgLojf;LnfO{ ;]o/ elgPsf] xf]  . o:tf] ;]o/ :yfgLojf;Ln]
k|fKt u/]sf]tLg jif{;Dd laqmL ug{ kfpFb}gg\ . ;Da4 sDkgLsf]sd{rf/L,
pBf] u k|efljt : yfgLo afl;Gbf nufot sf] 6f jf cf/ If0fdf ;]o/k|fKt
ug]{ nufgLstf{n] lglZrt cjlw;Dd ;]o/ cfkm\g} lgoGq0fdf /flv/x"g\ eGg]
p2]Zon] k|rlnt sfg'gdf o:tf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf]  .

hnljB't\ sDkgLn] :yfgLojf;LnfO{ ;]o/ lsg

lbG5g\ <

hnljB't\ sDkgLn]:yfgLo k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;fwgnfO{ sRrf kbfy{sf]?kdf

k|of]u ug]{ePsfn]lwtf]kq lgisf;g tyf btf{ lgodfjnLn]:yfgLojf;LnfO{
;]o/ laqmL ug{ clgjfo{ u/]sf] xf]  .

hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿ 7

 hnljB't\ sDkgLn] :yfgLojf;LnfO{ ;]o/
slxn]lbG5g\ <

kl/of]hgf ;~rfngsf nflu cg'dlt k|fKt u/]sf], kl/of]hgf lgdf{0fsf

nflu cfjZos sfo{x¿ cufl8 a9fO{ Ps jif{sf]cjlw k"/ f ul/ ;s]
sf]
,
lgodfg';f/ n]vfk/LIf0f tyf ;fwf/0f ;ef ;DkGg u/]sf], cfjZos kg]{
hUuf vl/b jf cGo k|sf/n]Joj:yf ul/;s]sf], cfjZos kg]{oflGqs
pks/ 0f tyf To;sf kf6{k"hf{ cflb vl/ b ug'{kg]{ ePdf vl/ b u/sf]
] ,
kl/of]hgf lgdf{0fsf nflu kmfOgflG;on Snf]h/ e};s]sf], ljB't\ vl/b
;Demf}tf ul/;s]sf]/hnljB't\ u[x tyf cGo k"jf{wf/x¿ lgdf{0fsf nflu
6]G8/cfXjfg ul/;s]sf], ;+:yfksx¿n] cfkm"n] lng sa'n u/]sf] /sd zt
k|ltzt r'Qmf ul/;s]sf] hnljB't\ sDkgLn] :yfgLo afl;Gbfx¿nfO{ ;]o/
laqmL ug{ ;S5g\ .

;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;]o/ hf/L gug]{ hnljB't\

sDkgL klg x'G5g\ <

k|fOe]
6 lnld6]8 sDkgLsf ?kdf btf{ ePsf hnljB't\ sDkgLn]
;j{;fwf/0fdf ;]o/ hf/L ub}{gg\  . :yfgLojf;LnfO{ ;]o/ lbg] ;Gbe{df eg]
o:tf sDkgLn] ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;S5g\  . o:tf sDkgLsf] ;]o/ :6s
PS;r]G hdf ;"rLs[t x'g ;Sb}g  . :6s PS;r]G hdf ;"rLs[t / sf/f]af/
gx'g] ePsf]n] o:tf sDkgLsf] ;]o/ d"No ahf/n] lgwf{/0f ub}{g  .

8 hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿

hnljB't\ sDkgLsf ;]o/df hf]lvd x'G5 ls
x'Fb}g  <

cGo If]qsf sDkgLx¿df h:tf] hf]lvd x'G5 To:t} lsl;dsf] hf]lvd

hnljB't\ sDkgLsf ;]o/df klg x'G5  . cy{tGqsf ljleGg If]qdf ptf/r9fj
cfO g}/ xG5 . o: tf]ptf/
r9fjaf6 hnljB't\ If]
q klg k|efljt x'g
;S5 . o: tf]cj:
yfdf hnljB't\ sDkgLn]nufgLstf{nfO{ nfef+z lbg
g;Sg]jf p;sf];]o/d"Nodf j[l4 gx'g ;S5 . sDkgL 6f6 klN6P
;]o/sf]d"No z"Go x'g ;S5 .

hnljB't\ kl/of]h
 gf k|efljt /lhNnfjf;LnfO{
s'g cg'kftdf ;]o/5'6\ofOG5 <

k|rlnt P]glgodn]pBf]u k|efljt :yfgLojf;LnfO{ s'n hf/L k'FhLsf]!)

k|ltzt ;]o/ 5'6\ofpg] af/]df dfq} af]n]sf] 5  . hnljB't\ kl/of]hgfaf6 sf]
slt k|efljt xf]eg]/5'6\ofpg]tyf kl/of]hgf k|efljt /lhNnfjf;LnfO{
s]–slt ;]o/ lbg] eGg] ;DaGwdf ;/f]sf/jfnfaLrsf] 5nkmnaf6 to x'Fb}
cfPsf]5 .

hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿ 9

 hnljB't\ sDkgLsf] ;]o/ hf/L ug]{ ;Gbe{df
;/f]sf/jfnf kIf eg]sf] sf] xf]  <

;]o/ hf/L ug]{ hnljB't\ sDkgL, ;]o/ hf/L k|lqmofsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ laqmL
k|aGws, ;du| k'FhL ahf/sf]lgodg ug]{g]k fn lwtf]kq af]8 { /;j{;fwf/0f
nufgLstf{ hnljB't\ sDkgLsf] ;]o/ hf/L ug]{ ;Gbe{df ;/f]sf/jfnf kIf
x'g\ . sDkgLn];]o/hf/L ug]{lg0f{o u/]kl5 laqmL k|aGws lgo'Qm u5{,
laqmL k|aGws dfkm{t sDkgLn]g]kfn lwtf]kq af]8{af6 ;]o /lgisf;g ug]{
cg'dlt k|fKt u5{ . lwtf] kq af]
8{af6 cg'dlt kfPkl5 tf] lsPsf];+sng
s]Gb|af6 nufgLstf{n];]o /kmf/fd k|fKt ug]{/a'emfpg]ug{ ;S5g\ .

hnljB't\ sDkgLn] kl/of]hgf ;/sf/nfO{

lkmtf{ u/]kl5 ;]o/ nufgLstf{sf] cj:yf s]
x'G5 <

sDkgLn] kl/of]hgf ;/sf/nfO{ lkmtf{ u/] kl5 klg ;]o/wgLx¿sf] sDkgLdf

ePsf]gub ;lxtsf]cGo sDkgLsf];Dkltdf :jfldTf sfod}/xG5 t/
kl/of]hgfsf] cfDbfgL eg] x'Fb}g  . t/ sDkgLn] Ps eGbf a9L kl/of]hgfx¿
;+rfng ug]{cg'dlt k|fKt u/L nfdf];do;Dd klg cfDbfgL sfod /fVg
;S5 . ;fy}sDkgLn]cGo sDkgLx¿ h:t}sfo{ p2]Zox¿ Kl/dfh{g u/L
gfkmfd"ns cGo sfo{x¿ klg ug{ ;S5 . t/o;sf]nflu sDkgLsf]
Joj:yfksLo sfo{ Ifdtf pRr : t/sf]x'g'k5{ . o;sf/
0f hnljB't\
sDkgLdf nufgL ubf{ sDkgLsf]Joj: yfksLo Ifdtfsf]hfgsf/ L k|fKt
ug'{kg]{x'G5 .

10 hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿

;]o/ / lwtf]k qdf s] km/s 5  <

lwtf]kq zAbn] ljQ ahf/df sf/f]af/ x'g] ;a} lsl;dsf ;fwgnfO{ ;d]6\5  .
o;leq ;]o/klg k5{ . ;/sf/tyf sDkgLx¿n]cfkm"nfO{ cfjZos k'FhL
;+sngsf nflu hf/L ug]{ljQLo cf}hf/lwtf]kq xf]  . ;/sf/tyf ;+ul7t
;+:yf -sDkgL_ x¿åf/f lgisf;g tyf laqmL ul/g];]o/, l8a]Gr/, aG8,
;fd"lxs nufgL sf]ifsf Psf+s nufotsf ljQLo cf}hf/lwtf]k qsf pbfx/0f
x'g\ . lwtf]kq ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# n]lwtf]kq ahf/-:6s PS;r]~h_ df
vl/b laqmL sf/f]af/ x'g ;Sg] egL g]kfn lwtf]kq af]8{n] tf]lslbPsf] cGo
lwtf]kq jf To:tf]kqlwtf]vl/b, laqmL jf ljlgdo ug{ ;Sg]clwsf/kqsf
;fy} g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] hdfgtdf ;+ul7t ;+:yfn]
hf/L ug]{artkq tyf C0fkqnfO{ ;d]t lwtf]kq -;]So'l/l6h_ x'g\ egL
kl/eflift u/]sf] 5  .

lwtf]kq slt k|sf/sf x'G5g\ <

lwtf]kqnfO{ juL{s/0f ug]{ w]/} cfwf/x¿ 5g\  . k|ltkmn tyf hf]lvdsf

cfwf/ df lwtf]
kq ljz]if u/L tLg k|sf/ sf x'G5g\ .pRr nfe tyf pRr
hf]lvd x'g]lwtf]kq . of]ju{df ;]o //;fd"lxs of]hgfsf Psf+s k5{ .
dWod nfe tyf dWod hf] lvd x'g]ju{df cu|flwsf/;] o/
, ;+:yfut
C0fkq -l8a]~r/_ nfO{ /fVg ;lsG5 . Go"g hf]lvd tyf Go"g k|ltkmn
k|fKt x'g]ju{df ;/sf/L C0fkqnfO{ /fVg ;lsG5 .

;+ul7t ;+:yfsf]bfloTj tyf p;n]ljt/0f ug]{k|ltkmn dflysf]clwsf/sf

cfwf/df klg lwtf]kqx¿sf]juL{s/
0f ug{ ;lsG5 . bftfx¿nfO{ lglZrt
k|ltkmn -Aofh_ lbg]u/ L hf/
L ul/
Psf]lwtf]kq C0fkq x'g\ . sDkgL
lj36g x'g]cj:yfdf e'QmfgL lng]klxnf]kfnf]C0fkq wgLx¿sf]x'G5 .

hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿ 11

 ;fwf/0f ;]o/df ;]o/wgLx¿nfO{ afF8\g] k|ltkmn klxNo} lglZrt ul/Psf]
x'b}g\  . sDkgL lj36g x'g] cj:yfdf e'QmfgL lng] kfnf] ;]o/wgLx¿sf]
clGtddf cfpF5 . cu|flwsf/;] o/nfO{ ;fdfGotof C0fkq /;fwf/ 0f
;]
o/ sf]ldl>t u'0f ePsf]lwtf]
kqsf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . sDkgLn]
ljt/0f ug]{ k|ltkmndf ;fwf/0f ;]o/wgL eGbf cu|flwsf/ ;]o/wgLsf]
clwsf/cufl8 cfpF5 .

C0fkq eg]sf] s] xf]  <

tf]
lsPsf]b//;dodf ;fFjf tyf Aofh e'QmfgL ug] { zt{df ;+ul7t
;+:yfn] hf/L u/]sf] ljQLo cf}hf/nfO{ C0fkq -l8a]Gr/_ elgG5  . o;sf]
c+lst d"No ;fwf/tof Ps xhf/?k}ofF x'G5 . l8a]~r/jfnfx¿n]cfkm"n]
u/]sf]nufgL /sddf tf]lsPsf]b/df jflif{s jf cw{jflif{s?kdf Aofh k|fKt
u5{g\ .

tf]lsPsf]b//;dodf ;fFjf tyf Jofh e'QmfgL ug]{zt{df s]Gb|Lo jf

:yfgLo ;/sf/n] hf/L u/]sf] ljQLo cf}hf/nfO{ C0fkq -aG8_ elgG5  .
aG8 jf l8a]~r/jfnfx¿nfO{ sDkgLsf]jflif{s ;fwf/0f;efdf ;xefuL x'g]
cj;//dtbfg ug]{clwsf/x+'b}g .

sd hf]lvd lng rfxg]nufgLstf{x¿sf]/ f]

hfOdf C0fkq k5{g . lwtf]
hdfgL ePsf] / gePsf], ljdf]Ro / cljdf]Ro, kl/jt{gLo / ckl/jt{gLo
u/L C0fkqnfO{ ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .

12 hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿

Do'r'cn kmG8 eg]sf]s]xf] <

;fd"lxs nufgL of]hgf -Do'r'cn kmG8_ eGgfn]of]hgf Joj:yfksn]Psf+s

hf/L u/L ljleGg JolQmjf ;+:y  fx¿af6 ;+slnt k'FhLnfO{ lwtf]kq nufotsf
ljleGg If]qdf nufgL u/L k|fKt k|ltkmn k'gM of]hgfdf ;xefuLnfO{ ljt/0f
ug]{;+oGq xf]  . o;df of]h
 gf Joj:yfksn]Psf+s dfkm{t ;+slnt /sdnfO{
cfkm\gf]lhDd]jf/Ldf lnO{ ;f]sf]bIf tyf ljz] if1 nufgL ;] jf k|bfg
u5{g\ . of]hgfdf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ?kn]ljt/ 0f ug{ of]hgf
Joj:yfksn] ;~rfng u/]sf] nufgL sf]if, Psf+s sf]if jf To:t} k|sf/sf]
cGo ;xeflutfd"ns sf]if Joj:yfkg u/]sf x'G5g\ .

Jofj;flos Joj: yfkssf]1fg tyf cg'ej -h'g JolQmut nufgLstf{df

gx'g ;S5_ sf]clwstd pkof]u ug]{dfWod Do'r'cn kmG8 xf] . Do'r'cn
kmG8n]cfsf/ sf]kmfObf klg p7fpFg ;S5 h'g JolQmut nufgLstf{df
x'g ;Sb}g  .

v'nfd'vL /aGbd'vL Do'r'cn kmG8 eg]s

 f]s]
xf]  <

Do'r'cn kmG8sf]v'nfd'vL of] hgfdf nufgLstf{ h'g;'s};dodf klg

;xefuL x'g;S5g\ . o:tf]of]hgf kl/kSj x'g]lglZrt cjlw tf]lsPsf]
x'b}g . nufgLstf{n]cfkm";Fu ePsf]Psf+s h'g;'s};dodf a]Rg ;S5g\
/lsGg klg ;S5g\ . k|rlnt v'b ;DklQd"Nosf cfwf/df o;sf]lsga]r
x'G5 . Do'r'cn kmG8sf]aGbd'vL of]h gf lglZrt kl/df0f /lglZrt
;dosf nflu ;~rflnt x'G5 . k"j{ lgwf{l/ t ;dofjlwdf nufgLstf{n]
of]
hgfsf]Psf+s lsGg kfpF5g\ . of] hgf kl/
kSj ePkl5 nufgLstf{n]
k|rlnt v'b ;DklQ d"Nodf Psf+s laqmL u5{g\ .

hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿ 13

 clws[t k'FhL, Hff/L k'FhL tyf r'Qmf kF'hL
eg]sf] s] xf]  <

clws[t kF'hL eGgfn]sDkgLn]cfkm\gf]hf/L k'FhL j[l4 ug{ ;Sg]clwstd

;Ldf eGg]a'l´G5 . o:tf]clwstd ;Ldf sDkgLsf]k|aGwkq ;+zf]wg u/L
j[l4 ug{ ;lsg]sfg'gL Joj:yf 5 .

Hff/L kF'hL eGgfn] sDkgLn] ;]o/wgLx¿af6 ;+sng ug]{ nIo /fv]s  f]
k'FhLnfO{ a'lemG5 . ;]o/wgLx¿n];f]xL cg'?k k'FhL hDdf ug]{k|lta4tf
hfx]/ u/]sf x'G5g\  .

r'Qmf kF'hL eGgfn] sDkgLåf/f hf/L ul/Psf], ;]o/wgLx¿n] saf]n u/]sf]

kF'hL dWo];DalGwt ;]o /wgLx¿af6 r'Qmf ul/Psf]s'n kF'hL eGg]a'l´G5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu Ps ;o ?k}ofF k|lt ;]o/sf b/n] hf/L ul/Psf] ;]o/df
;]o/wgLn] k|lt;]oo/ %) ?k}ofFdfq lt/]sf] eP %) ?k}ofFk|lt ;]o/ r'Qmf
d"No x'G5 .

lwtf]kqsf] c+lst d"No eg]sf] s] xf]  <

;/sf/ jf ;+ul7t ;+:yfn] hf/L ug]{ lwtf]kqdf n]lvPsf] d"NonfO{ c+lst

d"No elgG5 . ;fdfGotof o;}s  f cfwf/df lwtf]kqjfnfx¿af6 /sd ;+sng
ul/G5 . xfn g]kfndf C0fkqdf k|lt C0fkq ?= !)))÷– jf ?= !))÷–,
;]o/df k|lt;]o/?= !))÷– tyf Do'r'cn kmG8sf]Psf+sdf ?= !)÷– c+lst
d"No /fVg] ul/Psf] 5  .

14 hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿

lwtf]kq lgisf;g eg]sf] s] xf]  <

;+ul7t ;+: yfx¿n]cfkm\gf]kF'hLsf]cfjZostf k"/

f ug{ ;j{;fwf/
0f;dIf
lwtf]kq lgisfzg tyf laqmL ub{5g\ . o;n]nufgLstf{x¿nfO{ nufgLsf]
cj;/k|bfg ug'{sf ;fy}pgLx¿nfO{ Joj;fo ;~rfngaf6 k|fKt d'gfkmfdf
;xefuL x'g ;Sg]cj;/k|fKt x'G5 . lwtf]kqsf]dfWodaf6 nufgLstf{;Fu
5l/P/ /x]sf] art /sd pBf]uwGbfdf kl/rflnt eO{ b]zsf] cfly{s
ljsf;df of]ubfg k'Ub5 .

k|yd ;fj{hlgs lgisf;g -cfOlkcf]_ eg]sf]

s] xf]  <

Psk6sdf krf;hgf eGbf a9L JolQmx¿nfO{ ljj/ 0fkq k|sfzg u/L

;fwf/0f ;]o /laqmL ul/g]ljlwnfO{ k|yd ;fj{hlgs lgisf;g -Olgl;on
klAns ckml/ª, cfOlkcf]_ eG5g . o;/L cu|flwsf/;]o/tyf C0fkq
klg lgisf;g ug{ ;lsG5 .

kl/kq ljlw eg]sf] s] xf]  <

Ps k6sdf a9Ldf krf; hgf;Dd nufgLstf{x¿nfO{ nlIft u/L lr7\7L,

kq jf s'g}klg ljB'tLo ;~rf/dfWodaf6 ul/ g]lwtf]kqsf]lgisf;g
kl/
kq ljlw xf] . o;df lgisf;gstf{n]k'FhL ;+sngsf nflu lglZrt
JolQm jf ;d"xnfO{ nIo u/]sf]x'G5 .

hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿ 15

 gofF lgisf;g -Pkmlkcf]_ eg]s
 f]s]xf] <

Ps k6s cfOlkcf]ul/ ;s]sf sDkgLn]cfkm\gf]k'FhL j[l4 ug{]u/

L
nufgLstf{x¿ af6 /sd ;+sngug{ ckgfpg]ljlw gofF lgisf;g -kmb{/
klAns O:o', Pkmlkcf]_ xf] .

k|fylds ahf/df lwtf]kqsf] d"No s;/L

lgwf{/0f x'G5 <

;fdfGotof k|fylds ahf/df lwtf]kqx¿ c+lst d"Nodf vl/b laqmL x'G5 .

ljQLo cj: yf alnof]ePsf sDkgLn]c+lst d"Nodf yk / sd hf] 8]/
lk|ldoddf klg laqmL ug{ ;S5g\ . k|fylds ahf/df sDkgLx¿af6 vl/b
ul/Psf] lwtf]kq k/]sf] a]nf laqmL ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5  . o:tf]
Joj:yfnfO{ bf];|f] ahf/ eG5g\  . :6s PS;r]G hx¿n] bf];|f] ahf/sf] ?kdf
sfd u/]sf x'G5g\ .

cfj]bg lbPsf]slt ;dokl5 lwtf]kq k|fKt

ug{ ;lsG5 <

lwtf]kq vl/bsf nflu k/]sf] b/vf:tsf] ;+Vof cg';f/ lwtf]kq ljqmL

aGb ePsf]$) lbg b]lv &) lbgleq lwtf]kqx¿ afF8kmfF6 ug{'kg]{lgod
5  . afF8kmfF6 u/]kl5 nufgLstf{x¿nfO{ ;]o/ k/]sf nufgLstf{x¿nfO{ ;]o/
k|bfg ul/G5 eg]gk/ sf tyf dfu u/
] ]eGbf sd lwtf]kq k|fKt u/ sf
]
nufgLstf{x¿nfO{ /sd lkmtf{ e'QmfgL ul/G5 .

16 hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿

afF8kmfF8 ePsf] ;]o/ :6s PS;r]G hdf
slxn]b]lv sf/f]af/ x'G5  <

lgisf;gstf{ sDkgLn]lwtf]
kqx¿ ;"rLs/ 0fsf nflu afF8kmfF6 ePsf]
#) lbgleq : 6s PS;r]Ghdf lgj]
bg lbO;Sg' kg]{Joj: yf 5 . o;/ L
;"rLs/0f ePkl5 nufgLstf{n] cfkm"n] vl/b u/]sf] lwtf]kqx¿ lwtf]kq
bnfn Joj;foL dfkm{t :6s PS;r]~hdf laqmL ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

bf];|f] ahf/df lwtf]kqsf] d"No s;/L lgwf{/0f

x'G5 <

:6s PS;r]Ghdf ahf/ dfu / cfk"lt{n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] d"Nodf lwtf]kqx¿sf]

sf/f]af/ x'G5  . :6s PS;r]G hn] lwtf]kqx¿sf] ahf/ d"No x'g ;Sg]
kl/jt{gsf];Ldfx¿ tf]s]sf]x'G5 . lwtf]kqsf]d"Nodf Ps lbgdf x'g ;Sg]
kl/jt{g, Ps sf/f]af/b]lv csf]{ sf/f]af/ ;Dd d"Nodf x'g;Sg] kl/jt{gsf]
;Ldf :6s PS;r]G hn] tf]s]sf] x'G5  . :6s PS;r]G hdf lwtf]kqsf] sf/f]af/
;b:o bnfn dfkm{t x'G5g\ . lwtf]kq lsga]r ug]{n]bnfnnfO{ sld;g
ltg{'k5{ .

hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿ 17

 k|fylds ahf/df lwtf]kq vl/b ubf{ Wofg
lbg''kg]{s'/fx¿ s]x'g\ <

lwtf]kqsf];fj{hlgs lgisf;g x'Fbf lwtf]kq vl/b ug{ rfxg]nufgLstf{n]

;DalGwt ;+ul7t ;+:y fsf]ljj/0fkqsf ;fy}k|aGwkq /lgodfjnL
x]/L ;DalGwt sDkgLsf]Joj;fosf]k|s[lt, cfly{s ljj/0f, hf]lvd kIf,
;+:yfks ;~rfns ;DaGwL ljj/0f h:tf s'/fx¿sf]cWoog tyf ljZn]if0f
u/L nufgL ;DaGwL lg0f{o ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 .

bf];|f] ahf/df lwtf]kq vl/b ubf{ Wofg

lbg''kg]{s'/fx¿ s]x'g\ <

bf];|f]ahf/df lwtf]kq lsga]r ubf{ hf]lvd, k|ltkmn, t/ntf tyf eljiosf]

;Defjgf nufotsf kIfdf Wofg lbg'k5{  . nufgLstf{n];DalGwt sDkgLsf]
sfo{ ;Dkfbg, cfly{s ljj/0f tyf jflif{s k|ltj]b g, ;+:yfks ;~rfnssf]
ljutsf]sfo{ ;Dkfbg, sDkgLåf/f ;do;dodf k|jfx ul/g];"rgf, :6s
PS;r]Ghdfkm{t ;fj{hlgs x'g]d"Nodf k|efj kfg{;Sg];+j] bgzLn ;"rgf
;d]t x]/L nufgL;DaGwL lg0f{o ug'{ k5{ .

18 hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿

;]o/ bnfnnfO{ lsga]r ug]{ cfb]z s;/L
lbg]  <

lwtf]kqx¿ vl/b jf laqmL ug]{lg0f{o u/]kl5 nufgLstf{n]lwtf]kq bnfnsf]

sfof{nodf uP/cfb]z–kq e/L lbg' kb{5 . o:tf cfb]zdf nufgLstf{n]
cfkm"n]vl/b jf laqmL ug rfx]sf]lwtf]kqsf]lsl;d, ;+Vof, d"No, cfb]z
axfn /xg]cjlw cflb :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v ug{' kb{5 .

cfb]z jxfn /xg] cjlw pNn]v gu/]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] cfb]z kqsf]
axfnL !% lbg;Dd sfod / xG5 . vl/ b jf laqmL cfb]z  lbPkl5
nufgLstf{n]bnfnaf6 cfkm"n]lbPsf]cfb] zsf]btf{ gDa/ , btf{ ePsf]
ldlt /;do ;d]t v'n]sf]lg:;f k|df0f lng' kb{5 .

;b:o bnfnn] cfb]z sfof{Gjog s;/L

u5{g\ <

nufgLstf{x¿af6 k|fKt vl/ b laqmL cfb] z cg';f/lwtf] kq bnfnx¿n]

sf/f]af/ubf{ btf{ qmdcg';f/nufgLstf{sf]gfd, lwtf]kqsf]gfd, d"No
cflb :6s PS;r]G hsf] sDKo'6/s[t sf/f]af/ k|0ffnLdf k|lji6L ub{5g\  .
o;/ L k|lji6 ePsf]vl/ b tyf laqmL cfb] zd"No–;do k|fyldstfsf]
cfwf/df d]n vfPkl5 lwtf]kq sf/fa]f/;DkGg x'G5 .

hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿ 19

 sf/f]af/ ;DaGwL hfgsf/L s;/L kfOG5  <

lwtf]kq bnfnn] nufgLstf{sf] cfb]z cg';f/ sf/f]af/ ;DkGg u/]kl5

;f];DaGwL hfgsf/L sf/f]af/ePs}lbg jf ef]lnkN6;Dd nufgLstf{nfO{
lbg'k5{  . nufgLstf{n] klg cfkm\gf] cfb]zcg';f/ sf/f]af/ eP gePsf]
af/]lwtf]kq bnfn;Fu ;Dks{ u/L a'´\g ;Sb5g\ . nufgLstf{n]cfkm\gf]
cfb]zcg';f/ lwtf]kq sf/f]af/ eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf :6s PS;r]~ hsf]
j]a;fO6af6 tyf l;w}:6s PS;r]~hdf ;Dks{ u/L hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{
;Sb5g\ .

lwtf]kq sf/f]af/ /fkm;fkm slt lbgdf x'G5  <

;]o/sf] sf/f]af/ ePsf] lbgkl5sf] # sfo{ lbgleq / C0fkqsf] sf/f]af/

ePs} lbg lwtf]kq bnfnn] sf/f]af/ /fkm;fkm ug{'k5{  . cfhsn sf/f]af/
/fkm;fkm ljB'tLo ?kdf :jrflnt k|0ffnLaf6 x'Fb}cfPsf]5 .

nufgLstf{n] sf/fa] f/ c:jLsf/ u/d] f s] x'G5  <

kF'hL ahf/ d]/f] jrg d]/f] bfloTj eGg] dfGotfaf6 ;~rflnt x'G5  . To;}n]
sf]xL klg cfkm\gf]jrgaf6 kl5 x6\g kfpFb}g\ . lwtf]kq bnfnaf6 cfkm\gf]
cfb]zcg';f/ sf/f]af/ ePsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ePkl5 lwtf]kq laqmLstf{n]
lwtf]kq tyf ;DalGwt sfuhft a'emfpg'k5{ .

vl/ bstf{n]vl/b d"No klg ;dod}lbg'k5{ . vl/bstf{ jf laqm] tf

nufgLstf{n]lbg'kg]{sfuhft jf /sd glbPaf6 nufgLstf{ jf ;DalGwt
bnfnnfO{ xfgL gf]S;fgL x'g uPdf ;DalGwt nufgLstf{n]To:tf]gf]S;fgL
a]xf]g'{ kb{5  .

20 hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿

sf/f]af/ eO;s]kl5 gfd;f/L tyf /sd k|fKtL
s;/L x'G5 <

klxn] vl/b u/]sf] lwtf]kqsf] k|df0f–kq k|fKt ug{ nufgLstf{n] cfjZos

ljj/0fx¿ e/L bnfn dfkm{t ;DalGwt sDkgLdf gfd;f/L ug{ k7fpg'kYof]{  .
k|rlnt P]g cg';f/o;/L gfd;f/Lsf nflu k7fO{Psf]!% lbgleq sDkgLn]
nufgLstf{nfO{ gfd;f/Lsf ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L u/fpg'kg]{Joj:yf lyof] .

xfn ljB'tLo ?kdf lwtf] kqx¿ x:tfGt/

0f tyf gfd;f/ L x'Fb}cfPsf]
5 . lwtf]kq laqmL ug]{nufgLstf{sf]l8Dof6 PsfpG6 -;]o/vftf_ af6
lwtf]kq 8]la6 x'g] -36\g]_ / vl/bstf{sf] l8Dof6 PsfpG6df qm]l86
x'g] -ylkg]_ u/L Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5  . lwtf]kq laqmL u/]sf] v08df
lwtf]kqsf] sf/f]af/ /fkm;fkm ePkl5 lwtf]kq bnfnn] sf/f]jf/ sld;g
s6fO{ afFsL/sd laqmLstf{nfO{ t'?Gt e'QmfgL lbg' kb{5 .

lwtf]kq jf /sd ;dod}k|fKt gePdf s]ug]{  <

lwtf]kqsf]vl/b jf laqmL ePkl5 cfkm"n]k|fKt ug'{kg]{lwtf]kqsf]jf /sd

;do k|fKt gePdf nufgLstf{n]t'?Gt : 6s PS;r]~hdf ;Dks{ / fVg'
kb{5 . o; l:yltdf :6s PS;r]Ghn];DalGwt bnfnaf6 k|ltlbg )=)%
k|ltztsf b/n]ljnDa z'Ns ;d]t c;'n ul/lbg ;Sb5 .

o:t}lwtf]kqjf /sd ;dod}k|fKt gePaf6 nufgLstf{nfO{ xfgL gf]S;fgL

ePdf lwtf]kq bnfnn]:6s PS;r]G hdf /fv]sf] w/f}6L /sdn] EofP;Dd
:6s PS;r]Ghn] nufgLstf{nfO{ e'QmfgL lbg]5 w/f}6Laf6 xfgL gf]S;fgL
k"lt{x'g g;s] df k|rlnt P]gcg';f/;DalGwt bnfnaf6 c;'n pk/ug{
;lsg]5  .

hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿ 21

 btf{ lstfa aGb eg]sf]s]xf] <
sDkgL P]gsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ lglZrt cjlwsf nflu ;]o/ bflvn vf/]h
tyf gfd;f/ L gx'g]u/ L ;]
o/wgL btf{ lstfa aGb -a's Snf]h _ ug{
;lsG5  . sDkgLx¿n]ljz]if u/L s'g ldlt;Dd sfod /x]sf ;]o/jfnfx¿nfO{
;fwf/0f ;efdf ;xefuL u/fpg] tyf nfef+z÷af]g; ;]o/÷xsk|b ;]o/
h: tf k|ltkmnx¿ k|bfg ug] { eGg];DaGwdf lgSof}{n
 ug{sf nflu o;/ L
btf{ lstfa aGb ub{5g\ . o;/ L btf{ lstfa aGb ePsf]cjlwdf klg
;]o/vl/b laqmL ug{ ;lsG5 . t/o; cjlwdf vl/b ug]{nufgLstf{n]
;DalGwt sDkgLn]btf{ lstfa aGb x'g' eGbf cl3 3f]if0ff ePsf nfex¿
eg]k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .

lwtf]kq vl/b u/]kl5 sDkgLdf gfd btf{

u/fpg} k5{ <
;DalGwt sDkgLsf]btf{ lstfadf gfd gx'g]nufgLstf{x¿n]sDkgLn]3f]if0ff
u/
s nfef+z jf cGo nfex¿ k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . To;}
] n]nufgLstf{n]
lwtf]kq vl/b u/]kl5 cfkm\gf]gfd sDkgLsf]btf{ lstfadf btf{ u/fpg}
k5{ .

An" lrk ;]o/ eg]sf] s] xf]  <

nfdf];dob]lv gfkmf sdfp+b}cfPsf]tyf nufgLstf{x¿nfO{ pRr nfef+z
k|bfg ub}{cfPsf]sDkgLsf];]o /nfO{ An' lrk ;]o/elgG5 . o:tf sDkgL
nufgLstf{ k|lt hjfkmb] xL eO{ pgLx¿sf]ljZjf; lhTg ;kmn x'G5g\ .
o:tf sDkgLsf] ;]o/x¿sf] ahf/ d"No k|foM al9/x]sf] x'G5  .

22 hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿

s:tf u'0f ePsf lwtf]kq nufgLsf nflu
pko'Qm x'G5g\ <

;'/lIft, /fd|f]k|ltkmn lbg]tyf t'?Gt gubdf kl/0ft ug{ ;lsg]t/ntf

cflb u'0f ePsf lwtf]kqx¿ nufgLsf nflu pko'Qm x'G5g\  . Pp6}lwtf]kqdf
;a}u'0f gx'g ;S5g\ . To;}n ]pNn]
lvt tLgj6f u'0fx¿df cfjZos
;Gt'ng sfod ug'{kb{5 .

lwtf]kqsf]ahf/d"NonfO{ s]n]c;/u5{ <

lwtf]
kqsf]ahf/d"No d'Votof dfu tyf cfk"lt{af6 lgwf{/ 0f x'G5 .
lwtf]
kq vl/ b ug{ rfxg]nufgLstf{x¿ a9L eP d"No a9\5 /laqmL
ug{ rfxg]nufgLstf{x¿sf]rfk a9L eP d"No 36\5 . lwtf] kqsf]dfu
tyf cfk"lt{nfO{ c;/ug]{sf/0fx¿ eg]w]/}x'G5g\ . ;DalGwt sDkgLsf]
gfkmf gf] S;fg, sfo{ ;Dkfbg /;~rfng glthf, nufgLstf{nfO{ k|bfg
ul/g] k|ltkmn, sDkgLsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf] ;Defjgf h:tf kIfx¿n]
d"Nodf k|efj kfb{5g\ . d'n'ssf];du| cfly{s tyf /fhgLlts jftfj/0f,
nufgLstf{sf] dgf]ann] klg d"NonfO{ c;/ ul//x]sf x'G5g\  .

hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿ 23

 ;fwf/0f ;]o/df nufgL ug]{n] s:tf
clwsf/x¿ kfpF5g\ <

;fwf/0f ;]o/wgLn] ;DalGwt sDkgLsf] d'gfkmfdf ;l/s x'g], jflif{s

;fwf/0f ;efdf ;xefuL x'g,] ;efsf ljifoj:t'x¿df dt hfx]/ug{], sDkgL
;DaGwL ;"rgf tyf jflif{s k|ltj]bg k|fKt ug] {, ;fwf/
0f ;]o/
wgLx¿sf]
tkm{af6 sDkgLsf];~rfns dgf]gogsf nflu dtbfg ug{]tyf ;fwf/0f
;]o/wgLx¿sf] tkm{af6 ;~rfns kbdf pDd]bjf/L lbg ;Sg] h:tf
clwsf/x¿ k|fKt ub{5g\ .

lwtf]kqdf ul/
g]nufgL hf]lvd d'Qm 5 <

;a} vfn] lwtf]kqdf ul/g] nufgL hf]lvdd'Qm x'Fbg}   . ;fwf/0f ;]o/df ul/g]
nufgLnfO{ cGo lwtf] kqdf ul/ g]nufgLeGbf a9L hf] lvdk"0f{ dflgG5 .
l8a]
Gr/sf]xsdf tf] lsPsf];do /b/ df Jofh tyf ;fFjf e'QmfgL ug] {
zt{ /xg]x'Fbf o;nfO{ ;]o /eGbf sd hf]lvdk"0f{ dflgG5 . o:t};/sf/L
lwtf]kqdf tf]lsPsf] ;do / tf]lsPsf] b/df Aofh k|bfg ul/g] / tf]lsPsf]
cjlwdf ;fjfF e'QmfgL ;d]t lglZrt x'g]x'Fbf o:tf lwtf]kqnfO{ hf]lvdd'Qm
dflgG5 . t/;/ sf/x¿n]klg C0fkqsf];fjfF Aofh ltg{ g;s]s f]
pbfx/0fx¿ 5g\ .

24 hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿

;fwf/0f ;]o/df ul/g] nufgLnfO{ lsg a9L
hf]lvdk"0f{ dflgG5 <

;]o/ vl/b ug{' eg]sf] sDkgLsf] lx:;]bf/ x'g' xf]  . sDkgL gf]S;fgdf
uPdf ;] o/wgLx¿n]nfe k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . sDkgL 6f6 klN6Psf]
cj:yfdf cfkm\g}nufgL /sd ;d]t 8'Ag];Defjgf x'G5 . ;fwf/0f ;]o/df
hlt a9L nfesf];Defjgf /xG5 Tolt g}a9L hf]lvdsf];Defjgf ;d]t
/xgfn]o;nfO{ cGo lwtf]kq eGbf a9L hf]lvdk"0f{ dflgG5 .

hf]lvd a9L lng grfxg]nufgLstf{x¿sf

nflu c? ljsNk 5g\ <

lwtf]
kq ahf/;DaGwL kof{Kt hfgsf/ L gePsf /a9L hf] lvd lng
grfxg]nufgLstf{x¿n];fd"lxs nufgL sf]ifx¿ -Do'r'cn kmG8_ df nufgL
ug{ ;S5g\ . o: tf sf]
ifx¿n]nufgLstf{x¿nfO{ Psf+s lgisf;g u/ L
laqmL ub{5g\ /;+slnt / sd ljleGg lsl;dsf lwtf] kqx¿df bIf tyf
Jofj;flos ?kdf nufgL ug] { sf]
ifx¿sf]p2]Zo x'G5 . o;/
L ul/
Psf]
nufgLaf6 k|fKt k|ltkmndf sf]ifn]Aoj:yfkg z'Ns tyf cGo vr{x¿ s6fO{
afFsL /sd ;DalGwt nufgLstf{x¿nfO{ g}ljt/0f ub{5 .

hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿ 25

 ahf/ kl/;"rs eg]sf] s] xf]  <

:6s PS;r]G hdf ;"rLs[t lwtf]kqx¿sf] d"No l:yltsf] hfgsf/L ahf/

kl/;"rsn] lbG5  . sf/f]jf/ ePsf] lbgsf] s'n ahf/ d"No / cfwf/
jif{sf]s'n ahf/d"No aLrsf]cg'kft g}ahf/kl/;"rs xf] . ;"rLs[t
lwtf]kqsf]d"No a9]df of]kl/;"rs a9\g]d"No 36]df 36\g]ub{5 . g]kfn
:6s PS;r]~ hn] k|To]s sf/f]jf/ ePsf] lbg o; k|sf/sf] kl/;"rs
u0fgf ub{5  . g]kfn :6s PS;r]G hsf] ;du| kl/;"rsnfO{ g]K;] kl/;"rs
elgG5 .

a'n dfs]{6 / lao/ dfs]{6 eg]sf] s] xf]  <

lwtf]kq ahf/ nuftf/ a9]sf] cj:yfnfO{ a'n dfs]{6 -t]hL_ eG5g\ eg]
nuftf/ 36L/xs
] f] cj:yfnfO{ lao/ dfs]{6 -dGbL_ eG5g\  .

d"No ;+jb]gzLn ;"rgf eg]sf]s]xf] <

gub nfef+z, af]g; ;]o/tyf xsk|b ;]o /lgisfzgsf]3f]if0ff, lwtf]kq

lgisfzg, Joj:yfkg kl/jt{g, lj:tf/of]hgf, ljQLo sfo{ ;Dkfbg, 7"nf]
kl/df0fdf ;DklQ vl/b jf laqmL, ljleGg ;D´f}tf tyf o:t}cGo ;"rgf
Pj+ hfgsf/ LnfO{ d"No ;+jb]gzLn ;"rgf dflgG5 . o: tf ;"rgf tyf
hfgsf/Lx¿sf]lwtf]kqsf]d"Nodf k|ToIf c;/x'g]ub{5 .

26 hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿

g]6jy{ -v'b d"No_ eg]s
 f]s]xf] <

sDkgLsf];DklQaf6 bfloTj 36fpFbf x'g cfpg]z] if g]

6jy{ xf] . s'n
g]6jy{ sDkgLsf] s'n ;]o/ ;+Vofn] efu u/]df sDkgLsf] k|lt ;]o/ g]6jy{
jf ;]o/sf]lstfaL d"No -a's Eofn'_ cfpF5 .

leqL sf/f]af/ eg]sf] s] xf]  <

sDkgLn];fj{hlgs ug{'kg]{hfgsf/ L Pj+ ;"rgf ;fj{hlgs gu/ L pQm

hfgsf/L Pj+ ;"rgfsf cfwf/df s]xL l;ldt JolQmn]dfq lwtf]kq sf/fa] f/
ug]{sfo{nfO{ leqL sf/f]af/elgG5 . o:tf]sfo{df k|fo sDkgL;Fu ;DalGwt
JolQm /lghsf]cfkmGt ;fyLefO ;+nUg x'G5g\ . o: tf]sf/
f]
af/ug{
lwtf]kq ;DaGwL P]glgodn]aGb]h  nufPsf]5 .

nufgL ljljwLs/0f eg]sf] s] xf]  <

ljleGg If]
q /;d"xsf sDkgLx¿sf]lwtf] kqdf nufgL ubf{ hf] lvd sd
x'G5 . s]xL lwtf]kqdf gf]S;fgL eP klg cGo lwtf]kqdf d'gfkmf x'Fbf v'b
gfkmf a9L x'g ;S5 . nufgLstf{n]s'g lwtf]kqx¿ a9L hf]lvdo'Qm tyf
k|ltkmnof]
Uo 5g\ eGg]5'6\ofpg' k5{ . ljleGg k|s[ltsf lwtf] kqx¿sf
ljleGg kl/ df0fdf nufgL u/ L hf]
lvdnfO{ Go"g ug]{tyf k|ltkmndf j[l4
Nofpg]ljlwnfO{ ljljwLs/0f elgG5 .

hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿ 27

 s]Gb|Lo lgIf]k k|0ffnL eg]sf] xf] <

g]kfn :6s PS;r]Ghsf];xfos sDkgLsf]?kdf l;l8P; PG8 lSnol/ª

lnld6]8 :yfkgf ePsf]5 . of]g]kfndf s]Gb|Lo lgIf]k k|0ffnL ;~rfng
ug]{Ps dfq lgsfo xf] .

o;n]lwtf]kq ahf/df lgisf;g ePsf lwtf]kqx¿ ;DalGwt lwtf]kqwgLaf6

cfkm\gf] lhDdfdf lnO{ lwtf]kqsf] vftf /fVg], lwtf]kq sf/f]af/sf] /fkm;fkm,
km5\of{6} tyf gfdf;f/L k|lqmofnfO{ lz3| ?kdf ;DkGg ug]{, lwtf]kq ;'/lIft
/fVg], lwtf]kq jf :jfldTj clwsf/sf] ljB'tLo clen]v /fVg] h:tf
dxTjk"0f{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{u5{ . lwtf]kqsf sfuhL k|df0fkqnfO{ lj:yfkg
u/L ljB'tLo ?kdf ;xh /:jrflnt /fkm;fkm km5\of}{6 u/fpg]o;sf]
k|d'v p2]Zo xf] .

l8Dof6 PsfpG6 eg]sf]s]xf] <

lwtf]kqx¿nfO{ cef} lts -l8Dofl6o/nfOh_ jf ljB'tLo ?kdf hDdf u/ L

/fVg]vftfnfO{ l8Dof6 PsfpG6 eG5g\  . xfn sf/fa] f/kl5 ljB'tLo ?kdf
lwtf]kqx¿sf] x:tfGt/0f tyf gfd;f/L x'Fb} cfPsf] 5  .

lwtf]kq laqmL ug] { nufgLstf{sf]l8Dof6 PsfpG6 -;]o/vftf_ af6

lwtf]kq 8]la6 x'g] -36\g]_ / vl/bstf{sf] l8Dof6 PsfpG6df qm]l 86 x'g]
-ylkg]_ u/L Joj:yf ldnfOPsf]5 .

28 hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿

sDkgL vf/]hLdf uP s]x'G5 <

sDkgL vf/]hL hfg] cj:yfdf lnSo'8]6/sf] lgo'lQm ul/G5  . lnSo'8]6/n]

sDkgLsf]afFsL ;DklQsf]d"Nof+sg u/L ;j{k|yd sDkgL vf/]h ubf{ nfUg]
vr{, sd{rf/ Lx¿sf]tnj tyf ;'ljwfx¿, ;/ sf/L s/tyf b: t'/x¿ /
;'/lIft C0f h:tf bfloTjx¿ e'QmfgL ul/G5  . afFsL /x]sf] /sd l8j]Gr/
wgLx¿nfO{ k|bfg ul/ G5 . o: tf]e'QmfgL kZrft klg / sd afFsL / x]
df
bfdf;fxLsf] lx;fan] klxn] cu|flwsf/ ;]o/wgLx¿nfO{ / To;kl5 dfq
;fwf/0f ;]o/wgLx¿nfO{ k|bfg ul/G5  .

;]o/wgLx¿sf] sDkgLk|ltsf] bfloTj s:tf] x'G5  <

sDkgLdf ;]o/wgLx¿sf] bfloTj ;Lldt x'G5  . ;]o/wgLx¿n] cfkm"n] lnPsf]

;]o/sf] clwst d"No afx]s sDkgLsf] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] bfloTj a]x] f]g{' kb}g{   .
To;}n] ;+oQ' m nufgL sDkgLnfO{ l;ldt bfloTj ePsf]sDkgL klg elgG5 .

lwtf]kqx¿sf] sf/f]af/ :6s PS;r]G heGbf

aflx/x'g ;S5 <

:6s PS;r]G hdf ;"rLs[t lwtf]kqsf] sf/f]af/ ;fdfGotof :6s PS;r]G h

eGbf aflx/ x'b}g  . g]kfndf :6s PS;r]Ghn] g} cf]e/ b sfpG6/sf] Joj:yf
u/s
] f]n] o:tf] ahf/df ;d]t lwtf]kqsf] sf/fa] f/ x'G5  . ;/sf/L C0fkqx¿sf]
sf/fj] f/ :6s PS;r]Gh eGbf aflx/ klg x'G5  . gful/s nufgL sf]ifn]
;~rfng u/s ] f]gful/s Psf+s of]hgf cGtu{t lgisfl;t Psf+sx¿sf]laqmL
tyf vl/b sfo{ gful/s nufgL sf]if :jo+n] ub{} cfPsf] 5  .

hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿ 29

 lwtf]kq ;DaGwL u'gf;fx¿ sxfF /fVg
;lsG5 <

lwtf]kqsf];fj{hlgs lgisfzg x'Fbf lwtf] kq vl/ b ;DaGwL u'gf;f

;DalGwt lgisf;g tyf laqmL k|aGw ug] {;+:y
f, lgisf;gstf{ sDkgL
tyf g] kfn lwtf] kq af]
8{ ;dIf /
fVg ;lsG5 . o: t};"rLs[t lwtf]
kq
vl/
b laqmL ;DaGwL u'gf;faf/ ];j{k|yd lwtf]
kq bnfnnfO{ hfgsf/ L
u/
fpg'kb{5 . lwtf] kq bnfnaf6 ;Gt'i6 gePdf cfkm\gf]u'gf;f]lnlvt
?kdf : 6s PS;r]Ghdf / fVg ;lsG5 . u'gf;f];dfwfg gePdf g] kfn
lwtf]kqaf]8{ ;dIf /fVg ;lsG5 .

lwtf]kq ahf/lgodg s'g lgsfoaf6

x'G5 <

Gf]kfn lwtf]kq af]8{ lwtf]kq ahf/sf] ;jf]{Rr lgodg lgsfo xf]  . o;n]
lwtf]kq ahf/ ;DaGwL gLlt lgodx¿ th{'df ug{] , lwtf]
kqsf];fj{hlgs
lgisf;g ug]{ ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] ljj/0fkq :jLs[t ug]{, :6s PS;r]G h
tyf lwtf]kq Joj;foLx¿nfO{ cg'dltkq k|bfg ug]{/ltgLx¿sf]cg'udg
ug{]h:tf sfo{x¿ ub{5  . af]8{n] ;/sf/nfO{ ahf/ ;'wf/ tyf ljsf;
;DaGwdf cfjZos /fo ;'´fj ;d]t lbg]ub{5 .

30 hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿

:6s PS;r]G hsf] lhDd]jf/L s] xf] <

:6s PS;r]G hsf] d'Vo sfo{ lwtf]kqx¿sf] bf];|f] ahf/ sf/f]af/sf nflu
ahf/:yn pknAw u/fpg] xf]  . o;sf nflu p;n] lwtf]k qx¿sf] ;"rLs/0f
ug]{, sf/f]af/k|0ffnL ljsf; tyf ;~rfng ug]{, /fkm;fkm tyf km5\of}{6sf]
Joj: yf ug] { nufotsf sfd u5{ . : jR5 /Jojl: yt ta/ n]lwtf]kq
sf/f]af/ u/fpg], ;b:o ;]o/ bnfnnfO{ cg'zfl;t u/fpg] tyf ahf/df
;+:
yfut tyf cGo ;"rgf k|jfxnfO{ ;an u/ fpg]lhDd] jf/L klg : 6s
PS;r]G hsf] xf]  .

;]o/ bnfn eg]sf] sf] xf]  <

sld;g lnP/nufgLstf{x¿sf nflu lwtf]kq lsga]r ul/lbg]sDkgL ;]o /

bnfn x'g\ . logLx¿ :6s PS;r]Ghsf ;b:o x'G5g\ . ;]o/bnfnnfO{
Joj;fo ug{ Ohfht lbg]sfo{ g]kfn lwtf]kq af]8{n]u5{  . :6s PS;r]Gh
/lwtf]kq af]8{ b'jn
} ]bnfnsf]cg'udg u5{g\ .

dr]{G6 a}+s/ eg]sf sf] x'g\  <

lwtf]kq lgisf;gstf{ sDkgLx¿nfO{ k|fylds ahf/df lwtf]kq laqmL ug{

;xof]u ug]{sDkgL dr]{G6 a}+s  /x'g\ . logLx¿n]lwtf]kq lgisf;g sfo{
k|aGwsf]lhDdf lng], lwtf]kq laqmL geP cfkm}n  ]vl/b u5{' eg]/k|Tofe'lt
ug]{nufotsf sfo{ u5{g\ . logLx¿nfO{ Joj;fo ug{ Ohfht lbg]sfo{
g]kfn lwtf]kq af]8{n] u5{  . lwtf]kq af]8{n] dr]{G6 a}+s/sf] cg'udg u5{  .

hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿ 31

 :6s PS;r]G hdf ;]o/ lsga]r eO;s]kl5
/fkm;fkm tyf km5\of}{6 s;/
L x'G5 <

:6s PS;r]Ghdf sf/f]af/ eO;s]kl5 ;]o/ lsGg] nufgLstf{n] ;]o/

/a]Rg]
n]/
sd k|fKt ug]{lglZrt Joj: yf ldnfO{Psf]5 . o;sf nflu
nufgLstf{sf tkm{af6 ;]o/ lsGg] bnfnn] sf/f]af/ ePsf] ef]lnkN6 :6s
PS;r]~ hdf /sd a'emfO;Sg'k5{ eg] a]Rg] bnfnn] kl;{kN6 ;]o/ nufot
cfjZos sfuhft a'emfpg'k5{ . cfhsn of]Joj:yf ljB'tLo dfWodaf6
:jrflnt ?kdf x'Fb}cfPsf]5 .

bf];|f]ahf/df sf/f]af/ubf{ vr{ slt x'G5 <

nufgLstf{n] %) xhf/ ¿k}ofF;Ddsf] ;]o/ sf/f]af/df ! k|ltzt, %)

xhf/b]lv % nfv ¿k}ofF;Ddsf]sf/f]af/df )=( k|ltzt, % nfvb]lv !)
nfv ¿k}o fF;Ddsf]sf/f]af/df )=* k|ltzt, !) nfv ¿k}ofFeGbf dfly – )=&
k|ltzt sld;g ;]o/ bnfnnfO{ lbg'k5{  . o;afx]s  k|To]s sf/f]af/df
lwtf]kq af]8{nfO{ )=)!% k|ltzt sf/f]af/ z'Ns ltg{'k5{  . sf/f]af/af6 gfkmf
ePsf]cj: yfdf JolQm eP % k|ltzt /;+: yf eP !) k|ltzt k'FhLut
nfes/ltg{'k5{ .

32 hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿

;]o/sf af/]df yk hfgsf/L
sxfF kfpg ;lsG5 <

g]kfndf k'FhL ahf/sf]d'Vo lgodg lgsfo g]k fn lwtf]kq af]8 { xf]  . p;sf]
j]e;fO6 www.sebon.gov.np af6 w]/}hfgsf/L kfpg ;lsG5 . csf]{
cflwsfl/s lgsfo ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf] ;]o/ ahf/ g]kfn :6s PS;r]G h
xf]  . :6s PS;r]Ghsf] j]e;fO6 www.nepalstock.com.np df klg
sf/f]af/ ;DaGwL ljj/0fx¿ x]g{ kfOG5  . ;]o/ ahf/nfO{ nIo u/L cfhsn
w]/} j]e;fO6x¿ cfPsf 5g\  . o;}u/L /]l8of], 6]lnlehg tyf kqklqsfx¿n]
klg ;]o/ahf/;DaGwL ;"rgf, ;dfrf/tyf n]v  /rgfx¿nfO{ k|d'vtfsf
;fy k|rf/k|;f/ub}{cfPsf 5g\ .

hnljB't\ ;]o/sf af/]df af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿ 33

 NITIFOUNDATION FOUNDATIONNITI
www.nitifoundation.org
P.O.BOX: 8975 EPC 370, BAKHUNDOLE, LALITPUR, NEPAL